I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант1
Пояснения к тексту
1. units – единица; блок
2. either… or … -или … или; либо … либо
3. distribution- распределение
4. income– доход(ы), прибыль, поступления
5. to consider– рассматривать, полагать
6. both … and …и… и; как… так и
7. supplier- поставщик
8. early in –в начале
9. employment– работа по найму; занятость
10. to require– нуждаться; требовать
11. achievement- достижения
12. proper– правильный, надлежащий
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What does microeconomics study?
2. Whose economic behavior is studied by microeconomics?
3. How are individuals considered by microeconomics?
4. When did microeconomics approach dominate in economics?
5. When did economists’ interest in macroeconomic grow?
6. How is economy considered in macroeconomics?
7. What stimulated the development of macroeconomics?
8. What problems were analyzed in the 1930s?
9. What is studied by development economics?
IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глаголы в нужной форме.
1. In the past clothes (to make) by individuals, now clothes (to make) both by individuals and at big factories.
2. Some years ago the plant (not/ to manufacture) televisions, it only (to manufacture) radios. Now both radios and televisions (to manufacture) here.
3. Such a situation (not/ to predict) by the group of economists who (to study) the problem last year.
4. Prices for the fuel (to grow) last year?
5. Industrial products (to manufacture) in the area? – No, it is an agricultural area. Only some agricultural products (to process) here at small factories.
6. The plant (not/ to employ) new workers this year.
7. All data (to consider) before a decision (to make).
8. High living standards (to achieve) in West European countries after World War II.
9. Unemployment (to be) very high in the 1930s in the USA.
10. The market of service (to develop) very fast in Russia in the 1990s.
11. There (to be) forces in the Parliament that opened the decision which (to make) by the government.
V. Измените предложения, употребив глагол в форме страдательного залога.
1. Banks provide new services for consumers.
2. Economists use models in order to study actual relations in an economy.
3. The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.
4. We consider individuals as suppliers of labour and capital.
5. The government achieved high employment.
6. The economist chose correct methods and models for his analysis.
7. They employ many workers in the service sector.
8. They developed mining industry in the 19th century in Great Britain, but in the 20th century they closed down many mines.
9. Hr wrote the book in 1998.
10. They followed these principles in the analysis of the economic situation.
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант 2
IV. Закончите предложения.
1. If there are return tickets to Moscow … 2. After you return from Sochi … 3. As soon as the conference begins … 4. He will have to stay there for another week if … 5. I shall bring you some other books when … 6. They will go on a trip next summer if …
V. Составьте шесть предложений с условными предложениями первого типа.
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант 3
I. Прочитайте текст.
THE DETERMINANTS OF PRICE ELASTICITY
What determines whether the price elasticity of demand for a good is high (say, -5) or low (say, -0,5)? Ultimately the answer must be sought in consumer tastes. If it is considered socially essential1 to own a television, higher television prices may have little effect on quantity demanded. If televisions are considered a frivolous2 luxury, the demand elasticity will be much higher. Psychologists and sociologists may be able to explain more fully than economists why tastes are as they are. Nevertheless, as economists, we can identify some considerations likely to affect consumer responses to changes in the price of a good. The most important consideration is the ease3 with which consumers can substitute another good that fulfils approximately4 the same function.
Consider two extreme cases. Suppose first that the price of all cigarettes is raised 1 per cent, perhaps because the cigarette tax has been raised. Do you expect the quantity of cigarettes demanded to fall by 5 per cent or by 0,5 per cent? Probably the latter. People who can easily quit smoking have already done so. A few smokers may try to cut down5 but this effect is unlikely6 to be large. In contrast, suppose the price of one particular brand of cigarettes is increased by 1 per cent, all other brand prices remaining7 unchanged. We should now expect a much larger quantity response from buyers. With so many other brands available at unchanged prices, consumers will switch away from more expensive brand to other brands that basically fulfill the same function of nicotine provision. For a particular cigarette brand the demand elasticity could be quite high.
Each of substitution implies a high demand elasticity for a particular good. In fact, our example suggests a general rule. The more narrowly8 we define a commodity (a particular brand of cigarettes rather than cigarettes in general, or oil rather than energy as a whole), the larger will be the price elasticity of demand.
Пояснения к тексту
1. essential –важный. существенный
2. frivolous – легкомысленный, пустячный
3. ease – легкость, покой
4. approximately - приблизительно
5. to cut down- сокращать
6. unlikely – маловероятный. невероятный
7. to remain -оставаться
8. narrowly –чуть не, узко
Контрольная №2
Вариант 4
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант1
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
TEXT 1
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
It is difficult to give a full and accurate definition of economics, but it is possible to indicate what problems economists are interested in. They are factors that affect prices of goods and services and also resources necessary to produce them. Economists are also interested in sellers’ and buyers’ behavior in the market, in the relationship between “price system” and “market mechanism”.
Now economics is more complex. There are three main approaches to economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics, and development economics. There are also several specialized areas of study. Among them are money economics, international economics, labour economics, industrial economics, agricultural economics, growth economics, mathematical economics, etc.
Like many other sciences, economics uses models to understand economic problems. A model often helps an economist to make correct predictions. The economist usually follows several rules when he makes a model of economic behavior.
First, real life is complex and it is not possible for an economist to include all the details in a model. So, a model is an abstraction from real life. A model usually includes only essential elements and relationships of a particular economic situation.
Second, if an economist has two different models of one phenomenon, he always chooses the model that predicts the results of a particular phenomenon more accurately.
Third, although models are helped in economic analysis, an economist always studies the actual economic situation before he makes decisions.
It is not enough to make models, it is also necessary to collect and study actual data in order to know how accurate a model is.
I. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What problems are economists interested in?
2. What are three main approaches to economics?
3. What specialized areas of economics do you know?
4. Why do economists use economic models?
5. Why is it not possible to include all the details in a model?
6. What does a model usually include?
7. Which of the models does an economist always choose?
8. Why is it necessary for an economist to collect and study actual data?
II. Раскройте скобки. Употребив глаголы в нужной форме.
1. Economists (to study) situations from real life by means of economic models.
2. Economists (to be) interested in relationship between prices for goods and buyers’ behavior.
3. The buyer (to choose) goods for which he (to have) enough money.
4. He (not/ to follow) our recommendations.
5. The manager (to make) decisions only after careful analysis of all the data.
6. She always (to buy) a lot of clothes.
7. The data (not/ to be) necessary now.
8. The prices for fuel (to be) very high.
9. A consumer (to be) a person who (to buy) goods and services.
10. There (to be) several mining areas in this country.
III. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.
AREAS OF ECONOMY
There are three main approaches to economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics, and developed economics.
Microeconomics focuses on individual economic units1. The economic behavior of either2 individual consumers or firms or industries is studied by microeconomics. The distribution3 of products and income4 among all these units is also analyzed by microeconomics. In this field of economics individuals are considered5 both as6 suppliers7 of labour and as consumers of goods. Firms are also studied both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital. There was a long period in the 19th and early in8 the 20th centuries when microeconomic questions dominated in economics. In the 20th century economists’ interest in forces that affect income, employment9 and prices grow. They considered economy in all its relationships.
The term “macroeconomics” was first used in the 1930s. the world depression that began in 1929 required10 the study of such macroeconomic questions as achievement11 of full employment and economic growth by means of proper12 government policies. This area of economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes.
The third main field of economics, that is, development economics, studies the factors of economic growth and how these factors are used by government in order to achieve high living standards.
Пояснения к тексту
1. units – единица; блок
2. either… or … -или … или; либо … либо
3. distribution- распределение
4. income– доход(ы), прибыль, поступления
5. to consider– рассматривать, полагать
6. both … and …и… и; как… так и
7. supplier- поставщик
8. early in –в начале
9. employment– работа по найму; занятость
10. to require– нуждаться; требовать
11. achievement- достижения
12. proper– правильный, надлежащий
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What does microeconomics study?
2. Whose economic behavior is studied by microeconomics?
3. How are individuals considered by microeconomics?
4. When did microeconomics approach dominate in economics?
5. When did economists’ interest in macroeconomic grow?
6. How is economy considered in macroeconomics?
7. What stimulated the development of macroeconomics?
8. What problems were analyzed in the 1930s?
9. What is studied by development economics?