XII. Страдательный залог (The Passive voice)
Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее (предмет) подвергается действию со стороны другого предмета.
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола – Participle II (III –я форма или ed-форма). Вопросительная форма образуется путём переноса первого вспомогательного глагола на место перед подлежащим, например: Has the house been built? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицательной частицы not после первого вспомогательного глагола, например: He was not (wasn’t) sent there.
В страдательном залоге не употребляют: 1) непереходные глаголы; 2) глаголы-связки: be – быть, become – становиться/стать; 3) модальные глаголы; 4) глаголы состояния: to fit - годиться, быть впору, to have – иметь, to lack - не хватать, недоставать, to like – нравиться, to resemble - напоминать, быть похожим, to suit - годиться, подходить.
Формы страдательного залога настоящего времени:
| Present Indefinite | Present Continuous | Present Perfect | |||
| ... + am/is/are + III | ... + am/is/are being + III | ... + have/has been + III | |||
| I am (=I'm) asked. Меня спрашивают. (обычно, часто, всегда, ...) | I am (=I'm) being asked. Меня спрашивают. (сейчас) | I have been (=I've been) asked. Меня спросили. (теперь я уже спрошен) | |||
| He She It | is asked =(...'s asked) | He She It | is being asked =(...'s being asked) | He She It | has been asked =(...'s been asked) |
| We You They | are asked =(...'re asked) | We You They | are being asked =(...'re being asked) | We You They | have been asked =(...'ve been asked) |
| ПРИМЕРЫ | |||||
| Ann is often asked questions. | The problem is being discussed now. | The work has been finished. |
Формы страдательного залога прошедшего времени:
| Past Indefinite | Past Continuous | Past Perfect | |||
| ... + was/were + III | ... + was/were being + III | ... + had been + III | |||
| I was asked. Меня спрашивали. (обычно, часто, всегда, ...) | I was being asked. Меня спрашивали. (в то время, когда...) | I had been (=I'd been) asked. Меня спросили. (уже, до того, как...) | |||
| He She It | was asked | He She It | was being asked | He She It We You They | had been asked =(...'d been asked) |
| We You They | were asked | We You They | were being asked | ||
| ПРИМЕРЫ | |||||
| The work was finished in silence. | A new school was being built in our town when I arrived. | The letter had been written by me before you came. |
Формы страдательного залога будущего времени:
| Future Indefinite | Future Continuous | Future Perfect | ||
| ... + shall/will be + III | ... + shall/will have been + III | |||
| I We | shall/will be asked. =( I'll be asked) Меня будут спрашивать. | ----- | I We | shall/will have been asked =(I'll have been asked) Меня спросят. (уже, к тому времени) |
| He She It You They | will be asked =(...'ll be asked) | He She It You They | will have been asked =(...'ll have been asked) | |
| ПРИМЕРЫ | ||||
| She will be sent an invitation card. | The article will have been translated by 6 o’clock. |
Форма Future Continuous не употребляется в Passive, вместо нее употребляется Future Indefinite: At ten o’clock this morning Nick will be writing the letter.
Exercises
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.
1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 17. His new book (to finish) next year. 18. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 19. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.
Употребите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. You (advise) to wear warm shoes in winter. 2. The time before bed (spend) very pleasantly. 3. Sniffer dogs (use) by police to detect drugs and explosives. 4. Huge pine trees (uproot) by the storm. 5. You (allow, not) to buy cigarettes if you are under sixteen. 6. Toyotas (manufacture) in Japan. 7. This road never (clean). 8. Gold (discover) in Eastern Canada. 9. When I saw him, he (chase) by a large dog. 10. Several towns (destroy) by the eruption of Vesuvius.