В страдательном залоге
Сравнение перевода предложений в действительном и страдательном залоге.
| Действительный залог Им.п. кто? I ask - Я спрашиваю He asks - Он спрашивает She asks - Она спрашивает We ask - Мы спрашиваем You ask - Вы спрашиваете They ask - Они спрашивают | Страдательный залог Род.п. кого? Дат.п. кому? I am asked - Меня спрашивают He is asked - Его спрашивают She is asked - Ее спрашивают We are asked - Нас спрашивают You are asked - Вас спрашивают They are asked - Их спрашивают |
В английском языке существуют глаголы, которые требуют после себя употребление предлогов. Эти предлоги, стоящие после глаголов, сохраняются в страдательном залоге.
Например: Над ними смеются. - They are laughed at.
За мной послали. - I was sent for.
Предложный пассив, т.е. страдательный залог с предлогом, употребляется со следующими глаголами:
| to look at - смотреть на кого-либо to speak to - говорить с кем-либо to speak about (of) - говорить о к-л to listen to - слушать кого-то to look through - просматривать to pay for - платить за to send for - посылать за кем-либо 8. to think over – обдумывать | to laugh at - смеяться над to look after - присматривать за кем-либо to object to - протестовать против чего-либо to refer to - ссылаться на что-либо to rely on - полагаться на кого-либо to look for - искать что-то to take care of - заботиться о 16. to lose sight of - терять из виду |
5.Некоторые глаголы английского языка переводятся на русский язык глаголами в действительном залоге:
Winter is followed by spring. - За зимой следует весна.
to believe smb (прямое дополнение) - верить кому-либо (косвенное дополнение)
to enter smth. - входить в
to follow smb., smth. - следовать за кем-либо, чем-либо
to help smb. - помогать кем-либо
to join smth. - присоединяться к чему-либо
to watch smb., smth. - наблюдать за кем-либо, чем-либо
6. Глаголы to say и to tell (говорить, сказать) в страдательном залоге имеют разное значение. Обратите внимание на перевод:
to be told to be said
He is told to read. He is said to read books.
Ему велят (говорят) читать. Говорят, что он читает книги.
7.Безличные конструкции переводят следующим образом:
It is known that ... - Известно, что ...
It is said that ... - Говорят, что ...
It is expected that ... - Ожидают, что ...
It should be mentioned that ... - Следует упомянуть, что ...
Видовременные формы английского глагола
в страдательном залоге
| Tense | Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect |
| be V3 | be being V3 | have been V3 | |
   Present | am is asked are cпрашивают (обычно, часто) | am is being asked are спрашивают (сейчас) | have   been asked has спросили (уже) |
  Past |  was asked were спросили был спрошен (вчера) |  was being asked were спрашивали (в тот момент, когда вы вошли) | had been asked спросили (уже) был спрошен (уже, к тому моменту) |
 Future | will be asked будет спрошен, спросят (завтра) | Вместо формы Future Continuous употребляется Future Indefinite | will have been asked будет спрошен |
Упражнения
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы Indefinite:
1.Our new house will be built in a year. 2. This picture was painted by Repin. 3. I think this letter was written by a child. 4. Marriages are made in heaven. 5. Man is known by the company he keeps. 6. Don’t cry before you are hurt. 7. Rome was not built in a day. 8. The best whisky is produced in Scotland. 9. His telephone will be cut off soon. 10. Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese several centuries ago. 11. I was told to come on time.12. Soon he will be examined by a doctor.13. The windows were broken by a strong wind. 14. I was given a kitten. It was called Pussy. 15. I shall be introduced to form 5 «b». 16. The first violin was invented in the 16th century. 17. The first piano was made around 1700 in Italy.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на формы Continuous:
1. Yesterday at 10 o’clock the article was being translated by my sister. 2. Listen! A fairy-tale is being read to my little brother. 3. When I came into the theatre a beautiful piece of music was being played by the pianist. 4. My dress was still being ironed when my mother wanted to look at it. 5. Wait a bit? Your shoes are being repaired. 6. When the inspection commission arrived a new plant was being built. 7. Who was being asked when the headmaster entered the classroom? 8. A new system of work is being started. 9. A new railway line is being constructed across the desert. 10. A singer is being listened to with enthusiasm. 11. Something important is being announced over the radio. 12. Your papers are being typed. 13. You are being waited for. 14. What question was being considered when you came to the meeting.
