Времена группы Perfect
Формы Perfectвыражают действие, совершённое к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.
The Present Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершившееся к моменту речи. Этот
момент: а) может быть совсем не обозначен. Например:
He has repaired his car. – Он отремонтировал свою машину.
б) может быть выражен обстоятельствами типа already -уже, recently,
lately -недавно, ever -когда-либо, never -никогда, just -только что, not yet -ещё не, today -сегодня, this week (month, year) -на этой неделе (месяце, году), for ages -целую вечность.
Например: I have never been to London. - Яникогдане был в Лондоне.
The Present Perfect Tenseтакже может выражать действие, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту. Часто в этом случае употребляется предлог sinceс. Например:
She has not been to Moscow since 1990. - Она не была в Москве с 1990 года.
The Past Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершённое до какого-либо момента или
действия в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством с предлогом by - к, либопридаточным предложением с глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Например:
By the 1st of September all the road works had been finished. -К первому сентября все дорожные работы были завершены.
When we came to the station, the train had already left. - Когда мы пришли на станцию, поезд уже ушёл.
The Future Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, которое будет завершено до
определённого момента, или действия в будущем. Этот момент уточняется обстоятельством с
предлогом byили придаточным предложением с глаголом в Present Indefinite.
Например:
When you come I shall have finished translating the text. -Когда ты придёшь, я закончу переводить текст.
By the end of the year the railway will have been opened for traffic. -К концу года железная дорога будет открыта для движения.
Таблица Perfect Tense в действительном залоге (Tenses in Active Voice)
| Present | Past | Future | |||||
| Perfect | have has | +V3 | had + V3 | shall have will have | +V3 | ||
Спряжение глагола to ask в действительном залоге
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Perfect | I, we, you, they have asked he, she, it has asked | I,he, she, it, we, you, they had asked | I, we will (shall) have asked he, she, it, you, they will have asked |
Exercises
Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or continuous.
1___________________you___________________(finish) that report yet? What ____________you ________________(do)?
2. Sorry I’m late. I’________________________(talk) to the boss.
3. ______________you ever______(experience) a severe earthquake?
2. Complete the sentences with:
Have / has, haven’t / hasn’t
1.Scientists ____________explained many of the mysteries of nature.
2. The application of knowledge _______always been constructive.
3. We ___________worried much about our problems yet.
4. Knowledge _______expanded the limits of our minds.
5. Our hopes for a better world _______vanished.
Fill in the blanks with present perfect form of the verbs in the list.
Offer, consider, develop, increase, change
1.Communication systems _________________greatly in the past thirty years.
2. The quantum theory _________________us many answers.
3. Science ______________________________our lives.
4. We _____never___________ our planet as a unit of life.
5. We ____________our understanding of the world.
Past Indefinite or Present Perfect? Put the verbs into the correct tense forms.
1) The engineer to show his foreign friends the bridge in the building of which he to take part in 1980. 2) He not/ to decide yet what to do. 3) Are you still studying or ... you already to find a job? 4) Don't worry! The equipment already to pack. 5) They spoke so quickly that I didn't understand what they to talk about. 6) The journey from Paris to London to take much longer before the Channel Tunnel was built.
Passive Voice.
Страдательный залог.
Времена страдательного залога (The Passive Voice) образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (The Past Participle) смыслового глагола. При спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be.
Таблица времён в страдательном залоге (Tenses in Passive Voice)
| to be+V3 | Present | Past | Future | ||||
| Indefinite | am is are | +V3 | was were | + V3 | shall will | + be V3 | |
| Continuous | am is are | + being V3 | was were | + being V3 | |||
| Perfect | have has | have beenV3 | had been + V3 | shall will | have been V3 | ||
Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Indefinite | I - am asked he, she, it - is asked we, you, they - are asked | I, he, she, it- was asked we, you, they -were asked | I, we– will (shall) be asked he, she, it, we, you, they - will be asked |
| Continuous | Iam being asked he, she, it is being asked we, you, they are being asked | I,he, she - was being askedwe, you, they -were being asked | |
| Perfect | I, we,you, they – have been asked he, she, it – has been asked | I,he, she, it, we,you, they – had been asked | I, we– will (shall) have been asked he, she, it, we, you, they - will have been asked |
Примечания:
1) Подлежащее в английском предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге
переводится на русский язык в винительном или дательном падежах.
Неwas asked many questions. Емузадали много вопросов.
2) За сказуемым в страдательном залоге в английском предложении может следовать
предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.
This accident is much spoken about. Об этом несчастном случае много говорят.
Exercises