Времена группы Perfect активного залога

a) The Present Perfect Tense (настоящее совершенное время) образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to haveв настоящем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола:I have worked, he has worked.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Have I worked? Has he worked?

Отрицательная форма the Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I have not worked, he has not worked.

The Present Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, завершенного к настоящему моменту и связанного с настоящим своим результатом. Это время употребляется с наречиями: this week на этой неделе, this month в этом месяце, this year в этом году, ever когда-либо, never никогда, just только что, already уже, not yet еще не.

He has made an interesting report this week

Он сделал интересный доклад на этой неделе

b) The Past Perfect Tense (прошедшее совершенное время) образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to haveв прошедшем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола: I had worked, he had worked.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Had I worked? Нad he worked?

Отрицательная форма the Past Perfect Tense образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I had not worked, he had not worked.

Это время употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может обозначаться:

- обстоятельством времени с предлогом by к (by the end of the month). Например:

By the beginning of the lecture the lab assistant had brought all the diagrams

К началу лекции лаборант принес все схемы

- другим (более поздним по времени) прошедшим действием в Past Simple:

They had translated the article when he came

Они уже перевели статью, когда он пришел

c) The Future Perfect Tense (будущее совершенное время) образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола: I shall have worked, he will have worked.

В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?

Отрицательная форма the Future Perfect Tense образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I shall not have worked, he will not have worked.

The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет закончено к какому-то моменту в будущем:

I shall have done all my work by seven o’clock.

К семи часам я уже сделаю всю свою работу

ВАРИАНТ 1

I.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The teacher points at the blackboard when he wants to explain something.

2. Computers and lasers are being widely introduced at plants and factories.

3. Great changes in people’s lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.

4. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.

II.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. This instrument is a key tool of the atomic age and is used for studying radioactivity.

2. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control.

3. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environment protection.

III.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The Americans say that in the USA the buildings are taller, the cigars are longer, the cars are bigger and the girls are prettier than anywhere in the world.

2. If you make half-hour breaks while getting ready for your exams your brain will work much more efficiently.

3. The sooner you take your medicine the better you will feel.

4. This room is not so comfortable as that one on the first floor.

IV.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. We didn’t have any time to discuss his new invention.

2. There is future for microelectronics in automobiles.

3. You should take any bus that goes from here towards the railway station and get off at the third stop.

4. Some students have come, the rest are still taking their exams.

V.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America, commonly called the United States or simply America, is a federal republic comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. The total area is 9.4 mln. sq. km. The United States today hold the leading position in the capitalist world. The USA is situated in the southern part of North America and is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and the Pacific ocean in the west. The Atlantic Ocean is of great importance to the USA for its sea communications with Europe, Africa and South America. The largest ports are on the Atlantic Coast.

The Americans are really a nation of nations, and the USA is the country where all principal languages are spoken. The United States of America is a federation of states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial, and these three branches are represented respectively by Congress, the President and the Supreme Court. In other words, all legislative powers are vested in a Congress of the United States, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive power is vested in a President, who holds office for 4 years.

The USA has large reserves of all the more widely used minerals except tin. The country produces enough of some minerals to meet all its own needs and to ship to other counties as well. The American West occupies 40 per cent of US territory and has 17 per cent of the population, produces 14 per cent of crude oil, and 10 per cent of natural gas. It ranks first in the production of uranium, nickel, copper and molybdenum ores. Half of working population of the USA is employed in the sphere of industry and half in services. Dining halls, cafeterias, restaurants and other units offer daily 160 mln dishes or 20 per cent of all the food produced in the USA. Agriculture is one of the most important fields of economy tightly bound with industry, trade and the services within the framework of the agro-industrial complex.

At present the Union comprises 50 states administratively united by the Federal Government in Washington. Its only industry is a government. As the nation’s capital and a seat of the Federal Government, it is the heart of the country.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно :

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. He spends all his money on books.

2. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.

3. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training.

4. Before Faraday’s inventions the only source of electricity was the galvanic battery.

1. This research instrument is used for accelerating particles.

2. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensation throughout the world.

3. A Japanese company is planning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel.

III.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. You should practice more often if you want to improve your language.

2. This exercise is easier than the next one.

3. The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to use more widely public transportation.

4. The more attention you pay to your children’s education, the better results they achieve.

1. There are no students in the library.

2. Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities.

3. Do you need any books to prepare for your report?

4. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic

V.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

SCOTLAND

Today Scotland is part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. There is a special minister in the Government, the Secretary of State for Scotland, who is responsible for education, local government and other important matters in Scotland. Although the legal education and banking systems are slightly different from those in England, life is very similar to the rest of the United Kingdom.

Comprising an area of some 30 000 square miles Scotland has a population of just over five million people of whom about one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee. All the inhabitants speak English although about 100 000 still speak Scottish Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents are very strong and visitors from abroad sometimes have difficulties in understanding them.

Scotland is a very mountainous country; three-fourth of its area is occupied by mountains with a great amount of moorland, in which few people live. Scotland is famous for its beautiful lakes with mountains round them.

Scottish steel has long been used chiefly by the heavy industries of Glasgow area, where shipbuilding has been paramount.

