Unit 1. Verbals. Participles. Absolute Participle Construction
УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК Ш 143.21-923
АЗ: Б 891
Е.Г. Брунова, Е.Ю. Шутова Verbals.Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов естественнонаучных специальностей и направлений. Тюмень: Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2009. – 80 с.
Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для обучения английскому языку студентов 2-3 курсов естественнонаучных специальностей и направлений и магистерских программ. Основная цель пособия – развитие навыков перевода неличных форм глагола с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский, а также совершенствование навыков устной и письменной речи.
Рекомендовано к изданию кафедрой иностранных языков естественных факультетов. Утверждено проректором по учебной работе Тюменского государственного университета.
ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ РЕДАКТОР: Е.Г. Брунова, доктор филол. наук, профессор кафедры иностранных языков естественных факультетов ТюмГУ
РЕЦЕНЗЕНТЫ: Л.В. Мельникова, канд. филос. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков естественных факультетов ТюмГУ
С.Н. Бронникова, канд. филол. наук, профессор кафедры лексики английского языка факультета иностранных языков Московского педагогического государственного университета
© ГОУ ВПО Тюменский государственный университет, 2009.
© Е.Г. Брунова, Е.Ю. Шутова, 2009.
Contents
Unit 1. Verbals. Participles. Absolute Participle Construction……. 5
Unit 2. Gerund………………………………………………………….22
Unit 3. Infinitive. For … to V Construction…………………………...32
Unit 4. Complex Object. Infinitive or ing-form?...............................47
Unit 5. Complex Subject………………………………………………56
Texts for Final Translation…………………………………………….62
Tests…………………………………………………………………….68
Bibliography……………………………………………………………79
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначается для студентов 2-3 курсов естественнонаучных специальностей и направлений, а также для магистерских программ по естественнонаучным направлениям. Пособие рекомендуется для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы при изучении следующих дисциплин: «Иностранный язык (английский)», «Технический перевод».
Пособие посвящено неличным формам английского глагола, усвоение которых представляет существенную трудность для русскоязычных студентов.
В задачи пособия входит развитие навыков чтения английской научно-технической литературы, содержащей неличные формы глагола, перевода с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский, а также совершенствование навыков устной и письменной речи. В основу пособия положен принцип сопоставления с грамматической структурой родного языка. При выборе языкового материала для упражнений и текстов особое предпочтение отдавалось естественнонаучной тематике.
Пособие состоит из пяти разделов, посвященных неличным формам глагола (инфинитив, герундий, причастия) и синтаксическим конструкциям (абсолютный причастный оборот, сложное дополнение, сложное подлежащее), небольших текстов для контрольного перевода и итоговых тестов.
Каждый из разделов включает грамматическую справку с примерами и рекомендациями по переводу и упражнения, сгруппированные по трем уровням сложности (А, В и С). Разделы С, содержащие упражнения на перевод с русского языка на английский, предназначаются преимущественно для магистерских программ и студентов, изучающих курс технического перевода.
Unit 1. Verbals. Participles. Absolute Participle Construction
Неличные формы глагола (Verbals) выражают действие без указания лица, числа, времени и наклонения и не могут выполнять функцию полноценного сказуемого в предложении.
Многозначность суффикса -ing
1) Часть личной формы глагола (Verb) во временах группы Continuous
Our team is verifying a new method. Наша команда проверяет новый метод.
Причастие I (Participle I)
Almost every processing industry is now exploring the use of microwave heat. Почти каждая отрасль обрабатывающей промышленности сейчас изучает использование микроволновой энергии.
3) Герундий (Gerund)
Leaving the earth means moving upwards against gravity. Оторваться от Земли означает двигаться вверх против силы притяжения.
Имя существительное (Noun)
At the beginning of this chapter different routing algorithms are discussed. В начале этой главы рассматриваются различные алгоритмы маршрутизации.
Предлог (Preposition)
During last seminar three students presented their projects. В течение прошлого семинара трое студентов представили свои проекты.
Многозначность суффикса -ed
Союз (Conjunction)
The dog will never bite you provided you let it alone. Эта собака никогда не укусит вас, если вы ее не тронете.
Причастия (Participles)
Причастие является неличной формой глагола, сочетающей свойства глагола и прилагательного (наречия) и выполняет в предложении функции определения или обстоятельства.
Причастие I образуется от первой формы глагола при помощи суффикса -ingи переводится на русский язык причастием действительного залога (что делающий) или деепричастием (что делая). Причастный оборот может также переводиться придаточным предложением.
Increasing population changes the face of the Earth. Растущее население изменяет облик Земли. (определение, переводится причастием)
The boy playing in the garden is my son. Мальчик, играющий в саду (который играет в саду), – мой сын. (определение, переводится причастием или придаточным предложением)
Translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. Переводя текст, студент пользовался словарем. (обстоятельство, переводится деепричастием).
Причастие Iв функции обстоятельства может использоваться с союзами when, while, where, if, unless и др. При переводе такой союз можно опустить. Можно также перевести причастный оборот придаточным предложением или существительным с предлогом.
Translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. = While translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. Переводя текст, студент пользовался словарем. = Когда студент переводил текст, он пользовался словарем. = При переводе текста студент пользовался словарем.
Причастие Iможет иметь сложные формы, которые используются преимущественно в письменной речи (см. Таблицу 1).
Причастие II (Participle II) образуется с помощью суффикса -ed у правильных глаголов и с помощью 3-й формы у неправильных глаголови не имеет сложных форм.Причастие IIв функции определения переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога (что делаемый, что сделанный).
I went toward the lighted window. Я пошел к освещенному окну.
He carried the box to the car parked behind the house. Он понес коробку в машину, припаркованную за домом.
В отличие от русского языка, отдельное английское причастие II в функции определения может стоять не только перед определяемым словом, но и после него, что особенно характерно для письменной речи.
The obtained results were promising. = The results obtained were promising. Полученные результаты были обнадеживающими.
Причастие II в функции обстоятельства часто сопровождается союзами when, while, where, if, unless и др. и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением.
Asked this question, he couldn’t answer it at once. = When asked this question, he couldn’t answer it at once. Когда ему задали этот вопрос, он не смог ответить сразу.
Таблица 1
Part A
Task A1. Add -ing to the following verbs and translate Participles I into Russian.
Model: to order – заказывать – ordering – заказывающий
To cut, to play, to write, to forget, to begin, to hope, to put, to study, to open, to give, to sit, to die, to permit, to copy, to refer, to lie, to admit, to close, to travel, to tie, to control, to expel, to comply, to compel, to run, to cancel, to deny.
Task A2. Add -ed to these regular verbs and translate Participles II into Russian.
Model: to order – заказывать – ordered – заказанный
To stop, to expect, to study, to open, to develop, to invite, to play, to type, to copy, to produce, to close, to translate, to describe, to equip, to illustrate, to receive, to manufacture, to publish.
Task A3. Form Participles II from these irregular verbs and translate them into Russian.
To find, to send, to throw, to keep, to take, to leave, to write, to read, to make, to see, to hear, to do, to give, to speak, to show.
Task A4. Translate into Russian.
1. We bought a CD with relaxing music.
2. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in learning foreign languages.
3. All visitors touring the art museum were asked to sign the guest book.
4. He picked up the letter lying on the floor.
5. People starting to learn a foreign language sometimes find it difficult to memorize words.
6. Tourists arriving in London visit various museums.
7. We are all concerned about the rising level of pollution.
8. I think he is the best poet living.
9. Testing the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.
10. Reading books in the original, you will master English very quickly.
Task A5. Define the function of Participle I and translate into Russian:
1. He told her an amusing story.
2. A person telling us good news is always welcome.
3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt his leg.
4. When writing the letter he tried to follow the "Golden rules" of writing a letter: a letter should be clear, complete, concise, courteous and correct.
5. Receiving an e-mail message, he always gives it to the manager.
6. They spoke about their relatives living in France.
7. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.
8. While examining the old vase we saw some cracks on it.
Task A6. Define the function of Participle II and translate into Russian.
1. The house built in this street is very beautiful.
2. The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our company.
3. They have to repair the broken parts of this engine.
4. The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work.
5. The composition written by this student is excellent.
6. We shall use instruments of an improved design.
7. The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable.
8. The results obtained are very good.
9. The results obtained by this group are very good.
10. There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room.
Task A7. Translate into Russian.
1. The method proposed by this scientist was discussed at the meeting.
2. The data referred to in this paper showed that our conclusions were correct.
3. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.
4. The technique employed used a single probe (зонд).
5. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.
6. The pressure just calculated is surface pressure.
7. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable.
8. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.
9. All the isotopes produced by reactors can be made in a cyclotron.
Part В
Task B1. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.
1. The (breaking / broken) dishes lay on the floor.
2. The (trembling / trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.
3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying / cried) victims of the accident.
4. When James noticed the (burning / burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately.
5. The (exciting / excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.
6. The wind made such (frightening / frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents’ room.
7. The (frightening / frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.
8. The (boring / bored) lecture got the students to sleep.
9. The (boring / bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored) lecture.
10. The police towed away the (parking / parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance.
11. (Freezing / frozen) food is often easier to prepare than fresh food.
12. The (cleaning / cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry.
Task B2. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Будьте внимательны, когда ведете машину.
a) Be attentive when driving a car.
b) Be attentive when to be driving a car.
2. На листке бумаги было несколько строк, написанных карандашом.
a) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines writing in pencil.
b) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines written in pencil.
3. Получив телеграмму, моя сестра немедленно выехала в Москву.
a) Received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.
b) Having received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.
4. Я не знаю человека, говорящего по телефону .
a) I don’t know the man speaking on the phone.
b) I don’t know the man having been spoken on the phone.
5. Уехав вечером, мы прибыли в город в полдень.
a) Having left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.
b) Have left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.
6. Полученное известие взволновало всех.
a) The news having received made everybody excited.
b) The news received made everybody excited.
7. Я оставила ей записку, не застав ее дома.
a) I left her a message not find her at home.
b) I left her a message not having found her at home.
8. Чувствуя усталость, они решили передохнуть.
a) Felt tired they decided to have a rest.
b) Feeling tired they decided to have a rest.
9. Мы сидели на террасе, наслаждаясь чудесным видом гор, окружающих наш отель.
а) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains being surround our hotel.
b) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains surrounding our hotel.
Task B3. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model 1: Getting sufficient energy, the particle can start a discharge. > When the particle gets sufficient energy, it can start a discharge.
1. Flowing towards the anode, the electrons may collide with the atoms or molecules of the gas.
2. Knowing enough about these particles, they can identify them.3. Finding support, the hypothesis was extended and clarified.Model 2: Having escaped from the field, the electrons may collect on the walls of the container. > After the electrons escaped from the field, they may collect on the walls of the container.
4. Having compared all these materials, they were able to choose the best one for their purpose.5. Having attended a course of lectures on the subject, he got a better understanding of it.6. Having considered that hypothetical experiment, they could tell the difference between these two processes.Task B4. Find ing-forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Part of the predicate (Continuous Tenses) | Participle I as an attribute | Participle I as an adverbial modifier |
1. He is checking your results.
2. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the movement of molecules.
3. Creative programmers are busily designing new applications.
4. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence.
5. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
6. The students will be troubleshooting problems in a real computer network.
7. The students designing and checking a network should meet the specifications.
8. Computers are the sources and receivers of information, both giving to and taking from the Internet.
9. Laptop computers and notebook computers are becoming increasingly popular.
10. Computers recognize and process data using the binary numbering system.
Task B5. Find ed-forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Predicate (Past Simple Active) | Part of the predicate (Perfect Tenses) | Part of the predicate (Passive Voice) | Participle II as an attribute | Participle II as an adverbial modifier |
1. He checked all the compositions two days ago.
2. When checked by the teacher, the compositions were given back to the students.
3. He has checked all the papers written by the students.
4. We ordered new magazines yesterday.
5. A network is a connected system of objects or people.
6. When completed, the project was given for approval.
7. The completed project was a great success.
8. We completed our project the other day.
9. I tried to speak to him more than once, but he hasn’t replied.
10. Though boiled, the water was unsuitable for drinking.
11. A decimal number system is based on powers of 10.
12. In a computer, bits are represented by the presence or absence of electrical charges.
13. Unless otherwise stated we shall analyze only solutions in liquids.
14. The articles referred to above deal with alkali metals.
15. After the hardware is set up, the software must be configured.
Task B6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. He fell asleep (exhaust) by the journey.
