Do you know the answers to these questions? Work in groups.
MODULE 5
Just imagine!
Conditionals
Time clauses
Wish-sentences
Check your grammar (1):Match a line in A with a line in B.
A B
1. If you heat ice, a. if you don’t get positive results in the near future?
2. They could carry out the experiment b. when the class is over?
3. What are you going to do c. if low temperatures were easy to achieve.
4. Will you go on with your research d. d. it melts.
5. If my friend had taken physics as his e. if I knew how.
major subject,
6. I would answer your question f. I could travel extensively.
7. I wish i. he would have become a famous physicist by now.
Answer the questions:
What verb forms are used in the two parts of each sentence?
Which sentence expresses a future certainty, which a future possibility, a fact, and a possibility in the past?
Warm-up (1)
1. Travelling time is good learning time. Do you agree with this statement?
Have you had any experience of travelling abroad? What means of transport did you use? Have you travelled much in your country? What is the most convenient way of travelling in your country?
Reading (1)
Before you read
1. What changes are you likely to see in the area of travelling in your lifetime?
2. Explain the following expressions from the text below.
| to lie in store, iris-recognition technology, a fast-track system, to queue, to text, to alert a passenger, to book a seat, to encounter a number of fellow passengers, to be on demand, noise cancellation technology, a seat armrest, to grab the headlines, to implant |
3. Read the article. Which of the experiences mentioned in the text would you like to try? Why?
Holiday of the Future
Space tourism is no longer a dream and terrestrial travel has entered the space age. What lies in store for tomorrow’s holidaymakers?
A future technology will change our experience of flying before we even get on a plane. Airport immigration procedures will be revolutionized by the introduction of iris-recognition technology. Regular flyers who have volunteered to place their biometric data on file will be able to go through a fast-track system. Rather than queue to check in, they will simply present themselves at a screen and have their eyes scanned. Meanwhile, the mobile phone will become a ticket and boarding pass; you’ll simply have to show the screen of your phone as soon as you board the aircraft. Wireless location technology will allow airlines to text passengers in close proximity to the airport and offer them a seat number; if they accept, they will effectively have checked in. The same technology could be used to alert a passenger who has gone to the wrong terminal or, if the passenger is stuck in traffic and can’t reach the airport in time, it will automatically book him/her a seat on the next flight.
Once on board their plane, travelers will probably encounter a much larger number of fellow passengers than at present. All passengers will of course be able to use mobile phones throughout the flight. Movies will be ‘on demand’. Aircraft engine noise will become less disturbing after noise cancellation technology is introduced in all seat armrests. Pop on a pair of headphones and engine noise will be reduced, allowing you to watch a movie.
Space tourism is already grabbing the headlines. It won’t be cheap. Present estimates put the price of each trip at about £115,000 for an experience lasting approximately three hours. In fact you’ll be in true space for just three minutes but for the thousands of astronauts none of that matters. In the film Total Recall, Arnold Schwarzenegger plays a construction worker who has a memory of an adventure holiday to Mars implanted. Although the movie was set in 2084, Ian Pearson believes such technology will be available much sooner. Tiny transmitters attached to your fingers, toes, face and lips, could enable you to enjoy the sensations of a virtual holiday-walking on a beach, feeling a warm sea breeze on your face. But will a virtual holiday be as much fun as a real one? And if this is the future, will we want it?
Conditional 1
Grammar (1)1. Find the following sentences in the text. What are their endings?
1. A future technology will change our experience of flying before…
2. You’ll simply have to show the screen of your phone as soon as…
3. Wireless location technology will allow airlines to text passengers in close proximity to the airport and offer them a seat number; if they accept…
4. Aircraft engine noise will become less disturbing after…
5. And if this is the future…
2. Discuss grammar:
1. Underline the words that introduce the time clauses in ex.1 above.
2. These conjunctions of time when, while, as soon as, after, before, until, if (condition) introduce secondary clauses. What time do these secondary clauses refer to?
