Terminate, finish, close, complete, conclude, end (окончить)
a) Read the explanation to see the difference:
These words are alike in meaning to reach the end of a task or activity. Finishand completemean to bring to an anticipated end by doing all things necessary or appropriate to achieving that end. Although the two words may be used as exact synonyms, complete suggests the fulfillment of an assigned task and is therefore not always an appropriate substitute for finish. E.g. An author may completeor finish his novel; a reader might finish it, but one would not say that he completed it.
Closeandconcludeemphasizes the final stages that complete an action.
Endandterminate are more general in meaning. An action may be ended or terminated before it is completed. In addition, both of these words carry more of a sense of finality by suggesting a definitecut off point.
b) Translate the following sentences where these synonyms are used:
1A passing mark admits students to a preparatory first year at a university, which terminates in another more rigorous examination.2. In the USA there is a nation wide assumption that students who have completed secondary school should have at least two years of university education. 3. The completion of certain numbers of courses with passing grades leads to the “bachelor’s” degree. Majority of students complete four years of study for a degree and substantial numbers go on for one or three years of post graduate study
c) Choose the appropriate:
1. It is necessary to ....secondary education to match university entrance requirements.
a) terminate b) complete c) finish d) finalize
2. The report should be ... by the end of thee week.
a) terminate b) complete c) finish d) finalize
3. The studies will be ...for you if you do not obtain passing grades.
a) terminate b) complete c) finish d) finalize
4. Many students who ... high school make a lot of efforts to be admitted to the University.
a) terminate b) complete c) finish d) finalize
II. Read the text and compare the life of a student of your faculty with that of British students.
Recognize yourself here?
Ok, surveys are never quite what they claim to be but, says Peter Brown, their view of student life just may be illuminating.
When I was a student I was paid to take part in a survey. We had to click a hand-held machine every time a pedestrian entered a shopping centre. After some hours I felt thirsty, and was not surprised to meet a number of other students with clickers in the pub. Together we clicked randomly for a few beers before returning to our posts.
Disgraceful behaviour? Sure, but please forgive me if I treat student surveys with suspicion – and not only those questionnaires in which they “reveal” how often they drink, smoke, make love, pay the rent or look at a book, but also official surveys conducted by higher education bodies. Ask yourself: who supplies the facts that their computers set about scrambling.
Suspect though they are, however, such surveys are our only means of separating fact from complete fiction. What follows is therefore no more than a thumbnail sketch of you, the British student.
For a start, there are an awful lot of you – one in three young people goes to university or a college, and the over all number wanting to study is still rising. The National Union of Students (NUS) claims to represent almost two million students in further and higher education. A levels and AS levels are becoming slightly less important as an entry qualification. Scottish highers are doing better, as is the International Baccalaureate. There are more places to study at, if you believe the surveys. In 1980 there were 80 higher education institutions; in 1998, 254. Indisputably, thanks to John Major, there are far more universities than there were: 97.
Last year 389,000 of you applied for full-time or “sandwich” higher education courses, although only 298,000 were accepted. And almost half of you chose a local college or university. Four times as many people apply to full-time courses as they did in 1968. And ₤776 million is going into providing 100,000 more places.
Until recently you’ve been getting older-one in five of you is over 35-but this autumn there has been a fall of 183 % in the number of over-25s seeking a place. The introduction of tuition fees has been blamed, although there is no firm evidence for that yet. Good news for under-21 boys: there are 48 of you to every 52 girls. Of last year’s university applicants, 234,000 were white, 9,000 black and 26,000 Asian.
You’re a middle-class bunch - so middle-class that the Government in tends to pay universities more if they take students from poorer areas, or “low-participation neighbourhoods”. The number of applicants from social classes 4 and 5 is still extremely low. But 82 % of young undergraduates went to state schools; Oxbridge is half-state, half-private, more or less. On the whole you’re an apathetic lot, but you can occasionally be roused (probably by an NUS wake-up call). Some 40,000 of you took to the streets two years ago to campaign against tuition fees.
What are you all studying? Well, fewer people are doing teacher training sociology and English. More are studying sports science, design studies and marketing. But the range of what is available to be studied continues to expand. Management is the word that appears most often in the title of courses and there are still more sociology courses on offer than media studies. Degree subjects available include aromatherapy, cyberspace, football and floor-covering.
