Great Britain and Its People
I. Study the vocabulary to understand the information given in the texts. Read the texts and get ready for a discussion.
| glacial – ледниковый extinction – вымирание, исчезновение amorous – зд. любвеобильный boastful – хвастливый gregarious – общительный haughty – высокомерный, надменный yell – пронзительно кричать withdraw – зд. отгораживаться shortage – недостаток, нехватка inflate – надуть detach – отделять toasting fork – вилочка для тостов central heating – центральное отопление chilblain – озноб heel – каблук to stride – перешагнуть scale – масштаб typify – символизировать regiment – полк reluctant – отказывающийся inconvenience – неудобство adhering – соблюдение decimal – десятичный disinterred – эксгумировать palliative – смягчающий merge – слиться, сливаться, соединяться obstinately – упрямо racially – расово ruthless – беспощадный, безжалостный, жестокий cautious – осторожный, осмотрительный abhor – ненавидеть prodigally – расточительно dour – строгий gesture – жест tough – жесткий strain – напряжение hence – следовательно distinction – различие Gaelic – гэльский (язык) tartan – клетчатая материя bagpipes – волынка panache – щегольство contemplation – намерение debasement – опошливание implacability – непримиримость virtue – добродетель stock – зд. готовый miser – скряга garrulous – болтливый tenure – срок пребывания |
Population and Nationalities
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world.
There are a great number of immigrants in Britain (black and coloured from Asia and Africa). About 3.5 million people belong to ethnic minorities.
English is the official language of the United Kingdom, but it isn’t the only one. Gaelic is spoken in Scotland. Wales is bilingual.
The entire island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
The relatively limited variety of fauna and flora on the island is due to its size and the fact that wildlife has had little time to develop since the last glacial period. The high level of urbanisation on the island has contributed to a high species extinction rate.
Who are the English?
Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The French are supposed to be amorous, gay, fond of champagne; the Germans dull, formal, efficient, fond of military uniforms, and parades; the Americans boastful, energetic, gregarious and vulgar. The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather haughty people who do not yell in the street, make love in public or change their governments as often as they change their underclothes. They are steady, easy-going, and fond of sport.
The foreigner’s view of the English is often based on the type of Englishman he has met travelling abroad. Since these are largely members of the upper and middle classes, it is obvious that their behaviour cannot be taken as general for the whole people. There are, however, certain kinds of behaviour, manners and customs which are peculiar to England.
The English are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home, they say. And when the man is not working he withdraws from the world to the company of his wife and children and busies himself with the affairs of the home. “The Englishman’s home is his castle” is a saying known all over the world; and it is true that English people prefer small houses, built to house one family, perhaps with a small garden. But nowadays the shortage of building land and inflated land values mean that more and more blocks of flats are being built, and fewer detached and semi-detached houses, especially by the local councils.
The fire is the focus of the English home. What do other nations sit round? The answer is they don’t. They go out to cafes or sit round the cocktail bar. For the English it is the open fire, the toasting fork and the ceremony of English tea. Even when central heating is installed it is kept so low in the English home that Americans and Russians get chilblains, as the English get nervous headaches from stuffiness in theirs.
Foreigners often picture the Englishman dressed in tweeds, smoking a pipe, striding across the open countryside with his dog at his heels. This is a picture of the aristocratic Englishman during his holidays on his country estate. Since most of the open countryside is privately owned there isn’t much left for the others to stride across. The average Englishman often lives and dies without ever having possessed a tweed suit.
Apart from the conservatism on a grand scale which the attitude to the monarchy typifies, England is full of small-scale and local conservatisms, some of them of a highly individual or particular character. Regiments in the army, municipal corporations, school and societies have their own private traditions which command strong loyalties. Such groups have customs of their own which they are very reluctant to change, and they like to think of their private customs as differentiating them, as groups, from the rest of the world.
Most English people have been slow to adopt rational reforms such as the metric system, which came into general use in 1975. They have suffered inconvenience from adhering to old ways, because they did not want the trouble of adapting themselves to new. All the same, several of the most notorious symbols of conservatism are being abandoned. The twenty-four clock was at last adopted for railway timetables in the 1960s – though not for most other timetables, such as radio programs. In 1966 it was decided that decimal money would become regular form in 1971 – though even in this matter conservatism triumphed when the Government decided to keep the pound sterling as the basic unit, with its one-hundredth part an over-large “new penny”.