3. Which tenses are the verbs?
4. Do they refer to the present or to the future?
3. Combine the sentences with the time expressions in brackets.
1. I’ll cook supper. I’ll come home (as soon as)
2. I want to finish my work. We are going out. (before)
3. She’s going to look after the cat. I’ll be away on holiday. (while)
4. I’ll email you. I’ll arrive (as soon as)
5. We’ll find a hotel. We’ll arrive in Paris. (when)
6. She won’t to speak with him. He’ll say sorry. (until)
7. Drink your coffee. It’ll get cold. (before)
8. Don’t cross the road. You’ll see the green light. (until)
9. I’ll give you a ring. We’ll get back from holiday. (after)
10. Are you going to stay in a hotel? You will be in Italy. (while)
Listening (1)
1. Read through the lines of the article “This is your captain speaking…” Where do you think the situation takes place?
2. Work in groups. Give a definition to the following words.
| connecting flight take off land cruising speed flight attendant duty-free goods landing card cabin crew |
3. Listen to the announcement and put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Use the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Future Simple or the Future Continuous.
This is your captain speaking…
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome on board this British Airways flight to Rome. In a very short time we 1____________________(take) off. When we 2______________________(reach) out cruising speed of 550 miles per hour, we 3_________________________(fly) at 35,000 feet. Our flight time today is two and a half hours, so we 4______________________(be) in Rome in time for lunch!
The cabin crew 5___________________(serve) refreshments during the flight. If you 6_____________________(need) any assistance, just press the button and a flight attendant 7_______________________( come) to help you.
[Near the end of the flight]
In a few moments time, the crew 8_____________________(come) round with duty-free goods. We 9_______________also________________(give out) landing cards. When 10________________________(fill) them in, place them in your passport. They 11________________________(collect) as you 12____________________(go) though passport control.
In twenty minutes’ time we 13______________________(land) at Leonardo da Vinci airport. Please put your seats in the upright position. You are requested to remain seated until the plane 14___________________________(come) to a complete standstill.
We hope you 15 ______________________________(fly) again soon with British Airways.
Conditional 2
Warm-up (2)
Solar superstorm
“I don’t want to be alarmist”, says Daniel n Baker, a space scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, but a solar eruption could grow large enough to knock out the power grids and communication systems over much of the world. “If that occurred today with our modern, highly electronically connected society”, Baker says, “it would undoubtedly be devastating to the most advanced countries.”
Runaway global warning
The ice sheets in Greenland and West Antarctica together contain enough water to raise global sea levels by about 12 meters, erasing coastal cities and making refugees of hundreds of millions of people. Without a change of behavior, humankind could set into motion the irreversible melting of both ice sheets by the end of this century, says Henry Pollack, an emeritus professor of geophysics at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and author of A World without Ice (Avery, 2009). “ My particular feeling is that it’ll be touch and go as to whether we can actually achieve the avoidance of Greenland and West Antarctic ice loss”, Pollack says. “The consequences of displacing so many people - the world has never dealt with something like that”.
Killer Pandemic
Humankind is more vulnerable than ever to a devastating, Black Death-style pandemic, says Joseph Fair, director of global field operations for the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative. He declined to predict when one might strike, instead rating civilization as a lowly two on a 10- point preparedness scale. The next pandemic, Fair says, will likely be a pox of a virus that is either new to humans or a more deadly adaptation of a common virus.
Supervolcano
A supervolcano would spew at least 1,000 cubic kilometers of ash and lava, of about 1,000 times the ejecta from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helen. Such an explosion would significantly alter global weather patterns for decades, which would in turn lead to drought and famine. If a supervolcano erupted, hot ash and rock would shoot up into the air at 250 km/h. Eventually, much of the drinking water and food crops would be contaminated. Summer would turn into winter as our sunlight would be blocked and volcanic winter would cover some parts of the Earth.
Discussion (2)
1. Do you know any other disasters which are likely to seriously affect our planet?
2. Do you think scientists will one day find ways of stopping these disasters? How best could they help us?
Grammar (2)Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences may express real and unreal condition. They are introduced by the conjunctions if, in case, provided, unless, suppose.
Look at the conditional sentences. What verb forms are used in the two parts of each sentence?
Grammar Notes
1. “if” is the most common. “In case” and “provided” are chiefly used in sentences of real condition:
2. In case I don’t find her at home, I will leave her a note.
В случае, если я не застану ее дома, я оставлю ей записку.
3. I’ll finish the work on time provided you send all the necessary materials.
Мы закончим работу вовремя, при условии, если вы пришлете все необходимые материалы.
4. “Unless” has a negative meaning:
5. I’ll come in time unless I am detained at the institute.
Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте.