How hard do you work? Not very. If, for example, you study human sciences at Oxford there’s less than three hours’ work a day. Fine art, surprisingly, is the hardest option, at 43 hours a week. Law students at Oxford put in an average 36 hours, followed by chemists at 33 hours.
So what happens? On average, 18 % of you drop out - about 50,000 after the first year. At some universities it is 40 %. And it tends to be students from poorer backgrounds who drop out.
University counselors see more than 40,000 students a year about problems ranging from depression to suicidal behavior. Modular degrees - which send students scurrying all over the campus instead of learning with a stable group of friends – and the break-down of family life (nowhere to go in the holidays) are blamed.
If you survive, what kind of degree will you get? In 1995, 237,798 first degrees were awarded, of which 16,687 were firsts, 95,824 seconds (1), 82,898 were seconds (2), 13,770 were thirds and 27,874 were passes.
Meanwhile, you are doing other jobs, often working long hours, in unsafe conditions, just to keep body and soul together. Two fifths of students in higher education do part-time work. One in three students misses lectures to work. Well, not surprising, really when you look at the cost of accommodation. A student in the private rented sector in London pays an average of ₤87 per week for housing. Over the year this leaves you a shortfall of ₤3,354 to find – having spent your loan and grant. In London you spend more than 60 % of your weekly income on rent, and very little less elsewhere. Your housing is often substandard and sometimes dangerous.
Even in self-catering rooms in hall the rents range from ₤76 a week at the London School of Economics to ₤33,67 at St. Andrews.
Should people feel sorry for you? Well… the average student’ spends ₤20,32 a week on drink, ₤17,90 on entertainment, ₤11,66 on clothes and ₤7,43 on personal convenience goods, including CDs and mobile phones.
Nearly a third of all students have sex at least once a week. If you are at Manchester or Cambridge there’s a 10 % change that you make love most days and at Dundee, the women were said in one survey to be the sexiest in the land, as indeed were the men.
You go on holiday a lot. An estimated 1,5 million students will travel abroad this summer. Australia, Thailand and India being the popular destinations.
Students of physics are most likely to experiment with drugs other than cannabis, which is the most popular drug. Future doctors, dentists and vets are heavily into LSD. Biological science students – mainly those studying agriculture - drink to excess and 23 % of them exceed the hazardous level. Some bar-flies miss lectures three times a month because of binge drinking.
Wherever you study, when you’ve got your degree you’ll almost certainly have a job within five years. Only 2 % don’t. But the real high earners are middle-class men with good. A levels from a professional background.
And the employers’ favourite university? Cambridge.
b) Find in the text words that mean the following:
1. informative and enlightening, often by revealing or emphasizing facts that were previously obscure
2. a statistical analysis of answers to a poll of a sample of a population, for example, to determine opinions, preferences, or knowledge
3. (of something written) quite short
4. a group of people, especially friends or associates (informal )
5. not taking any interest in anything, or not bothering to do anything
6. a particular group of people (informal )
7. a frightening experience that is interpreted as a sign that a major change is needed in the way somebody lives or conducts business
8. to abandon a project or activity without finishing it
9. to move around in an agitated manner or with a swirling motion
10. an amount by which something falls short of what is required
11. U.K. used to describe accommodations, especially for vacationers or students, in which meals are not provided but cooking facilities are
12. somebody who spends large amounts of time in bars (slang )
c) In small groups or pairs conduct your own survey. Interview as many students of your faculty as you can and produce a sketch of the average student of your faculty.
III. Circle the word that is closest in the meaning to the words: strive, eliminate, seek out, assess, evaluate, diverse:
They also strive to develop students’ creativity, insight and analytical skills.
a) look for b) try c) need
Computers and other new technologies have eliminated many low-skilled jobs.
a) removed b) helped c) facilitated
Employers seek out college graduated with critical thinking.
a) desire b) hire c) search
The quality of work done in these courses is assessed by means of a continuous record of marks and grades.
a) evaluated b) appreciated c) recorded
Students are evaluated according to their performance in individual courses.
a) marked b) streamed c) assessed
Steps have been taken so that more people can benefitfrom higher education.
a) enter b) profit c) complete
Such diverse professions as engineering, teaching, law, medicine and informational science all require a college education.
a) several b) various c) rigorous
IV.
a) Read the texts and remember the meaning of phrasal verbs.
