While Arthur was making war on Lancelot in the Continental Realm
a) he left Mordred, his natural son, in charge of Britain
b) the Knights of the Round Table were in charge of Britain
c) he left Merlin in charge of Britain
14. Arthur's last battle was on Salisbury Plain where he killed violently:
a) Lancelot
b) Mordred
c) Gawain
15. The date of Arthur's death is:
a) the 15th century
b) the 6th century
c) the 3rd century
16. The following verse is said to have been written on Arthur's tomb:
HIC JACET ARTHURUS REX QUONDAM REXQW FUTURUS.
It means:
a) Here lies King Arthur
b) Here lies the once and future King of Britain
c) Here lies King Arthur, the once and future King
17. The GRAIL is:
a) a symbol of spiritual search and aspiration in Celtic legends
b) a sacred vessel which was sought by the Knights of the Round Table and which contained the potentiality of all wisdom and knowledge
c) a cup which was used by Jesus at the Last Supper and in which the last drops of Jesus's blood were gathered at the Cross; a symbol or the reward for Christian purity
18. The Excalibur is:
a) the sword in the stone by which Arthur was inaugurated a King of Britain
b) a magical sword which was received from the Lady of the Lake and which preserved its bearer from wounds
c) such a sword which in the hands of nobleman bursts into flame from hilt to tip
Read the text to obtain more details about King Arthur.
KING ARTHUR
The legends of King Arthur began to appear in the twelfth century, and it is possible that they are based on a Celtic leader in the fifth or sixth century who defended his country against Saxon invasion. King Arthur was the son of Pendragon, and was born in Tintagel in Cornwall. He was brought up by Merlin, an old Celtic magician, and became king of Britain when he was fifteen. He proved his .right to be king when he managed to pull a sword from a rock. He had to fight many lords, and when, with Merlin's help, he defeated them, he received the magic sword Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake. He married Guinevere and lived in a castle at Camelot. His knights sat at a round table so that they were all equal – nobody was sitting at the head of the table. Many of the stories in the legends are about the adventures of the knights, among them Lancelot, Perceval, Gawain, and Galahad. They spent their time hunting wild pigs, having feasts, and singing ballads. They often had to kill dragons and giants. At all times they behaved very correctly, with respect, honour, and compassion.
Arthur went to Rome to fight the emperor, Lucius, and he left his kingdom in the hands of his nephew, Modred. As he was entering Rome, Arthur learned that Modred had taken control of the kingdom and had captured Guinevere. He came back to England and defeated his nephew, but in the battle was seriously wounded. Arthur told Sir. Belvedere, the last surviving knight, to throw Excalibur into the water of a lake. He did this, and the sword was caught by a hand which came out of the water and then took the sword below the surface.
Arthur was then taken to the Isle of Avalon to get better. We understand that he did not die, but lives on and will return when his country needs him. The legend says that the following verse is written on his tomb:
HIC IACET ARTHURUS,
REX QUONDAM
REXQUE FUTURUS
(Here lies Arthur, the once and future King)
§ 6. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
Geoffrey Chaucer was the greatest writer of the 14th century. He was born in London in the family of wine merchant. From the age of 18 he was connected with the Court of the King of England. During his life he visited France and Italy several times. In Italy he got acquainted with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. What they wrote was full of new, optimistic ideas and love of life and had a great influence on his future works, the most important of which was The Canterbury Tales, which is considered to be the masterpiece of the English medieval poetry. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories in verse told by people of different social standing. Chaucer had planned 120 stories but wrote only 24, because death broke off his a work. The stories are preceded by a Prologue, in which the characters that will tell the stories are described. Short prologues to each story connect then into one work.
The Canterbury Tales was the first great work in verse in English literature. Chaucer painted a vivid picture of English society, as it was in his day: each of his characters was given as an individual, typical of his country and his time. Among the pilgrims there was a doctor, a merchant, a student from Oxford, a carpenter, a miller, a lawyer, a sailor, a cook. There were also some women, some monks and a pardoner among the company. The pilgrims tell their stories according to their rank of standing. Thus, the knight tells romance, the miller – a fabliau, the pardoner – a moralizing tale.
The great poet contributed to the formation of the English literary language. His works were written in the London dialect which, at the time, was becoming the spoken language of the majority of the people.
Chaucer also worked out a new form of versification, which replaced alliteration. This was called metrical form. It was based on rhythmical arrangement of the accents, of the length of the verse of stanzas.
Geoffrey Chaucer showed life as it was: as a great artist and humanist he gave an equally masterly description of Good and Evil. The great writer believed in Man and was optimistically full of hope for the future.
The 15th century is known in English literature as the century of folklore. Many songs, called ballads, were composed then by the common people of the country. The ballads were songs in verses of four lines, called quatrains: the second and fourth lines of the verse rhymed. Among them there were historical and legendary ballads. Some were humorous and others were lyrical.
A favourite legendary hero of the English people is Robin Hood. Many ballads have been composed about him and his friends. Some historians say that there really wassuch as a person Robin Hood, but that is not certain.
Popular ballads show Robin Hood as a tireless enemy of the Norman oppressors, of the Church and the tradesman. They sing about his courage, his readiness to help the poor end the needy. They tell about the love of the poor people for their legendary hero, and their deep gratitude to him.
These melodious ballads were sung from generation to generation. In the 18th century they were collected and printed for the first time. Thus they became part of the wealth of English literature.
1. Topical vocabulary:
| merchant, n – купец | verse, n – стих, строфа |
| to get acquainted – познакомится | contribute, v – содействовать |
| collection, n – собрание | majority, n – большинство |
| vivid, adj – яркий | versification, n – стихосложение |
| society, n – общество | metrical form, n – метрическая форма |
| pilgrim, n – пилигрим | arrangement, n – организация |
| carpenter, n – плотник | stanza, n – строфа, станс |
| monk, n – монах | description, n – описание |
| miller, n – мельник | oppressor, n – угнетатель |
| pardoner, n – продавец индульгенций | quatrain, n – четверостишие |
| knight, n – рыцарь | generation, n – поколение |
| print, v – печатать | collect, v – собирать |
2. Look through the words and phrases. Find their synonyms in the text:
vintner, status, picturesque, to be related to, personage, to make a contribution, stress, physician, friar, bravery, beloved.
3. Find English equivalents for the following in the text:
двор английского короля, шедевр английской средневековой литературы, картина английского общества, рыцарский роман, новая форма стихосложения, любимый герой английских легенд, глубокая благодарность, передаваться из поколения в поколение
4. Find the antonyms in the text:
pessimistic, patricians, hatred, peculiar, minority, ally, hateful, cowardice.
5. Answer the questions:
1.What can you say about the composition of the Canterbury tales?
2.What kind of tales were told by the pilgrims?
3.What was the pardoners tale about?
4.What was Chauser¢s contribution to English literature?
5.What is a ballad? What subject were the popular ballads written on?