6. “Suppose” is more common in sentences of unreal condition:
Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer?
Предположим, он написал бы вам, вы бы ответили?
Grammar practice (2)The Earth after humans
If all people on Earth a (disappear) ______________ tomorrow, nature b (begin) _____________to reclaim the planet. For a start, if people no longer c (pollute)_______________the atmosphere, the air d (soon become) _______________clean again. If there e (be) ______________no people to maintain buildings, they f (soon begin) _______________to decay, but more solid parts g (take)______________thousands of years to disappear.
In general, if the 6.5 million humans no longer h (compete)______________with other species on Earth, most species i (benefit)_______________. For example, if humans no longer j (catch)_______________fish, the numbers of fish worldwide k (eventually increase)________________. However, if humans l (vanish)______________from the Earth, endangered species of animals m (not necessarily recover) _______________ as some are already too few in number. Some endangered species n (have)_________________ greater difficulty surviving if no humans o (take)_________________the trouble to protect them from other species.
Even if we no longer p (poison)_________________the planet, several decades q (go by)__________________before all dangerous chemicals r (disappear) _________________. And even if the burning of fossil fuels s (cease) __________________tomorrow, the oceans t (not absorb) _________________all the CO2 in the atmosphere for thousands of years. In the end, though, if alien visitors u (land) ____________on the Earth in 100 000 years time, they v (find) no signs that an advanced civilization had ever lived there.
Conditional 3
Reading (3)
Conspiracy theories
The Apollo Moon Landing
For over 30 years rumours have been circulating that the Apollo Moon landing were faked. They say astronaut Neil Armstrong made no “giant leap” for mankind. They assert that the 1969 Moon mission was a hoax to prove America won the space race. The high point in the great Moon Landing Conspiracy came on 15 February 2001, the date that the Fox television network broadcast a programme entitled Did We Land on the Moon? This alleged that the whole Moon landing had been staged inside a film studio on a US military base somewhere in the Mojave desert.
Before you read
The Apollo hoax theories
Doubts still linger about the moon landing. 9/11 and Kennedy aside, no event in world history has generated quite so many conspiracy theories than the Apollo moon landings. Do they stand up? Here are the best reasons why it couldn’t have happened and the rebuttals. Of course, you may disagree.
Where are the stars?
The fluttering flag
The Van Allen Belt
It’s too hot.
The moon’s surface temperature reaches up to 280 Fahrenheit. Nothing works at that temperature-the film used would have melted, for example.
The film was in protective canister, for example, and all equipment and astronauts were in pretty hi-tech gear themselves. And they landed at lunar dawn too, so the temperatures were significantly lower.
Footprints require moisture
Where is the blast crater?
When the lunar module landed, there would have been a crater.
Most people slow down to park the car - so did the landing module. It landed rather gently and the thrust from the rockets is dispersed in a vacuum, and doesn’t force air downwards as on earth.
The cameraman watched them leave.
After you read
Which type of conditionals is used in the test? Find and read out these sentences.
Vocabulary (3)
Translate into English.
1. Если бы ты присутствовал на лекции вчера, ты бы понял новый материал лучше.
2. Без силы гравитации не было бы давления в жидкостях.
3. Новые результаты могли бы вызвать большие изменения в ходе эксперимента.
4. Этот журнал содержит ряд статей на данную тему. Если бы вам удалось достать его, мы могли бы получить много ценной информации.
5. Предыдущая конференция была бы намного интересней, если бы на нее приехало большее количество ученых.
6. Если бы вам задали этот вопрос, сумели бы вы на него ответить?
7. Если он станет отказываться, я постараюсь убедить его.
8. Если бы ты слушал внимательно, ты бы все понял.
9. Если бы мне довелось писать статью на эту тему, я бы не стал приводить столько цитат.
10. Если бы я тогда знал английский, меня бы взяли на работу в эту компанию.
3. Work in pairs. Answer these questions about you.
1. What would you do if you had a day off?
2. Where would you go if you had a holiday just now?
3. If you had more time, would you take up sports?
4. What would you have changed in your past. Work in pairs, using would + Perfect Infinitive.
Model: -What would you have done differently during the last ten years?
-I would have majored in a different field.
Speak about: your family life, your participation in social and community life, your university activities, your hobbies, etc.
