Read and translate about reinforced concrete
Which (material, part) can be used to the best advantage for a particular part of the (building, hospital) depends on the kind of load to which it is subjected and on the shape of the part. The (development, increase) of the metallurgical and machine-building industries made possible (mass, water) production of prefabricated large-size concrete and reinforced concrete structural elements. It is the most advantageous to employ reinforced (concrete, floor) in such structural elements. Using prefabricated or precast elements, (builders, teachers) perform a considerable amount of building work at a factory where highly organized and mechanized (technological, mechanical) processes of production are practiced.
Reinforced concrete is a building (material, window) in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized. Being brittle, concrete cannot withstand pensile stresses, and it cannot therefore be (used, cleaned) in structures subjected to tensile stresses under load. But if steel is introduced into concrete it changes the property of the (monolith, desk). Like any other (stone, light) material, concrete offers a good resistance to compressive loads.
In service two oppositely directed stresses appear in (reinforced, difficult) elements fully withstand bending loads. There are two kinds of reinforced concrete: with ordinary reinforcement and (concrete, paper) with pressed reinforcement. To reinforce ordinary concrete (structures, ideas) is to introduce steel rods in stretched zones of concrete elements. (Reinforced-concrete, easy) structures and elements are widely used both for residential houses and industrial (buildings, machines). Depending on the application of reinforced-concrete structures all kinds of (concrete, flag) such as heavy, light and heat insulating may be employed.
In many cases bricks are very satisfactory for using in the (construction, school). (Bricks, doors) generally present a pleasing appearance and can be obtained with various qualities, (colours, meters) and textures. Being of a high volume weight and high thermal conductivity, ordinary brick is not always satisfactory in a (building, medicine) practice. There are other kinds of bricks which are more effective, they are (light-weight, high volume weight) building bricks, hollow or porous bricks. Light-weight building bricks differ from ordinary clay bricks in a lower (volume weight, cost) and lower thermal conductivity, and are more economical than ordinary bricks.
One of the most significant (facts, children), dealing with both industries of synthetics and plastics. (Plastics, water) has appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their inherent valuable and diverse properties, has found a wide application in many industrial (fields, boxes) (machine-building, radiation, textile industry, etc.). (Application, force) of plastics in the building field widens from year to year. In respect to physical and mechanical properties at a normal temperature of 20 °C all (plastics, bricks) are divided into rigid, semi-rigid, soft. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may be classified as simple and complex. (Plastics, things) consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple. Thus, organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthetic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with (complex, metal) plastics, e.g. plastics consisting of a polymer and other components.
4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
5. Read the text once more. Recognize all the sentences, relating to a particular paragraph.
• The main characteristics of concrete.
• The chief principles of plastics classification.
• Factors that influence mass production of prefabricated large-side concrete and reinforced-concrete structural elements.
• New tendencies in the choice of building materials.
• The advantages of reinforced concrete.
6. Reading for general meaning. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
• Which material can be used to the best advantage for a particular part of the building?
• Is reinforced concrete a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized?
• Are there two kinds of reinforced concrete?
• Can you tell anything about one of the most significant facts about both industry land building?
• What are simple plastics?
7. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
• There are some kinds of structural materials that have appeared comparatively recently, sometimes they consist of one polymer. But in building industry some complex materials consisting of a polymer and other components are used.
• In many cases bricks too are very satisfactory for use in the construction.
• There are some kinds of material which are brittle and cannot withstand tensile stress.
• If steel is introduced into some kind of material it changes its property.
• Some building materials offer a good resistance to compressive loads.
• In respect of physical and mechanical properties these materials are divided into rigid, semi-rigid and soft.
• Which material can be used to the best advantage for a particular part of the building, depends as well on the kind of load to which it is subjected and on the shape of the part.
• One of the most significant facts about both industry land building has been research on synthetics and plastics.
• Reinforced concrete is a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized.
• Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple.
After-Reading
Grammar focus
1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
an advantage, a brick, a fact, a volume, a field, a conductivity, an industry, a temperature, a polymer, a load,
a production, a development, a concrete, a factor, a choice, a work, a function, an appearance, a steel.
3. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
• There are two kinds of reinforced concrete.
• Reinforced-concrete structures and elements are widely used both for residential houses and industrial buildings.
• It is most advantageous to employ reinforced concrete in such structural elements.
• Reinforced concrete is a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized.
• In many cases bricks are very satisfactory for use in the construction.
• There are other kinds of bricks which are more effective.
• Light-weight building bricks differ from ordinary clay bricks in a lower volume weight and lower thermal conductivity.
• One of the most significant facts about industry land building has been research on synthetics and plastics.
• Application of plastics in the building field widens from year to year.
• Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple.