Лексическая тема: «Treatment of Criminals. Capital punishment».
Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных предложениях цели с союзом so that, в придаточных предложениях сравнения с союзами as if, as though.
Text
TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS
Подберите к каждому разделу текста заголовок из списка, приведенного ниже:
· Rehabilitative programs
· Psychiatric and case-study methods
· Bentham approach
· Neoclassical school
· Preventive approach
(1) Various correctional approaches developed in the wake of causation theories. The old theological and moralistic theories encouraged punishment asretribution by society for evil. This attitude, indeed, still exists. The 19th-century British jurist and philosopher Jeremy Bentham tried to make the punishment more precisely fit the crime. Bentham believed that pleasure could be measured against pain in all areas of human choice and conduct and that human happiness could be attained through such hedonic calculus. He argued that criminals would be deterred from crime if they knew, specifically, the suffering they would experience if caught. Bentham therefore urged definite, inflexible penalties for each class of crime; the pain of the penalty would outweigh only slightly the pleasure of success in crime; it would exceed it sufficiently to act as a deterrent, but not so much as to amount to wanton cruelty. This so-called calculus of pleasures and pains was based on psychological postulates no longer accepted.
(2)The Bentham approach was in part superseded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a movement known as the neoclassical school. This school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed that sentences vary with the particular circumstances of a crime, such as the age, intellectual level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other conditions that may have incited to crime; and the offender's past record and chances of rehabilitation.The influence of the neoclassical school led to the development of such concepts as grades of crime and punishment, indeterminate sentences, and the limited responsibility of young or mentally deficient offenders.
(3)At about the same time, the so-called Italian school stressed measures for preventing crime rather than punishing it. Members of this school argued that individuals are shaped by forces beyond their control and therefore cannot be held fully responsible for their crimes. They urged birth control, censorship of pornographic literature, and other actions designed to mitigate the influences contributing to crime. The Italian school has had a lasting influence on the thinking of present-day criminologists.
(4)The modern approach to thetreatment of criminals owes most to psychiatric and case-study methods. Much continues to be learned from offenders who have been placed on probation or parole and whose behavior, both in and out of prison, has been studied intensively. The contemporary scientific attitude is that criminals are individual personalities and that their rehabilitation can be brought about only through individual treatment. Increased juvenile crime has aroused public concern and has stimulated study of the emotional disturbances thatfoster delinquency. This growing understanding of delinquency has contributed to the understanding of criminals of all ages.
(5)During recent years, crime has been under attack from many directions. The treatment and rehabilitation of criminals has improved in many areas. The emotional problems of convicts have been studied and efforts have been made to help such offenders. Much, however, remains to be done. Parole boards have engaged persons trained in psychology and social work to help convicts on parole or probation adjust to society. Various states have agencies with programs of reform and rehabilitation for both adultand juvenile offenders.
Many communities have initiated concerted attacks on the conditions that breed crime. Criminologists recognize that both adult and juvenile crime stem chiefly from the breakdown of traditional social norms and controls, resulting from industrialization, urbanization, increasing physical and social mobility, and the effects of economic crises and wars. Most criminologists believe that effective crime prevention requires community agencies and programs to provide the guidance and control performed, ideally and traditionally, by the family and by the force of social custom. Although the crime rate has not drastically diminished as a result of these efforts, it is hoped that the extension and improvement of all valid approaches to prevention of crime eventually will reduce its incidence.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1.Переведите на русский язык предложения, выделенные в
тексте.
Упражнение 2.Найдите в тесте английские эквиваленты следующим
словам и выражениям:
1. бессмысленная жестокость
2. досрочное освобождение
3. общественные организации
4. ограниченная ответственность
5. освобождение на поруки
6. порождать преступление
7. преступления, совершенные несовершеннолетними
8. привлекать внимание общественности
9. совет по условно-досрочному освобождению
10. упадок традиционных общественных норм
Упражнение 3.Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим типам наказаний:
· Capital punishment
· Community service
· Fixed penalty fine
· Life imprisonment
· Probation
· Short-term imprisonment
· Suspended sentence
· Long-term imprisonment
Упражнение 4.Изучите ниже приведенный список правонарушений.
Расположите их по степени тяжести по шкале от 1 до 10
(1- наименее тяжкое правонарушение).
driving in excess of the speed limit
drinking and driving
malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight)
murdering a child
causing death by dangerous driving
smoking marijuana
selling drugs (such as heroin)
stealing $1,000 from a bank by fraud
stealing $1,000 worth of goods from someone's home
rape
grievous bodily harm (almost killing someone)
shop-lifting
stealing $1,000 from a bank by threatening the staff with a gun
Упражнение 5.Прочтите короткие тексты, содержащие примеры
правонарушений. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Was justice done?