People who live in Scotland are Scots. They are also called Scottish or Scotsmen. Scotsmen will be rather annoyed if you call them Englishmen. Every Scotsman belongs to a clan. A clan is a family group: all the people of the same family belong to the same clan. There are about 300 different clans in Scotland. A Scotsman’s traditional clothes are socks, shoes, a kilt, a tie, a jacket and a bonnet. Some people in the north of Scotland wear a kilt every day. But in other parts of the country most Scottish people wear just the same clothes as the English. Scottish people like to dance very much. Glasgow has more dancing schools than any other European city.

The Scottish people have a reputation according to which they are the stingiest people in on earth. This is not true, of course, as anyone who visited Scotland will tell you. The Scottish people are very clever and simple, and they also have a natural sense of humor.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно :

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

2. The aim of today’s foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent.

3. This poet’s parents died when he was only four years old.

4. He will ring me up as soon as he buys books for me.

1. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems quite simple.

2. Scientists believe new laser devices will be widely used in medicine.

3. The information system coordinates a distribution network

III.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. That painting is less impressive than the one in your living room.

2. It is true that the most skyscrapers are taller than buildings in the UK, but the British think their stately homes are older and more beautiful than anything in the USA.

3. Einstein is one of the most intelligent scientists who ever lived.

4. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is.

1. Some specialists expect that a photon can greatly increase the operation of a computer.

2. Any museum in London is of great interest to us.

3. Tsarist Russia didn’t give any money for Tsiolkovsky’s research.

4. No student of this group was in Great Britain.

V.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

GREAT BRITAIN

The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The total area is about 121 600 square miles. The largest islands are Great Britain proper (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic). Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which in its narrowest part is only 33 km wide. Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. All over the world Britain was notorious for its fogs. The smoke-fogs of the big towns usually in winter time, were exceedingly unpleasant, unhealthy and dangerous to movement, but now the situation is much better.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy. The Monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom. Queen Elisabeth II is a descendant of the Saxon king, Egbert. She acts only on the advice of her ministers. She reigns, but she does not rule. The Crown is the second biggest landowner in Britain. The Queen is the third richest woman in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. They are constituted on different principles, do different work in different places and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the coronation and the opening of Parliament.

English people tend to be rather conservative - a little more so, perhaps, than most others. The conservative attitude consists of an acceptance of things which are familiar, and an important aspect of it is an inclination to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign. Conservatism on a national scale may be illustrated by reference to the public attitude to the monarchy. Apart from conservatism on a grand scale England is full of small-scale conservatisms: methods of cooking, the business of heating houses in which most English people remain strongly attached to the open fire.

England is highly industrialized and was the country in which the earliest developments of modern industry took place. Many of the great inventions which were the foundation of modern industrial processes are made by Englishmen or Scotsmen. The original basis of British industry was coal mining. Nearly all English people live in towns, big or small.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I.Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. It became clear that television had a great influence on people’s life.

2. She promises to give me this novel for a couple of days as soon as she reads it.

3. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes.

4. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.

1. We know he works at the problem of space communication.

2. If you make even a smallest mistake in computer language the talk breaks down and you must go to the beginning.

3. The Reading Room of the Library of Congress houses a great collection of reference books.

III.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Buses require fewer parking lots, make less noise and use less road space per passenger than private cars.

2. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.

3. If you want to find your way around the city more easily you should buy the map of it.

4. She is not as easy to get on with as her sister.

1. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems.

2. Are there any pictures in your book?

3. There are no people in the park because it is cold.

4. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world.

V.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

WALES

Wales is a country of hills and mountains, the highest of which are in Snowdonia in the northwest; the tallest peak is Snowdon. Two-thirds of the population lives in the southern valleys and the lower-lying coastal areas. The chief urban centers are Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and Wrexham. Wales is a principality; prince Charles, the heir to the throne, was invested by the Queen with the title of Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle in 1969.

Latest figures suggest that about one-fifth of the population speaks Welsh, a language of Celtic origin. Welsh speakers are concentrated in the rural north and west. The Welsh name of the country is Cymru. Welsh has equal validity with English in law courts, bilingual education in schools is encouraged, and there has been an extended use of Welsh for official purposes and broadcasting.

The country returns 38 Members of Parliament and there are special arrangements for the discussion on Welsh affairs. For the last 60 years the industrial communities have tended to support the Labor Party in elections, ensuring a Labor majority of seats. The Secretary of State for Wales, who is the member of the Cabinet, has wide-ranging responsibilities relating to the economy, education, welfare services and the provision of amenities. The Headquarters of the administration is the Welsh Office in Cardiff, which also has an office in London. Local government is exercised through a system of elected authorities similar to that in England, and the legal system is identical to the English one.

Wales produces about 10 per cent of British opencast coal production, including all of its anthracite. Although Wales still accounts for 31 per cent of British steel production, it is now an important center for electronics, and several new high-technology businesses in related industries have been established. Although south Wales remains the principal industrial area, new industries and firms have been introduced in northeast Wales and light industry attracted to the towns in mid and north Wales rural areas.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The lands of this farm are not far from Moscow.

2. This plane lands here every Monday.

3. He wrote an article about this engineer’s invention.

4. Their Institute houses both physical and chemistry laboratories.

1. This engineer is one of the best oil experts in oil industry.

2. From the very beginning many students start independent work in students’ scientific societies.

3. A lot of foreign visitors came to Moscow to see the Victory Day Celebrations.

III.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Read this text as quickly as possible.