I. Напишите следующие предложения во множественном числе

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1 (Вариант 1)

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

Имя существительное. Множественное число. Выражение падежных окончаний.
Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных
Числительное.
Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные.
Глагол. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite).
Типы вопросительных предложений.
Обороты There is/There are.
Повелительное наклонение.

There is a foreign offer.
That is a young businessman.
What is your manager name?
That cable is mine.
Here is this man document.
He is a student of the University.
What is your correct address?
We need another inquiry.
This is a trade delegation.
This man is the delegate of the congress.

II. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в соответствии с лицом глагола.

We have _____ English class here.
She likes _____ new profession very much.
Paul keeps _____ books in the bookcase.
I usually go to see _____ friends in the evening.
They often take _____ students to the excursions.

III. Выберите правильный вариант, обращая внимание на указательные местоимения и местоимение it.

1. _____my friends over here.

this are

these is

those are

that are

2. _____ pair of jeans _____from the USA.

these are

this is

those are

3. What _____ in the bag? – Just contracts.

are those

are these

is that

4. _____ hard to find a try friend.

this is

that is

it is

5. I hate _____ to explain one thing a thousand times.

this

that

IV. Выберите правильный вариант, обращая внимания на правила образования сравнительной и превосходной степеней сравнения прилагательных.

1. My wife is _____ than your wife.
the most beautiful
the beautifullest
more beautiful

2. Their flat is _____ than ours.
more large
larger
the largest

3. You are _____ person that I know.
a lucky
the luckiest
the luckier

4. Cats are not so clever _____ dogs.
as
so
than
that

5. The situation is _____ than I thought.
more bad
badder
worse

V. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple.

1. He (to turn) on the television to watch economic news every evening.

2. I (to be) very busy last winter.

3. I (not to go) there next year because it (to cost) a lot of money.

4. How often you (to go) on business trips?

5. Yesterday he (not to sent) an offer because he (to be) out of the office.

6. The truck with our goods (to arrive) tomorrow morning.

VI. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. Inspectors often go out.

2. She has a lot work with contracts.

3. He is a good interpreter.

4. There are inquires for new equipment.

5. Mr. Brown works in the central office.

6. They will load our goods next week.

7. Our partners sent us another invoice.

8. Foreign delegation will be in our office tomorrow.

VII. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно 2, 3, и 4 абзацы.

Market and Command Economies

Economics is a science that analyses what? How and for whom society produces. The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between people’s unlimited demands with society’s ability to produce goods and services. In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources. The market is the process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how and for whom to produce. Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet bloc countries. A free market economy has no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets.

Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market but with a large does of government intervention. The optimal level of government intervention remains a problem whish is of interest to economists.

The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries that have command economies and counties that have free market economies. In the former, resources are allocated by central government planning. In the latter, there is not any government regulation of the consumption, production and exchange of goods. Between the two main types lies the mixed economy where market and government are both of importance.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1 (Вариант 2)

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Выражение падежных окончаний.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных

3. Числительное.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные.

5. Глагол. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite)

6. Типы вопросительных предложений.

7. Обороты There is/There are.

8. Повелительное наклонение.

Demand and Supply

Demand is the quantity of goods that wish to buy at each price. Other things equal, at lot prices the demanded quantity is higher. Supply is the quantity of goods that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.

The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (storage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price. There are some factors influencing demand for good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.

As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.

As to supply, some factors are assumed as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of good as a reduction in input prices.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (Вариант 1)

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future)

3. Основные формы глагола (правильные, неправильные).

4. Употребление much/many, few/little.

I. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. People mustn’t ______ lessons of history.
forget
to forget

2. Peter and Mike ______ work overtime this month.
have to
has to

3. She ______ look after her little sister.
has to
have to
haves to

4. My father ______ promotion next month.
mights get
might gets
might get

5. The children ______ go to bed in time.
is to
are to

6.. They ______ finish the work by Thursday.
don’t may
don’t may to
may not
may not to

7. So, what ______ come out of this?
will may
may

8. We’ve got plenty of time. We _____ hurry.
need not
cannot

9. That’s a secret. You ___ tell anybody.
may not
need not
cannot

10. I can go on my own. You _____ come with me.
may not
cannot
need not

II. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на образование времен группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

Be quite, please. I (to try) to write a report.

Listen to those people. What language they (to speak)?

We (to held) negotiations, when the secretary brought coffee.

The company (to launch) new product during all last month.

Don’t come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a report.

During the course you (to learn) about market research strategies.

III. Образуйте форму прошедшего времени в следующих глаголах.

To be, to keep, to held, to fill, to develop, to find, to keep, to translate, to work, to hear, to discuss, to load, to launch.

IV. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

1. We shall be meeting our partners tomorrow at 4 p. m.

The company will be developing a new product all the next month.

Nowadays cars are getting more and more expensive.

Mr. Brown is trying to find new clients.

While she was working as a model she met her future husband.

They I was driving to London, when saw a house without roof.

V. Заполните пропуски словами much/many, few/little.

1. When we walked _____ farther down the road, we met another group of students.

2. At the conference we met _____ people whom we know well.

3. There are very _____ old houses left in our street. Most of them have already been pulled down.

4. If you have _____ spare time, look through this contract.

5. There are _____ things here which I cannot understand.

6. Robert wrote so _____ letters that he’s never going to write a letter again.

VI. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

Theory of Demand

Consumer demand is the quantities of a particular good that an individual consumer wants and is able to buy as the price varies, it all other factors influencing demand are constant.

