Write an article in which you can compare the properties and their strong and weak sides and express your opinion on the future possibilities to use these kinds of energy to get electricity.

	Nuclear Fission	Nuclear Fusion
Definition	Fission is the splitting of a large atom into two or more smaller ones.	Fusion is the fusing of two or more lighter atoms into a larger one.
Natural occurrence of the process	Fission reaction does not normally occur in nature.	Fusion occurs in stars, such as the sun.
Byproducts of the reaction	Fission produces many highly radioactive particles.	Few radioactive particles are produced by fusion reaction, but if a fission "trigger" is used, radioactive particles will result from that.
Conditions	Critical mass of the substance and high-speed neutrons are required.	High density, high temperature environment is required.
Energy Requirement	Takes little energy to split two atoms in a fission reaction.	Extremely high energy is required to bring two or more protons close enough that nuclear forces overcome their electrostatic repulsion.
Energy Released	The energy released by fission is a million times greater than that released in chemical reactions, but lower than the energy released by nuclear fusion.	The energy released by fusion is three to four times greater than the energy released by fission.
Nuclear weapon	One class of nuclear weapon is a fission bomb, also known as an atomic bomb or atom bomb.	One class of nuclear weapon is the hydrogen bomb, which uses a fission reaction to "trigger" a fusion reaction.
Energy production	Fission is used in nuclear power plants.	Fusion is an experimental technology for producing power.
Fuel	Uranium is the primary fuel used in power plants.	Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium and Tritium) are the primary fuel used in experimental fusion power plants.

How to Write a Scientific Article:

‘Cookbook’ for the Introduction, Methods and materials, Results, and Discussion Sections

Consult this ’cookbook’ to get instructions for creating the four most difficult parts of the article so they will do what a scientific reader expects them to do. As you write, turn to the section you are working on and make sure it follows these instructions in the order they are given.

INTRODUCTION: The introduction answers the questions: what, why?, and how? (“who?”and where? and when? are identified on your title page by your name, course, and date.)

Teach the reader about your subject:

Define the subject, describing those characteristics of the structure, chemical, etc. you will study and explaining those characteristics’ importance. As you do, mention pertinent literature that discusses previous research on your subject.

Describe the controversy or question which requires you to perform this experiment, referring to the literature mentioned in (…)

State how your experiment addresses this question or controversy. (your purpose)

Finish with the major finding of your report, in one sentence if possible.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This section describes the essential stages of the procedure necessary to reproduce this experiment.

Tell the reader how to repeat your experiment:

Explain the source of chemicals or something else.

Explain your ’experimental design’, including the number and types of substances, ,quantities and concentrations of chemicals, make and model of unusual equipment, essential conditions (heat/cold, time agitation or other stimuli)

Explain procedures used to measure effects you studied

RESULTS: the Results section reports, without conclusions or discussion, specific effects the MATERIALS AND METHODS said you were looking for.

Tell the reader what you found, dividing results of complicated experiments into types and reporting each type of result in a separate paragraph:

Open each results paragraph with one general sentence stating the part of procedure used to see the result described in that paragraph (should correlate with 3) in Materials and Methods)

List your results in tables or in clear figures. You MUST refer to every figure or table in the text.

DISCUSSION

In you discussion, you must ANALYZE and EXPLAIN your results.

Link your results to your original hypotheses.

Explain your experimental observations in specific terms.

Discuss possible sources of error and how they might have affected your results.

Compare your results to those of similar experiments published elsewhere.

Draw overall conclusions.

This is your chance to show us your capacity for creative, scientific thought. Refer to literature and other published material on the subject, but offer your own insights and ideas about your observations.

UNIT ONE. VOCABULARY LIST

absorption n bond ,v boost, v by-product, n complementary, adj conjugation, n devastate, v disrupt, v emerge, v emission, n Enrich, v envelop, v equation, n equivalence, n exothermic, adj fissile, adj harness (v) ignite, v implement, v infer (v)

infinitesimal, adj leftover (n) map (v) mediate (v) minuscule (adj) multiplication (n) parity (n) perpendicular (adj) proliferation (n) purity (n) replicate (v) repulsive (adj) seek (v) self-sustaining (adj) spontaneous (adj) transmutation (n) trigger (v) undergo (v) unleash (v) vicinity (n)

