The present progressive tense as a future form

The Present Perfect

Formation:

-Is formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.
-In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb ( affirmative: I have worked, Interrogative: Have I worked? Negative: I have not worked)
-The contacted affirmative forms are:
I`ve worked
-The contacted negative form are:
I haven`t worked.
-The negative – interrogative firms are:
Has she not worked?
Hasn`t she worked?
Use:
-Is used in adverbial clauses of the time after the conjunction when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.
I am not going until you have answered me.
-Denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.
Where have you been since last Thusday?
-Denotes a completed action connected with the present
Stop that car! They have Killed a child.

23 The Present Perfect
Formation:
-Is formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.
-In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb ( affirmative: I have worked, Interrogative: Have I worked? Negative: I have not worked)
-The contacted affirmative forms are:
I`ve worked
-The contacted negative form are:
I haven`t worked.
-The negative – interrogative firms are:
Has she not worked?
Hasn`t she worked?
Use:
-Is used in adverbial clauses of the time after the conjunction when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.
I am not going until you have answered me.
-Denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.
Where have you been since last Thusday?
-Denotes a completed action connected with the present
Stop that car! They have Killed a child.

The Present Perfect Progressive
Formation:

- The present perfect continuous is formed analytically by means of the auxiliary to be in the present perfect (have/has been) plus participle I of the notional verb.
- In the interrogative the first auxiliary (have/has) comes before the subject, the second auxiliary (been) and participle I follow the subject.
- In the negative the corresponding negative forms of the first auxiliary (have) are used, the second auxiliary (been) and participle I follow them.( Affirmative: I have been speaking; Interrogative: Have I been speaking?; Negative: I have not been speaking; )
-Contracted negative: I haven’t been speaking;
-Negative-interrogative:
Have I not been speaking?
Haven’t I been speaking?
Use:
- Actions in progress which begin at a certain moment in the past and continue into the present.
I’ve been writing since morning, and so I’ll soon stop.
- Actions in progress which begin in the past and continue up to the moment of speaking or till just before it.
It has been snowing since morning, but now it has stopped.
- Actions in progress that both begin and end at some indeterminate time before the moment of speaking, though connected with it through their importance for the present.
I hear she has been calling on you again?
- Future actions in progress before a certain moment in the future
He will get accustomed to the surroundings after he has been staying here for a week or two.

The present progressive tense as a future form

Denote future actions:

- With verbs of motion to arrive, to come, to go, to leave, to return, to sail, to start and some others, usually the actions are only intended or planned.
She is leaving tomorrow.
- In adverbial clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, while, as long as, if, in case, unless, etc:
I’ll ring you up at 2, while you are having your break.

25The present continuous
Formation:
- ll the forms of the present continuous are analytic. They are formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary to be and participle I of the notional verb.
- In the interrogative the corresponding form of the auxiliary to be is placed before the subject and participle I follows it.

- In the negative the negation ‘not’ is placed after the auxiliary.( Affirmative: I am speaking; Interrogative: Am I speaking?; Negative: I am not (I’m not) speaking)
- Negative-interrogative:
Am I not speaking?
Aren’t I speaking?
Use:
- To denote continuous actions going on at the moment of speaking.

Look, how happily they are playing!

- To denote actions characteristic of a certain period of present time, the moment of speaking

included.
Your behaviour is killing your wife.
- To denote (for the sake of emphasis) actions in progress referring to all or any time, the moment of speaking included. In this case the adverbials ever, for ever, constantly, always are obligatory.
Mankind is always developing its mental faculties.
- To denote actions characteristic of a certain person within more or less long periods of present time, the moment of speaking included and provoking certain emotions in the speaker (inpatience, irritation, disapproval, praise, etc.).
Though she is only ten, she is very kind-hearted, she is always pitying everybody.
- To denote future actions.
She is leaving tomorrow.
The future indefinite
Formation:
-Is formed analytically by means of the auxiliary verb shall for the first person singular or plural and will for the second and third person singular or plural and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.

(Affirmative: I shall speak; Interrogative: Shall I speak?; Negative: I shall not (shan’t) speak)
- Negative-interrogative
Shall I not speak?
Shan’t I speak?
Use:
- Simple facts in the future.
He will return tomorrow.
- A succession of actions in the future.
He’ll ring you up and tell you everything.
- Habitual actions in the future.
So I’ll see you often in winter?

26.The future continuous tense. Its formation and use.

. Formation. All the forms of the future continuous are analytic. They are formed with the future indefinite of the auxiliary to be (shall be, will be) and participle I of the notional verb.

In the interrogative the corresponding form of the first auxiliary (shall/will) is placed in front of the subject, the second auxiliary (be) and participle I follow the subject.

In the negative the corresponding negative forms of the first auxiliary (shall/will) are used, the second auxiliary (be) and participle I follow them.

In the negative-interrogative the corresponding negative-interrogativte forms of the first auxiliary (shall/will) are used, the second auxiliary (be) and participle I follow the subject.

The future continuous is used to denote:

1. An action in progress at a certain moment of time or during a certain period of time in the future (compare the corresponding use of the past continuous).

At that time she will be having her early morning cup of coffee.

From ten till twelve he will be writing in his study.

As can be seen from the above examples, the moment (or period) of time at which the action is taking place is either indicated by special adverbials of time, or is implied by another future action, or else by the context or situation.

2. An action the occurrence of which is expected by the speaker.

By the way, Megan will be coming to lunch.

She says she’ll be seeing you tomorrow.

In all its uses the future continuous is rendered in Russian by means of the future tense of the imperfective aspect (будет пить, буду лететь, буду упаковываться, etc.).