That is, consumer demand is the relationship between the quantity demanded for the good and its price. The factors assumed constant are prices of other goods, income, and a number of no economic factors, such as social, physiological, demographic characteristics of the consumer in question (о котором идет речь).

The theory of demand is based on the assumption that the consumer having budget constant seeks to reach the maximum possible level of utility, that is, to maximize utility, but he usually prefers to obtain more rather than less. The consumer has to solve the problem choice. Provided he is to maintain a given level of utility, increase in the quantity of one good must be followed by regulations in the quantity of the other good. The consumer has to choose the specific goods within the limits imposed by his budget.

Market demand is the quantities of good that all consumers in a practical market want and are able to buy as price varies and as all other factors are assumed constant. Market demand depends not only on the factors affecting individual demands, but also on the number of consumers in the market. The law of demand also works with market demand.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

What is the consumer demand?

What factors influencing consumer demand are assumed constant?

What is the principal assumption of the demand theory?

Which choice does the consumer have to make?

What is market demand?

In what way does market demand differ from individual demand?

VIII. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

1. Increase in the utility of one good can compensate	a. the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied.
2. Equilibrium price is the price at which	b. to restrict import expenditure.
3. the marginal utility of a good is the increase in	c. that is, industry based on agricultural products.
4. There are different ways	d. an absolute fall of demand for inferior goods.
5. Over 60% of the capital of all US firms is in agro-industry	e. is still higher than in Japan.
6. Higher expenditure on foreign goods rather than on the goods produced at home	f. the utility obtained by consuming one more unit of that good.
7. Rising incomes result in	g. the reduction of utility of another good.
8. Per capita (на душу населения) income in the United States	h. will increase demand for foreign goods.

IX. Выпишите все коммерческие и экономические термины, которые встречались в тексте и переведите их на русский язык.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (Вариант 2)

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

3. Основные формы глагола (правильные, неправильные).

4. Употребление much/many, few/little.

I. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. I’m sorry, I ______ join you on Wednesday.

cannot
cannot to

don’t can to

don’t can

2. He ______ pass the exam.

didn’t can

could not

could not to

3. I ______ to go hiking with you.

shall be able

shall can

4. This man ______ more than he says.
mays know

may know

may knows

5. ______ I say a few words?
may

might

6. He forgot that the police ______ discover the truth.
may
might

would may

7. Tom has broken his leg. He _______ walk a lot. It is not good for him.

need not

cannot

may not

8. You _______ lend me your umbrella. I love walking in the rain.

may

must

need

9. He ______ see me in this situation.
doesn’t must
must not

10. The company ________ postpone the loading, because of some problems with transport.

must

has to

can

II. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на образование времен группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

1. I am tired. I (to go) to bed now. Good night!

2. Please don’t make so much noise. I (to work).

3. A funny thing (to happen) to me when I sat in a traffic jam.

4. This time last year I (to live) in India.

5. In a few year’s time more people (to use) plastic money.

6. The agreement (to expire) at 30th of December.

III. Образуйте форму прошедшего времени в следующих глаголах.

To decide, to notice, to get, to read, to run, to sign, to agree, to buy, to bring, to see, to finish, to drink, to show.

IV. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

He is attending the lecture of economics now.

Planets are going round the sun.

We were working on a new project all the day yesterday.

Sam Brown was working with clients, when the boss came to the office.

We shall be still working here in ten year’s time.

At ten o’clock tomorrow he will be working at his report.

V. Заполните пропуски словами much/many, few/little.

1. _____ of her advice was useful.

2. She wrote us _____letters from London.

3. Would you like _____ salad? – Yes, thank you. My doctor says it’s good for my health.

4. Our secretary knows German _____ and she can help you with the translation of this letter.

5. The hall was almost empty: there was very _____ people in it.

VI. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

Theory of Supply

The theory of supply is the theory of how much output firms choose to produce. The principal assumption of the supply theory is that the producer will maintain the level of output at which he maximizes his profit.

Profit can be defined in terms of revenue and cost. Revenue is what the firm earns by selling goods or services in a given period such as a year. Costs are the expenses which are necessary for producing and selling goods or services during the period. Profit is the revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used.

Cost should include opportunity costs of all resources used in production. Opportunity cost of commodity is the amount obtained by an input in its best alternative use (best use elsewhere). In particular, costs include the owner’s time and effort in running a business. Costs also include the opportunity cost of the financial capital used in the firm.

Aiming to get higher profits, firms obtain each output level as cheaply as possible. Firms choose the optimal output level to receive the highest profits.

Making economic forecasts, it is necessary to know the effect of a price change on the whole output rather than the supply of individual firms.

Market supply is defined in terms of the alternative quantities of a commodity all firms in a particular market offer as price varies and as all other factors are assumed constant.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the principal assumption of the supply theory?

2. What is the difference between profit and revenue?

3. What is included in cost of production?

4. How do firms get maximum profits?

5. What is market supply? What is market supply important for?

VIII. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

1. Market demand is	a. revenue minus cost.
2. An improvement of technology is a change that	b. the firm can select the output level maximizing its profit.
3. Profits are	c. paid out as dividends.
4. As long as the total demand and the total supply of the commodity remain equal,	d. the equilibrium price will remain unchanged.
5. Part of company’s profits is put back into the business rather than	e. makes it possible for firms to produce more goods with the same amount of resources as before.
6. With inflation, people have to increase expenditure because	f. how much the amount received is greater than the amounts paid.
7. Profit depends on	g. the total demand from all consumers.
8. Opportunity cost is the amount	h. old the level of expenditure in money terms now buys a smaller quantity of goods.
9. Examining how revenues and costs change with the level of output produced and sold	i. an input can obtain in its use elsewhere.