3.Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения. Поставьте их в вопросительную форму:
1. The letter has not been posted yet. 2. All the tickets had already been sold out by the end of the day. 3. The students’ papers will have been corrected by the teacher when you come. 4. The delegation has just been met. 5. The exhibition has been shown to some foreign guests. 6. The experiment has been carried out successfully. 7. The origin of the man has not been defined yet. 8. No woman has ever been elected President of the USA. 9. A new law on smoking in public places has been introduced. 10. The documents have been signed by the manager today. 11. This book will have been translated into Russian by the end of the year. 12. Many goods have been exported from China to different countries of the world.
4. В следующих предложениях определите видовременную форму глагола:
1. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 2. She was often seen in the library. 3. Heat and light are given to us by the sun. 4. He wasn’t told about our decision. 5. The tourists were shown the Kremlin. 6. She is invited to come to England next year. 7. The poem was quickly learnt by the pupils. 8. Dinner was being cooked by the mother when my father came. 9. A new grammar rule was being explained by the teacher when the bell rang. 10. The suit will have been made by a tailor by the end of the month. 11. The answer will be given to you in some days. 12. His paintings will be exhibited at the Picture Gallery. 13. Don’t come in. The problem is being discussed now. 14. I was told to wait a little. 15. You are not asked to come here again. 16. I was given to understand that I was wrong. 17. He was made to announce this news. 18. She will be allowed to carry out the experiment. 19. The Pyramids of Egypt were built by slaves. 20. He will be taken to a hospital. 21. Several new lines of the underground are being built in Moscow. 22. The door will be locked. 23. The letters were being sorted out when we came. 24. The car will have been parked and washed before you arrive. 25. Progress is being made all the time. 26. «The lilies have been sent by one of your admirers, madam», the servant said. 27. The first car was built in Germany by Karl Bens in 1883. 28. The first photograph was taken in 1887.
5.Измените по лицам глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях:
I shall be invited. I am being asked. I have been given much work.
6.Образуйте указанные формы инфинитива от следующих глаголов:
Indefinite Passive: to visit, to send, to reflect.
Continuous Active: to translate, to discuss, to type, to prepare, to develop.
Perfect Active: to post, to publish, to give, to find, to arrive.
Perfect Passive: to send, to examine, to write, to occupy.
7.Составьте из словосочетаний предложения, как это сделано в образце:
The lost letter - The letter is lost (Письмо потеряно)
The forgotten story - ................ (История была забыта)
The built house - ..................... (Дом будет построен)
The broken pencil - ................. (Карандаш сломан)
The caught fish - ..................... (Рыба была поймана)
The found way - ...................... (Путь найден)
The grown tree - ...................... (Дерево было выращено)
The paid bill - .......................... (Счет будет оплачен)
The eaten cake - ...................... (Пирожное съели)
The spent money - ................... (Деньги будут потрачены)
The sent letter - ........................ (Письмо послали)
8. Употребите следующие предложения во всех формах страдательного залога
Выберите соответствующий индикатор времени из числа приведенных ниже:
1. Dinner is cooked by my sister. 2. This problem is discussed by the scientists. 3. A new grammar rule is explained by the teacher. 4. The poem is learnt by the boy. 5. A beautiful piece of music is played by the pianist. 6. The suit is made by a tailor.
________________
always, usually, often, in 1998, yesterday, the day before yesterday, at 7 o’clock,
tomorrow, in a week, next Monday, now, at this moment, just, today, this year,
next month, by 3 clock, by the time of our arrival, before parents came, before Christmas.
9. Составьте предложения по образцу:
Образец 1: А. They are widening our road.
Our road is being widened too.
They are...
repairing our bridge . 2. changing our house numbers. 3. cleaning our pavements (тротуары).
4. replacing our street lights. 5. making our street one-way. 6. widening our pavements. 7. repairing our road.
Образец 2: A. Shall I buy the bread?
B. It has just been bought.
Shall I ...
lay the table? 2. make the mayonnaise? 3. grind the coffee? 4. fry the sausages? 5. whip the ream? 6. slice the cucumbers? 7. boil eggs?
Преобразуйте следующие предложения из действительного залога в страдательный:
A. 1.He wrote the letter yesterday. 2.They use these clothes only on special occasions. 3.Somebody switched on the light and opened the window. 4.They will give you an answer in 3 days. 5.Who wrote this opera? 6.We showed her the easiest way to do it. 7.George Simenon wrote this story. 8.The waiter will serve you breakfast in 5 minutes. 9.People speak English in many countries. 10.They will have finished the work by 12 o’clock. 11. Nobody has visited him. 12.I shall give you a cup of coffee. 12.They will close the shop at 5.