If you were the judge, what other facts and circumstances would you like to be informed of?
If you were the judge, would you give a different sentence?
How would you have felt if you had been the victim of the crime?
How would you have felt if you had been the defendant?
Crime of Passion
Bernard Lewis, a thirty-six-old man, while preparing dinner became involved in an argument with his drunken wife. In a fit of a rage Lewis, using the kitchen knife with which he had been preparing the meal, stabbed and killed his wife. He immediately called for assistance, and readily confessed when the first patrolman appeared on the scene with the ambulance attendant. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter. The probation department’s investigation indicated that Lewis was a rigid individual who never drank, worked regularly, and had no previous criminal record. His thirty-year-old deceased wife, and mother of three children, was a”fine girl” when sober but was frequently drunk and on a number of occasions when intoxicated had left their small children unattended. After due consideration of the background of the offence and especially of the plight of the three motherless youngsters, the judge placed Lewis on probation so that he could work, support and take care of the children. On probation Lewis adjusted well, worked regularly, appeared to be devoted to the children, and a few years later was discharged as “improved” from probation.
Murder
In 1952 two London youths decided to rob a dairy. They were Christopher Craig, aged 16, and Derek William Bentley, 19. During the robbery they were disturbed by Sydney Miles, a policeman. Craig produced a gun and killed the policeman. At that time Britain still had the death penalty for certain types of murder, including murder during a robbery. Because Craig was under 18, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Bently who had never touched the gun, was over 18. He was hanged in 1953. The case was quoted by opponents of capital punishment, which was abolished in 1965.
Shop-lifting
In June 2002 Lady Isabel Barnett, a well-known TV personality was convicted of stealing a tin of tuna fish and a carton of cream, total value 87p, from a small shop. The case was given enormous publicity. She was fined 75 pounds and had to pay 200 pounds towards the cost of the case. A few days later she killed herself.
Bank Robbery
Klaus Schmidt, 41, burst into a bank in Berlin, Germany, waved a pistol, and screamed, “Hand over the money!” The staff asked if he wanted a bag, to which he replied, “Damn right it’s a real gun!” Guessing Schmidt was deaf, the manager set off the alarm, saying later, “It was ridiculously loud, but he didn’t seem to notice.” After five minutes, punctuated by Schmidt’s occasionally shouting, “I am a trained killer!” police arrived and arrested him. Schmidt then sued the bank, accusing them of exploiting his disability.
Bizarre Charges
An American woman was treated by a psychiatrist, became romantically involved with him, and subsequently married him. After more than five years of marriage they divorced, at which time the woman sued her ex-husband for psychiatric malpractice and negligence claiming that the romantic or sexual relationship between them started before the formal psychiatric treatment ended. She contended that her ex-husband had breached the standard of care as a psychiatrist by becoming romantically involved with her, and sought punitive damages. The court rejected her claim.
Упражнение 6.Прочтите и переведите следующие выражения. Обсудите
их и подготовьте аргументы за и против:
a) An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
b) Everyone deserves a second chance.
c) Justice is nothing unless it is tempered with mercy.
Упражнение 7.Прочтите, переведите, перескажите текст и выразите свое отношение к прочитанному.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment is a legal infliction of the death penalty, in modern law, corporal punishment in its most severe form. The usual alternative to the death penalty is long-term or life imprisonment.
The earliest historical records contain evidence of capital punishment. It was mentioned in the Code of Hammurabi. The Bible prescribed death as the penalty for more than 30 different crimes, ranging from murder to fornication. The Draconian Code of ancient Greece imposed capital punishment for every offence.
In England, during the reign of William the Conqueror, the death penalty was not used. By the end of the 15th century, English law recognized six major crimes :treason, murder, larceny, burglary, rape, and arson. In early American colonies the death penalty was commonly authorized for a wide variety of crimes.
The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive ideas. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel pre-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Many of these people think differently now. Since the abolition of capital punishment crime – and especially murder – has been on increase throughout Britain.
The classic moral arguments in favor of the death penalty have been biblical and call for retribution. DEFENDERS of capital punishment have also claimed that society has the right to kill in self-defense.
OPPONENTS have replied that the death penalty can be the result of a mistake in practice and that it is impossible to administer fairly.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1.Выберите правильный вариант.
1. She looks so scared as if she …..(just saw, had just seen, would see) a ghost.
2. You sound as though you ….. (didn’t understand, hadn’t understood, wouldn’t understand) what you are speaking about.
3. But for the rain our trip …. (would be, would have been) more successful.
4. My friends …… (wouldn’t bee, wouldn’t have been) jealous but for my new girlfriend.
5. You look so tired as if you …. (walked, had walked) 10 miles without a stop.
6. I felt as if he ….. (were reading, had read, read) my thoughts.
7. The man spread his arms as if he ….. (wanted, had wanted) to fly.
8. We ….. (could have joined, could join) you tomorrow but our plans.
9. She spoke to me as if we ….. (had known, knew) each other for a long time.
10. The project ….. (would be finished, would have been finished) long ago but for some unforeseen circumstances.
Упражнение 2.Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.