APPENDIX: Mathematical symbols in English

Symbol	Name	Read as	Symbol	Name	Read as
=	equality	equals, is equal to	∏	multiplication	product over … from … to …of
≡	definition	is defined as	!	factorial	factorial
≈	approximately equal	is approximately equal to	⇒	material implication	implies
≠	inequation	does not equal, is not equal to	⇔	material equivalence	if and only if
<	strict inequality	is less than	|…|	absolute value	absolute value of
>		is greater than	||	parallel	is parallel to
≪		is much less than	⊥	perpendicular	is perpendicular to
≫		is much greater than	≅	congruence	is congruent to
≤	inequality	is less than or equal to	φ	golden ratio	golden ratio
≥		is greater than or equal to	∞	infinity	infinity
∝	proportionality	is proportional to	∈	set membership	is an element of
+	addition	plus	∉		is not an element of
-	subtraction	minus	{,}	Set brackets	the set of
×	multiplication	times	ℕ	Natural numbers	N
∑	summation	sum over … from … to … of, sigma	ℤ	Integers	Z
÷	division	divided by	ℚ	Rational numbers	Q
/	slash	over smth; divided by	ℝ	Real numbers	R
±	plus-minus	plus or minus	ℂ	Complex numbers	C
∓	minus-plus	minus or plus	x̄	Mean	bar, overbar
√	square root	square root	x̄	complex conjugate	the complex conjugate of x

GRAMMAR

THE INFINITIVE

1. The infinitive can be the subject of the sentence, and translated as the infinitive or a noun.

To be a materialist means to accept the primacy of matter.

To determine the properties of the substance needs a lot of experiments.

2. As an object it the infinitive is used after the predicate.

They have to minimize the disadvantages.

3. The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier.

The form of the equation should be simple so as to be useful for the calculation.

4. As an attribute the infinitive is translated by a subordinate clause with the help of the following words: который, должен, нужно, можно.

There are many considerations to be taken into account in determining space velocity.

5. As a parenthesis the infinitive is usually used at the beginning of the sentence with a comma after it.

This is the list of most frequently used parentheses:

to begin (start) with - прежде всего;

to judge by – судя по, если судить по;

to make a long story short – короче говоря;

to mention (only some) – если упомянуть (лишь некоторые);

to name (only a few) – если упомянуть (лишь немногие);

to put it another way – иначе говоря;

to put it briefly – короче говоря;

to put it mildly – мягко выражаясь;

needless to say – нет надобности говорить о…;

to say nothing of - не говоря уже о… ;

suffice it to say – достаточно сказать;

to be exact – точнее говоря;

so to speak – так сказать;

to sum up – если подвести итог;

to quote (a single example) – если привести (один пример);

to return – если возвратиться;

to tell the truth – по правде говоря.

The to-infinitive is used:

a) To express purpose. To live long it is necessary to live slowly (M. T. Cicero)

b) After certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, afford, etc.) They decided to check the new device.

c) After adjectives such as nice, glad, afraid, etc. It was very difficult to do the calculations on time.

d) After too and enough Physicists haven’t got enough data to understand this phenomenon.

e) After it + be +adjective (+ of + noun (pronoun) It is very important to discover any evidence for any graininess in gravity.

f) After would like/ would love/would prefer They would prefer to repeat the experiment in another mode.

The bare infinitive is used:

a) After modal verbs

These vertices can be used to represent many different types of interactions.

b) After the verbs let, make, see, notice, hear and feel but: be made/ be heard/ be seen + to +infinitive

Feynman’s diagrams let physicists to calculate the probability that the interaction will take place.

c) After had better and would rather

We had better follow some basic rules.

Note: if two infinitives are joined by and, the toof the second infinitive can be omitted.

Forms of the Infinitives

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	( to) write	(to) be written
Present Continuous	(to) be writing	(to) be being written
Present Perfect	(to) have written	(to) have been written
Perfect Continuous	(to) have been writing	(to) have been being written *

The Present Infinitive refers to the present or future. e.g. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible.

The Present Continuous Infinitive expresses an action happening now. e.g. Physicists seem to bestruggling with this discrepancy.

The Perfect Infinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. e.g. They claim to have seen larger particles behaving like waves.

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is used to emphasize the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the main verb. e.g. They seem to have been computing all night.