Who are the Scots?
The Scots are neither English nor British. No self-respecting Englishman calls himself a Briton, neither does any self-respecting Scot. The attempt to introduce the words Britain, Briton and British, when the Parliament was merged with the English one at Westminster, was not successful. The best things on either side of the Border remain obstinately English or Scottish. Are Shakespeare and Burns British poets? When the Australians meet the United Kingdom at that most civilised of all games that was born on the fields of England, do they meet the “all British eleven”? And is there anyone in the whole world who has ever asked for a British whisky and soda?
The two nations of the United Kingdom have each derived from mixed sources, racially and historically. Each has developed strong national characteristics which separate them in custom, habit, religion, law and even in language.
The English are amongst the most amiable people in the world; they can also be very ruthless. They have a genius for compromise, but can enforce their idea of compromise on others with surprising efficiency. They are generous in small matters but more cautious in big ones. The Scots are proverbially kindly, but at first glance are not so amiable. They abhor compromise, lean much upon logic and run much to extremes. They are penny-wise but can be prodigally pound-foolish. They can be dour and gray, or highly coloured and extravagant in gesture and manner.
In general the nation of modern Scotland derives from three main racial sources: the Celts, the Scandinavians or Teutons and the mysterious and shadowy Picts. These Picts, historically speaking, were the first inhabitants of what we now call Scotland. They were a small tough people. They have left their strain in the blood and occasional marks in the land and language. They were conquered by the invading Celts from Ireland who, incidentally, were called Scots and from whom the name of the modern nation comes.
Two and three centuries later, however, the Celts retreated into the north-western hills and islands, their place in the east and south lowlands being taken by the Scandinavians, Teutons and Angles. Hence the celebrated division of the Scottish people into Highlanders and Lowlanders. It was a division which marked the distinction between people of different culture, temperament and language.
It is from the Celts that there comes the more colourful, exciting and extravagant strain in the Scots: the Gaelic language and song, the tartan, the bagpipes, the Highland panache, and so on. It is in the contemplation of the debasement of this lively, attractive and touching tradition in Scotland and the Scottish temperament for commercial purposes that the natives have to endure the greatest embarrassments and discomforts.
It is from the Lowland strain that there comes the equally celebrated Scottish tradition of dourness, implacability and splendid courage in defence, providing a complementary virtue to the splendid Highland courage in attack.
The cautious, dry, humourless, mean, red-nosed Scot is, of course, a stock figure for stage, fiction and comic picture postcard use. The legend of this alcoholic miser, the hero of all Scotch stories, has, of course, little more than the most remote origin in fact (no more indeed than has the stock, garrulous, insensitive, over-eating Englishman of some North-of-the-Border stories about their neighbours). But in so far as this admittedly highly comical and sometimes even affectionately regarded figure touches reality at all, he derives from certain Lowland characteristics.
The truth is that since the break-up of the old Highland system in the 18th century they are in Scotland all so mixed up in blood that most of them combine something of the characteristics of both Highlander and Lowlander. A little over two hundred years ago nearly all Scots living north and west of the Highland line which, geographically speaking; still runs diagonally across Scotland were true Celtic Highlanders. That is to say they spoke the Gaelic language, lived under the ancient Celtic system of land tenure and, of course, as members of clans, bore Highland names. South and east of that line in the Lowland towns, villages and in the countryside, Highland names were rare.
II. Questions for discussion:
1.What is the location of Great Britain?
2.What nationalities inhabit the country?
3.Do all the citizens speak English?
4.Why do we find the relatively limited variety of fauna and flora on the island?
5.What kind of reputation do the English have?
6.Do the English prove their proverbs “There is no place like home” and “The Englishman’s home is his castle”?
7.Why is central heating kept so low in the English home?
8.Can you give any examples of the English conservatism?
9.What main racial sources does the nation of modern Scotland derive from?
10.What is the purpose for the Scottish natives to endure the greatest embarrassments and discomforts?
11.How different are the Highland Scots from the Lowland Scots?
12.Do they differ even by the names?
13.What stories do the Scottish tell about the English?
14.What stories do the English tell about the Scottish?
SUPPLEMENTARY READING