Лексическая тема: «Tort law. Tort law Violations»
Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в конструкциях It’s time, It’s high/about time в придаточных предложениях уступки
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TORT LAW
Tort law is a body of law that addresses, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs not arising out of contractual obligations. A person who suffers legal damages may be able to use tort law to receive compensation from someone who is legally responsible, or liable, for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what constitutes a legal injury and establishes the circumstances under which one person may be held liable for another's injury. Torts cover intentional acts and accidents. In contrast to criminal law (in which the offense is against the State and the State is the plaintiff), in tort law, the offense is against a person and that person is the plaintiff.
Categories of torts
- Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another.
- A statutory tort is like any other, in that it imposes duties on private or public parties, however they are created by the legislature, not the courts.
- Nuisance. Legally, the term “nuisance” is traditionally used in three ways: (1) to describe an activity or condition that is harmful or annoying to others (e.g., indecent conduct, a rubbish heap or a smoking chimney); (2) to describe the harm caused by the before-mentioned activity or condition (e.g., loud noises or objectionable odors); and (3) to describe a legal liability that arises from the combination of the two. The law of nuisance was created to stop such bothersome activities or conduct when they unreasonably interfered either with the rights of other private landowners (i.e.,private nuisance) or with the rights of the general public (i.e., public nuisance).
- Defamation is tarnishing the reputation of someone; it is in two parts, slander and libel. Slander is spoken defamation and libel is printed and broadcast defamation, both share the same features. Defaming someone entails making a factual assertion for which evidence does not exist.
- Intentional torts are any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so. Intentional torts have several subcategories, including tort(s) against the person, including assault, battery, false imprisonment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and fraud. Property torts involve any intentional interference with the property rights of the claimant. Those commonly recognized include trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion.
- Economic torts protect people from interference with their trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and has largely been submergedin the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law and modern antitrust or competition law. The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon."
- Competition law. Modern competition law is an important method for regulating the conduct of businesses in a market economy. A major subsetof statutory torts, it is also called 'anti-trust' law, especially in the United States.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1.Переведите на русский язык слова и словосочетания, выделенные в тексте.
Упражнение 2.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What does Tort Law provide remedies for?
2. Who may be able to use Tort Law?
3. What does Tort Law define?
4. What do Torts cover?
5. In what Law the State is plaintiff?
6. What are the categories of torts?
Упражнение 3.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
| Фактическая претензия Преднамеренные действия Нарушение прав частной собственности Нарушать право на землю Нарушать право на движимое имущество Незаконное присвоение имущества Экономические правонарушения Конкурентное право Антимонопольное право | Деликтное право Халатность, небрежность Обязанность соблюдать осторожность Статутное право Нарушение общественного порядка Диффамация, клевета Порочить репутацию Устная клевета Клевета в печати |
Упражнение 4.Дайте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
| Tort law – Negligence- Duty of care- Statutory tort- Nuisance- Defamation- To tarnish the reputation- Slander- Libel- | Factual assertion- Intentional tort- Property tort- Trespass to land- Trespass to chattels- Conversion- Economic torts- Competition law- 'Anti-trust' law- |
Упражнение 5.Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту «TORT LAW», ответьте на них.
Упражнение 6.Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста «TORT LAW».
Упражнение 7.Переведите статью на английский язык и кратко перескажите ее.
Бывший директор сельской школы Александр Поносов, прежде обвинявшийся в нарушении авторских прав компании Microsoft, но доказавший свою невиновность, добился компенсации причиненного вреда. В четверг суд Верещагинского района Пермского края решил возместить ему материальный ущерб и судебные издержки в размере 75 тыс. рублей, сообщает NEWSru.com.
В то же время вопрос о моральном ущербе и извинениях от правоохранительных органов выделен в отдельное гражданское судопроизводство. Бывшему директору придется подавать новый иск в рамках Гражданского Кодекса. Соответствующий иск может быть подан в ближайшие дни, заявил адвокат Поносова.
Напомним, Александр Поносов, будучи директором средней школы поселка Сенычево Пермского края, приобрел для своей школы компьютеры, оснащенные нелицензионной версией Windows. Пиратские копии были обнаружены в результате прокурорской проверки. Поносов, как заявила тогда экспертиза, нанес корпорации Microsoft ущерб на сумму более 250 тыс. рублей.
Было возбуждено уголовное дело в связи с «нарушением авторских и смежных прав в особо крупном размере». В мае 2007 года суд Верещагинского района признал Поносова виновным и приговорил его к штрафу в размере 5 тыс. рублей. Пермский краевой суд в июне 2007 года оставил приговор в силе.