GOING THROUGH COLLEGE
Sam and Ben are twin brothers. They have a very rich grandfather who offered to put them through1 university. Sam sailed through2 his exams at school and easily got into a good university. Ben wanted to go to the same university, but it was harder for him to get in3. However, in his last few months at schools, he buckled down4 to his studies and managed to get through5 all the necessary exams. Both brothers wanted to major in6 law. Sam had worked in a law firm in several summer holidays and this experience was able to count towards7 his degree. Ben spent his holidays playing sport. Sam continued to study hard and soon left most of the other students in his group behind8. At the end of six months the professor creamed off9 the best students and moved them up the next class. Sam was in this group but Ben was not. The professor felt he was more interested in rugby than law and this counted against10 him. He was marked down11 for careless mistakes in a number of his assays and by the end of the year he had fallen behind12 the rest of his year. His tutor says he’ll be lucky if he even scrapes through13 his exams. His grandfather has arranged to come and visit him and Ben is feeling a little nervous.
| 1 | pay for them to study at university | 8 | made much faster progress than others |
| 2 | easily passed | 9 | separated the cleverest or most skilful people from a group and treated them differently |
| 3 | succeed in getting a place (at school, college, or organization) | 10 | contributed to his bad marks |
| 4 | started working hard | 11 | given a lower mark |
| 5 | succeed (in an examination or competition) | 12 | failed to remain level woth a group of people that was moving towards |
| 6 | (US, AUS) study something as their main subject at university | 13 | (informal) passes but only just |
| 7 | be part of what was needed in order to complete something |
IN THE LIBRARY
Let me try to describe this scene in a university library. A girl with long hair is pouring over1 a map. Next to her a boy is skimming through2 some books, looking for some information on wind energy for his thesis. At the same table is a girl with short hair, who has buries herself in3 a journal. Next to her a boy is checking off4 names on a list – he’s crossed off5 one of them. There is a busy and studious atmosphere in his library and I hope this has come across6 in my description
| 1 | studying carefully | 4 | writing something to each item on a list in order to make sure that everything or everyone on it is correct, present, or has been dealt with |
| 2 | reading quickly without studying the details | 5 | removed a word (e.g. name) from a list by drawing a line through it |
| 3 | given all her attention to | 6 | been expressed clearly enough for the reader to understand it |
b) Match each sentence on the left with sentence which follows logically on the right:
| 1) He took three weeks off in the middle of term. | a) He buckled down to his studies. |
| 2) He didn’t read the book thoroughly. | b) He got through all his exams. |
| 3) He searched the manuscript carefully. | c) He was marked down. |
| 4) He decided he had wasted far too much time. | d) He just skimmed through it. |
| 5) He was very successful at college. | e) He felt behind with his work. |
| 6) He didn’t keep to the set topic for his essay. | f) He pored over it for hours. |
c) Complete these sentences using the correct particles:
1. It cost Rick and Nina a huge amount of money to put three children … college.
2. Vlad sailed … all his exams a t school but found things much harder at university and only scraped … his final accountancy exams.
3. I’m afraid you’ll have to cross my name … the list for the trip next Saturday.
4. The college basketball team always seems to cream … the best athletes and other sports suffer as a result.
5. She was so brilliant, she left all the students … .
6. the end-of-semester marks in each ear all count … your final degree.
7. I like Professor Watson’s lectures; they’re so clear. His ideas don’t come … nearly as well in his books.
8. He was on the borderline between pass and fail, but his poor attendance on the cource counted … him and they failed him in the end.
d) Rewrite each sentence using a phrasal verb based on the word in brackets:
1. As each person arrived she asked their name and put a tick on her list. (check)
2. She picked up her favourite novel and became completely absorbed in it. (bury)
3. He decided to take economics as the main subject for his degree. (major)
4. His tutor transferred him to a higher class. (move)
5. What sort of grades do you need to be given a university place in your country? (get)
6. I applied to Oxford University but I wasn’t accepted. (get)
d) Write about your educational experience in 10-12 sentences using phrasal verbs.