B. 1.The professor is examining our group. 2.They are discussing a new problem. 3.The Spartans were celebrating a religious festival when a messenger came. 4.They are building a new school in our district. 5.They are demonstrating a new film in the lecture room. 6.They were watching the pictures of London. 7.We are counting the prize money. 8.She is cleaning the room.
11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на залог сказуемого.
1.People often refer to this article. This article is often referred to. 2. They lost sight of her. She was lost sight of. 3.You can rely on this man. This man can be relied on. 3.You must pay attention to your mistakes. Your mistakes must be paid attention to. 5.They will take care of children. Children will be taken care of. 6.They spoke much of this book. This book was much spoken of.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глаголы,
требующие после себя употребление предлогов:
1.The doctor was sent for. 2.The book will be looked for everywhere. 3.The lecture was listened to with great interest. 4.This picture is always looked at. 5.These letters will be looked through tomorrow. 6.He is often laughed at. 7.He can’t be relied on. 8.The teacher is being waited for. 9.That accident was talked about.
Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге:
1.A marble pavilion protects the house. 2.The boys will paint the roof of the house. 3.Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 4. Her daughters gave her three dishes as a birthday present. 5.Sally gave Nick a book for his birthday. 6.Our mother tells us fairy stories every evening. 7.Ann will show you a new book of pictures. 8.A boy showed her the way. 9.They will send us a box of fruit. 10.Five or six small children followed him. 11.In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields. 12.Ivan Susanin led the poles into the thickest part of the forest. 13.The waves carried the boat away. 14.We shall do the translation in the evening. 15.They water the flowers regularly.
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в действительном или страдательном залоге:
Я рассказал - Мне рассказали Они дали - Им дали
Я показал - Мне показали Он помог - Им помогли
Он спросил - Его спросили Она забыла - Ее забыли
Мы ответили - Нам ответили Мы пригласили - Нас пригласили
Она написала - Ей написали Вы позвали - Вас позвали
Я перевел - Мне перевели
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем неопределенном времени:
Мне рассказали - Мне рассказывают - Мне расскажут
Мне показали - Мне показывают - Мне покажут
Ее ожидали - Ее ожидают - Ее будут ожидать
Нас спросили - Нас спрашивают - Нас спросят
Нам ответили - Нам отвечают - Нам ответят
Их послали - Их посылают - Их пошлют
Им дали - Им дают - Им дадут
Ее забыли - Ее забывают - Ее забудут
Вас вспомнили - Вас помнят - Вас будут помнить
Нас пригласили - Нас приглашают - Нас пригласят
Переведите на английский язык предложения. Не забудьте о предлогах:
1.Над ними смеются. 2.За родителями послали. 3.За стариками будут ухаживать. 4.О них говорили. 5.Нас ждали. 6.На вас будут смотреть. 7.Их слушают. 8.С ними поговорят. 9.Ее потеряли из виду. 10.Меня ищут. 11.Счет (bill) оплатят. 12.Газеты просмотрели. 13.Над проблемой подумают.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующем времени страдательного залога:
1.Bread (to eat) every day. 2.The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3.I (to ask) at the lesson the day before yesterday. 4.He (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6.Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7.This work (to do) tomorrow. 8.This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always ( to play) at our sport lessons. 11. This bone (кость) (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My questions (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. His new book (to finish) next year.16. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 17. St.Petersburg (to found) in 1703.
18. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в страдательном залоге:
1. Её отправили в больницу 2 дня назад. 2.Вчера нас послали в лабораторию. 3. Её потеряли из виду. 4. На нас смотрят. 5. О них много говорят. 6. Её ожидали в холле. 7. За доктором послали. 8. Телеграмму послали поздно вечером, и он получит её только утром. 9. Все ваши сочинения будут возвращены на будущей неделе. 10. На нашей фабрике делают очень красивые сумки. 11. Мою подругу каждый год посылают за границу. 12. На вокзале его всегда встречают друзья. 13. В будущем году построят много школ. 14. Эти картины были написаны в XVI веке. 15. За мужчиной следовала группа школьников. 16. Нас уже пригласили на вечер. 17. Колю как раз сейчас спрашивают. 18. За профессором всегда посылают в трудных ситуациях. 19. Наш дом сейчас ремонтируют. 20. Собор Святого Павла был построен архитектором Реном.