Директор заявил, что пострадал по вине недобросовестных поставщиков, он стал добиваться отмены приговора и прекращения дела. Осенью 2008 года Верховный суд России признал обоснованной надзорную жалобу Поносова и направил ее на рассмотрение в президиум Пермского краевого суда.
В декабре 2008 года тот оправдал педагога.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1.Следующие условные предложения распределите на две группы: с реальным условием (тип А) и с нереальным условием, относящимся к настоящему (тип В). Переведите предложения:
1.I shall close the window if you allow. 2. The door will not open unless you press the button. 3. We can go now if you wish. 4. If you check the data, you will find everything in order. 5. If I allowed my children to do what they like, they would not go to bed in time. 6.We can make the test provided the management supplies us with materials. 7. If these words were synonymous, you could use either of them. 8. They would buy those implements if they needed them. 9. If you want to draw, you need better pencils. 10. If he were guilty, he would not dare to come. 11. He will not run away unless he is guilty.
Упражнение 2.Следующие предложения распределите на две группы: с нереальным условием в отношении настоящего (тип В) и с нереализованным условием в отношении прошедшего (тип Г). Переведите предложения:
1.If you knew him better, you would not admit him into your house. 2. Had I know the facts better, I should have allowed you to make a new test. 3. I should not have mentioned it if my friends had not warned me. 4.If he were dead, I should be sorry. 5. If the bottle were empty, we could use it for oil. 5. Do you think she would have spoken better if she had not been so tired? 6. If the ventilating system had been better, the management of the American mine would not have been guilty in the death of six miners.
Упражнение 3.Переведите на русский язык условные предложения, содержащие предположения (тип Б):
1. It would be better if you admitted your mistake. 2. If you classified the data, fewer tests would be needed. 3.If they listened to us, we could warn them. 4. They might attack us if they dared.
Упражнение 4.Переведите на русский язык:
1.I wish I could go to Moscow. 2. I wish it were so. 3. I wish he were alive. 4. You shouldn't allow your children to play so late. 4. One should admit one's mistakes. 5. Young girls should learn cooking.
Упражнение 5.Выполните грамматический тест.
1. It is impossible that he _____ there alone.
went
should have gone
would have gone
2. It was unlikely that it _____ .
rained
should rain
would rain
3. It’s high time the children _____ to bed.
went
should go
should have gone
4. It’s a pity that he _____ so.
says
should say
5. I suggest _____ football tomorrow.
to play
that we should
6. I fear lest he _____ .
came
didn’t come
should come
shouldn't come
7. The boy feared lest he _____ mistakes in the last test.
made
had made
should have made
should make
8. They propose that the new law _____ in a week.
should be discussed
will be discussed
9. The tourists were afraid that they _____ the train.
may
might
10. The child was pale and mother feared lest he_____ .
caught
should have caught
had caught
11. It’s time that you _____ me the book.
should return
should have returned
12. Ann hasn't come yet. I am afraid that she _____ my address.
might forget
forgot
might have forgotten
13. The children hurried home lest their mother _____ about them.
should have worried
should worry
14. It seems fortunate that you _____ us there.
should meet
should have met
15. Let’s go out right away lest we _____ late.
should be late
shouldn't be late
shouldn't have been late
16. The friends advised that she _____ seriously.
shouldn't have taken
shouldn't take
17. Put the books into your bag lest you _____ it.
lost
should have lost
shouldn't lose
should lose
18. The teacher insisted that the pupils _____ their books.
closed
should close
should have closed
19. It is impossible that he _____ so careless.
were
should be
20. It was strange that the boy _____ his father’s passion for music.
didn't inherit
shouldn't inherit
shouldn't have inherited
Glossary
| tort law negligence duty of care statutory tort nuisance defamation to tarnish the reputation slander libel factual assertion intentional tort property tort trespass to land trespass to chattels conversion economic torts competition law 'anti-trust' law | деликтное право халатность, небрежность обязанность, соблюдать осторожность статутное право нарушение общественного порядка диффамация, клевета порочить репутацию устная клевета клевета в печати фактическая претензия преднамеренные действия нарушение прав частной собственности нарушать право на землю нарушать право на движимое имущество незаконное присвоение имущества экономические правонарушения конкурентное право антимонопольное право |
| crime of passion | преступление, совершенное в состоянии аффекта |
| bizarre charges | абсурдные обвинения |
UNIT 13