Word list to part 2
| profession, field, job, occupation, specialization, trade, vocation, work | работа, занятие |
| acquire get, gain, obtain | получать, достигать |
| paper | документ, сочинение |
| research | исследования |
| case | доказательства, сумма доводов, аргументация |
| distance learning | дистанционное обучение |
| assignment | задание |
| check | проверять |
| part-time job | работа с неполной [частичной] занятостью |
| study | 1. учиться 2. исследование |
| compete competition | соревноваться, конкурировать конкуренция |
| approach | подход |
| assumption | предположение, допущение |
| educational experience | образовательный опыт |
| Degree | степень |
| Bachelor’s degree bachelor's degree | степень бакалавра |
| Master’s degree master's degree | степень магистра |
| Doctoral degree doctor's degree / PhD = Doctor of Philosophy | докторская степень |
| Associate degree | степень ассистента |
| Undergraduate | студент |
| Graduate/post graduate students | выпускник университета/ аспирант (магистрант) |
| Candidate | кандидат |
| University or college campus | студенческий городок |
| Residence hall(hall of residence, dormitory) | общежитие |
| Compulsory subjects | обязательные предметы |
| Optional subjects | необязательные предметы (факультативы, дисциплины по выбору) |
| Major/minor | профилирующий курс(предмет)/непрофилирующий предмет |
| Professional school | профессиональная школа - (магистратура в составе университета, колледжа для подготовки специалиста: юриста, врача и т.п.) |
| Graduate school / Higher-educational institution / postsecondary institution | последипломный курс (магистратура)/ вуз/ магистратура |
| Postgraduate studies/course | последипломное обучение /курс (магистратура,аспирантура) |
| Mark / grade | оценка |
| Credit | кредит (зачет) |
| ETCS | европейская система кредитов |
| Correspondence course | заочное обучение (курс) |
| To eliminate | удалять |
| Tuition | плата за обучение |
| Curriculum Pl. Curricula | учебный план |
| Supervision | руководство |
| Tutorial | консультация с руководителем |
| Peer | равный (поположению, способностям) |
| Counterpart | коллега, человек, находящийся на аналогичной должности или выполняющий сходную работу |
| Extracurricular activities | внеаудиторная деятельность |
| Entrance requirements | вступительные требования |
| To admit Admission | принять прием |
| To recruit students Enrollment | набирать студентов набор студентов |
| Course transcript | приложение к диплому(академическая справка) |
| To assess | оценивать |
| standing application | репутация, положение заявление |
| Applicant | абитуриент |
| Information Technology in Business Faculty | Факультет «Бизнес-информатика |
| Human Resources Management Faculty | Факультет «Управление пресоналом» |
| International Business and Law Faculty | Факультет «Мировая экономика и Право |
| Engineering Economics Faculty | Факультет «Инженерно-экономический» |
| Bridges and Transport Tunnels Faculty | Факультет «Мосты и тоннели» |
| Civil Engineering Faculty | Факультет «промышленное и гражданское строительство» |
| Building and Road Machines Faculty | Факультет «Строительные и дорожные машины» |
| Railway Construction Faculty | Факультет «Строительство железных дорог» |
| Railway Transportation Management Faculty | Факультет «Управление процессами перевозок» |
| personal counseling | индивидуальные консультации |
| lectures reinforced by tutorials | лекции, сопровождаемые семинарами |
| equal in time | равный по времени |
| to dismiss from | исключить из |
| to earn credits | получать зачеты |
| obtain knowledge | получать знания |
| under the guidance of | под руководством |
| extra remedial tutorials | дополнительные занятия |
| to carry out research | проводить исследования |
| interdisciplinary research | междисциплинарные исследования |
| professional skills | профессиональные навыки |
| students dormitories (hostels) | студенческие общежития |
| part-time student | студент-заочник |
| full-time student | студент очного обучения |
| cost of living | стоимость проживания |
| afford | прилагать усилия |
| encounter | сталкиваться с трудностями, наталкиваться на трудности |
| tight budget | скудный бюджет |
PART 3 PROJECTING
SELF-WORK 1
conference “house style”
I. a) Which of the following steps about conference participation are true or false?
| 1. | Study the Conference details on-line |
| 2. | Fill in a registration form |
| 3. | Call the Organising Committee to know how they are doing |
| 4. | Study the Conference Programme |
| 5. | Find information about who can participate in the Conference |
| 6. | Pay registration fee |
| 7. | Pack your bags |
| 8. | Submit your abstract for communication |
b) Study the questions in A and match them with their description in B.