Grammar (4)
If only I could
Wish sentences
Warm-up (4)
Wish sentences
Module 4 Word List
ability (n)
accept (v)
alarm (v)
alarmist (n)
alert (n, v, adj)
allege (v)
appeal (n, v)
approximately (adv)
armrest (n)
ash (n)
assert (v)
bizarre (adj)
book (v)
board (v)
cancel (v)
cancellation (n)
check in (v)
cease (v)
consequence (n)
decay (v,n)
decline (v)
demand (n,v)
density (n)
devastating (adj)
disturb (v)
draught (n)
eject (v)
ejecta (n)
emeritus (n, adj)
enable (v)
encounter (n, v)
endangered species
estimate (v)
estimation (n)
erase (v)
erupt (v)
eruption (n)
eventually (adv)
fake (n, v, adj)
faint (adj)
fellow traveler
flutter (v)
fossil fuel
hoax (v, n)
holiday-maker (n)
iris (n)
irreversible (adj)
leap (n, v)
linger (v)
matter (v)
melt (v)
occur (v)
offer (n, v)
pox (n)
procedure (n)
proximity (n)
queue (n, v)
rebuttal (n)
reclaim (v)
recognize (v)
recognition (n)
recover (v)
refugee (n)
rumour (n, v)
runaway (n, adj)
scale (n, v)
sheet (n)
spew (v)
thrust (n)
tiny (adj)
undoubtedly (adv)
unmolested (adj)
virtual (adj)
vulnerable (adj)
Useful phrases:
Travelling by plane
cabin crew
board a plane
book a seat
cancel a flight
duty-free goods
flight attendant
land / take off
landing card
refreshment
MODULE 5
Just imagine!
Conditionals
Time clauses
Wish-sentences
Check your grammar (1):Match a line in A with a line in B.
A B
1. If you heat ice, a. if you don’t get positive results in the near future?
2. They could carry out the experiment b. when the class is over?
3. What are you going to do c. if low temperatures were easy to achieve.
4. Will you go on with your research d. d. it melts.
5. If my friend had taken physics as his e. if I knew how.
major subject,
6. I would answer your question f. I could travel extensively.
7. I wish i. he would have become a famous physicist by now.
Answer the questions:
What verb forms are used in the two parts of each sentence?
Which sentence expresses a future certainty, which a future possibility, a fact, and a possibility in the past?
Warm-up (1)
1. Travelling time is good learning time. Do you agree with this statement?
Have you had any experience of travelling abroad? What means of transport did you use? Have you travelled much in your country? What is the most convenient way of travelling in your country?
Reading (1)
Before you read
1. What changes are you likely to see in the area of travelling in your lifetime?
2. Explain the following expressions from the text below.
| to lie in store, iris-recognition technology, a fast-track system, to queue, to text, to alert a passenger, to book a seat, to encounter a number of fellow passengers, to be on demand, noise cancellation technology, a seat armrest, to grab the headlines, to implant |
3. Read the article. Which of the experiences mentioned in the text would you like to try? Why?
Holiday of the Future
Space tourism is no longer a dream and terrestrial travel has entered the space age. What lies in store for tomorrow’s holidaymakers?
A future technology will change our experience of flying before we even get on a plane. Airport immigration procedures will be revolutionized by the introduction of iris-recognition technology. Regular flyers who have volunteered to place their biometric data on file will be able to go through a fast-track system. Rather than queue to check in, they will simply present themselves at a screen and have their eyes scanned. Meanwhile, the mobile phone will become a ticket and boarding pass; you’ll simply have to show the screen of your phone as soon as you board the aircraft. Wireless location technology will allow airlines to text passengers in close proximity to the airport and offer them a seat number; if they accept, they will effectively have checked in. The same technology could be used to alert a passenger who has gone to the wrong terminal or, if the passenger is stuck in traffic and can’t reach the airport in time, it will automatically book him/her a seat on the next flight.
Once on board their plane, travelers will probably encounter a much larger number of fellow passengers than at present. All passengers will of course be able to use mobile phones throughout the flight. Movies will be ‘on demand’. Aircraft engine noise will become less disturbing after noise cancellation technology is introduced in all seat armrests. Pop on a pair of headphones and engine noise will be reduced, allowing you to watch a movie.