1. Он пошел на лекцию рано, так что он занял хорошее место.
2. Снег бил нам в лицо, так что мы едва могли видеть
3. Она сидела позади меня, так что я не мог видеть выражение ее лица
4. Он был так смущен, что с трудом понимал ее.
5. Было так жарко, что никто не хотел ничего делать
6. Мяч был таким большим, что ребенок не мог удержать его.
7. Погода была такая плохая, что самолет не мог вылететь.
Упражнение 3.Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский.
1. She spoke as though nothing had happened.
2. You answer as if you did not know this rule.
3.He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very well.
4. They walked slowly up the stairs as if (as though) they were carrying something heavy.
5. He loved him as if he were (was) his son.
6. He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he were (was) waiting for somebody.
7. She spoke as though nothing had happened.
8. He described the town as if (as though) he had seen it himself.
Упражнение 4.Выберите верный вариант.
1. The dog looks as if it _____ hungry.
were
had been
2. Sara cried as if something terrible _____.
happened
had happened
3. It seems as if he _____ to say something rude.
is going
were going
4. Everybody treats me as if I _____ a catching disease.
am having
had
have
5. They are talking as if they _____.
had never quarreled
never quarreled
6. She told me what to do as if she _____ everything.
knew
had known
7. The boy smiled as if he _____ something funny.
remembered
had remembered
8. I wish you _____ here. Its rather difficult to breathe.
not smoked
didn’t smoke
hadn't smoked
9. I wish I _____ speak better Spanish.
would can
shall be able
could
10. We wish it _____ sunny and warm all year round.
is
was
were
11. The criminal wished he _____ at all.
wouldn't be born
hadn't been born
weren't born
12. They shook hands as if they _____ each other for a long time.
knew
had known
13. He wishes his friends _____ to his party next weeks.
came
would come
would have come
14. I don’t understand you as though we _____ on different planets.
would live
lived
15. He smiled as if he _____ my thoughts.
can
could
would
16. They behave as if nothing _____.
happened
had happened
17. Look healthy as though you _____ jogging every morning.
would go
went
had gone
18. You sound is if you _____ a sore throat.
have
had
19. I feel so tired as if I _____ all day.
worked
had worked
20. He began to tremble as if he _____ a ghost.
saw
had seen
Упражнение 5. Откройте скобки, используя формы сослагательного наклонения после структур as if/as though:
Pattern: - Why do you always treat me as though I /to be/ a backward child of 12? – were.
1. She kept trying on hat after hat as if she /not to make up/ her mind from the very beginning which she would take.
2. He spoke French as if I/to be/ a Frenchman or /to spend/ most of my life over there.
3. She could discuss the latest novel as though she /to read/ it.
4. She spoke as if she /to know/ everyone there.
5. She behaved as if she /to graduate/ from the university long ago.
6. Nothing about Asbury stirred except his eyes. They did not appear to move on the surface but somewhere in their blurred depths there was an almost imperceptible motion as if something (to struggle) feebly.
7. Another and rather longer silence followed and he just started to wonder if this might even be one of disapproval, as if perhaps she instinctively (to sense) how far his relationship with Mrs. Palgrave might have gone, when he suddenly remembered that he had a question to ask her.
8. I felt a touch of coldness inside me, as if I suddenly (to become) aware of the eyes of some dangerous creature.
Glossary
| бессмысленная жестокость | senseless cruelty |
| досрочное освобождение | an early release |
| общественные организации | public organizations |
| ограниченная ответственность | limited liability |
| освобождение на поруки | clearing on bails |
| порождать преступление | to generate a crime |
| преступления, совершенные несовершеннолетними | the crimes made by minors |
| привлекать внимание общественности | to draw attention of the public |
| совет по условно-досрочному освобождению | council on conditional-early release |
| упадок традиционных общественных норм | decline of traditional public norms |
| driving in excess of the speed limit | вождение сверх ограничения скорости |
| drinking and driving | вождение в состоянии алкогольного опьянения |
| malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight) | нанесение побоев (например, в драке) |
| murdering a child | убийство ребенка |
| smoking marijuana | курение марихуаны |
| selling drugs (such as heroin) | продажа наркотиков (таких, как героин) |
| rape | насилие |
| crime of passion | преступление, совершенное в состоянии аффекта |
| bizarre charges | абсурдные обвинения |
UNIT 12