Space tourism is already grabbing the headlines. It won’t be cheap. Present estimates put the price of each trip at about £115,000 for an experience lasting approximately three hours. In fact you’ll be in true space for just three minutes but for the thousands of astronauts none of that matters. In the film Total Recall, Arnold Schwarzenegger plays a construction worker who has a memory of an adventure holiday to Mars implanted. Although the movie was set in 2084, Ian Pearson believes such technology will be available much sooner. Tiny transmitters attached to your fingers, toes, face and lips, could enable you to enjoy the sensations of a virtual holiday-walking on a beach, feeling a warm sea breeze on your face. But will a virtual holiday be as much fun as a real one? And if this is the future, will we want it?
Conditional 1
Grammar (1)1. Find the following sentences in the text. What are their endings?
1. A future technology will change our experience of flying before…
2. You’ll simply have to show the screen of your phone as soon as…
3. Wireless location technology will allow airlines to text passengers in close proximity to the airport and offer them a seat number; if they accept…
4. Aircraft engine noise will become less disturbing after…
5. And if this is the future…
2. Discuss grammar:
1. Underline the words that introduce the time clauses in ex.1 above.
2. These conjunctions of time when, while, as soon as, after, before, until, if (condition) introduce secondary clauses. What time do these secondary clauses refer to?
3. Which tenses are the verbs?
4. Do they refer to the present or to the future?
3. Combine the sentences with the time expressions in brackets.
1. I’ll cook supper. I’ll come home (as soon as)
2. I want to finish my work. We are going out. (before)
3. She’s going to look after the cat. I’ll be away on holiday. (while)
4. I’ll email you. I’ll arrive (as soon as)
5. We’ll find a hotel. We’ll arrive in Paris. (when)
6. She won’t to speak with him. He’ll say sorry. (until)
7. Drink your coffee. It’ll get cold. (before)
8. Don’t cross the road. You’ll see the green light. (until)
9. I’ll give you a ring. We’ll get back from holiday. (after)
10. Are you going to stay in a hotel? You will be in Italy. (while)
Listening (1)
1. Read through the lines of the article “This is your captain speaking…” Where do you think the situation takes place?
2. Work in groups. Give a definition to the following words.
| connecting flight take off land cruising speed flight attendant duty-free goods landing card cabin crew |
3. Listen to the announcement and put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Use the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Future Simple or the Future Continuous.
This is your captain speaking…
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome on board this British Airways flight to Rome. In a very short time we 1____________________(take) off. When we 2______________________(reach) out cruising speed of 550 miles per hour, we 3_________________________(fly) at 35,000 feet. Our flight time today is two and a half hours, so we 4______________________(be) in Rome in time for lunch!
The cabin crew 5___________________(serve) refreshments during the flight. If you 6_____________________(need) any assistance, just press the button and a flight attendant 7_______________________( come) to help you.
[Near the end of the flight]
In a few moments time, the crew 8_____________________(come) round with duty-free goods. We 9_______________also________________(give out) landing cards. When 10________________________(fill) them in, place them in your passport. They 11________________________(collect) as you 12____________________(go) though passport control.
In twenty minutes’ time we 13______________________(land) at Leonardo da Vinci airport. Please put your seats in the upright position. You are requested to remain seated until the plane 14___________________________(come) to a complete standstill.
We hope you 15 ______________________________(fly) again soon with British Airways.
Conditional 2
Warm-up (2)
Do you know the answers to these questions? Work in groups.
1. The Sun is the source of life on Earth. But could it do harm to our planet?
2. If the ice sheets in Greenland and West Antarctica melted, would it affect the Earth? How?
3. Do you think mankind is likely to die of an incurable disease in the future? Which one?
4. Supervolcanoes are huge and dangerous - 1,000 times more powerful than ordinary volcanoes. There are about 40 of them on Earth, none of them has erupted recently. But what would happen if a supervolcano erupted today?
5. If an eruption did happen, what do you think you could do to try and survive? Think about food, housing, heating, and clothing.
Vocabulary (2)
Match these words from the text with the definitions:
| alarmist undoubtedly devastating refugee irreversible vulnerable (to) drought a power grid eventually | someone who leaves their country during a threatening event someone who makes other people worried or frightened in an unnecessary way certainly true a set of wires that carries the electricity supply after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened causing a lot of harm or damage a long period of time when there is little or no rain impossible to bring back a previous condition or situation easily damaged by something negative or harmful |
Reading (2):