2. She entered the dining room (accompany) by her husband and her father.
3. In the wood they sat down on a (fall) tree.
4. A snake (sleep) in the grass will bite anyone who steps upon it.
5. (Fill) his pockets with apples, the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.
6. It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer (promise) heat.
7. When I came home, I found the table (lay).
8. (Judge) by the colour of the sun, it should be windy tomorrow.
9. (Arrive) at a big seaport, he started to look for a job.
10. He had received an urgent message (ask) him to telephone Sir Matthew.
Task B8. Find the Absolute Participle Construction and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Nobody being there, I went away.
2. It was dark, the sun having set an hour before.
3. The play being very popular, it was difficult to get tickets.
4. The UK being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen is only a formal ruler.
5. London is a great port, with many imported and exported goods passing through it.
6. The signal given, the train started.
7. The choice having been made, all other papers have been rejected.
8. The total value of the country’s exports increased by 19.4% last year, with foodstuffs and manufactured goods occupying an important part in the exports.
9. The sun having risen, they continued their way.
10. The contract is written in English and Russian, both versions being valid.
Task B9. Correct the mistakes.
1. When being tested the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.
2. Received the telegram, he hurried up to the station.
3. Being arrived in London, we went sightseeing.
4. If freeze, water becomes ice.
5. When asking, he answered all the questions.
6. Unless having discussed, the new method must not be used.
7. The discovery maked by him is of great value.
8. Ice melts when heating.
9 The proposal be unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.
10. There are ten executive departments under the US President, the heads of these departments being formed a council known as the President’s Cabinet.
Part C
Task C1. Combine two sentences into one using Participle I. Model: The equations are necessary for mathematics. They should be used in geometry as well. > Being necessary for mathematics, the equations should be used in geometry as well.1. Their concept was only philosophical. It differs from today’s one.
2. This equipment is reliable. It is often used by the experimenters.
3. That value was significantly in error. It had to be re-determined by new methods.
4. The mechanism of ionization by collision is simple in concept. It is easy to understand.
5. Explanation of these phenomena is a difficult problem. It has received a great deal of attention.
6. This formalism was so successful for classical physics that it might lead to a useful theory of particles.
7. The final method was a combination of the ideas and apparatus of several early experiments yielded good results.
Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: As these quantities had been measured with great accuracy, they were of great significance. > Having been measured with great accuracy, these quantities were of great significance.1. After the description had been simplified, it became more convenient to use.
2. As the value had been calculated correctly, it could be used by many scientists.
3. After the results had been generalized, they were reported in this scientific magazine.
4. After the results obtained had been published, they gave rise to interesting response.
5. As the experimental techniques had been refined, they could be used for this kind of investigation.
6. As the new method had been used, it made possible to study the strong interactions between particles in detail.
7. After these values had been determined experimentally, they were reported to be in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Task C3. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: When we extend such theories to higher energies, we are not obliged to include all other particles and interactions. > When extending such theories to higher energies it is necessary to include all other particles and interactions.1. When we deal with such problems, we are not obliged to use strictly accurate values.2. When we explain physical effects, we are not obliged to take into account all the experimental results.3. When we conduct such experiments, we are obliged to choose the materials carefully.4. When we work with this substance, we should not be aware of its peculiarities.5. When we simplify the procedure of experiments, we don’t have to leave out unnecessary details.6. When we specify these values, we should not use these sets of equations.7. When we design new kinds of experiments, we don’t have to bear in mind the advantages of the previous ones.8. When we confirm theoretical predictions, we are not obliged to use the experimental results. Task C4. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: The potential difference being low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. (if) > If the potential difference is low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. 1. The instrument operating with high accuracy, we got satisfactory results. (as)2. The voltage being increased, more of the electrons are collected by the anode. (when)3. All the liberated electrons having reached the anode, saturation occurs. (when)4. The atom being excited to a higher level, a quantum of radiation is emitted. (if)5. The results lacking precision, we had to employ anothermethod. (as) 6. The chamber leaking, we couldn’t get vacuum. (as)7. The phenomenon demanding explanation, they began to study it thoroughly. (as)8. The results confirming the theory, they considered the theory valid. (as) Task C5. Combine two sentences into one using the Absolute Participle Construction.Model: He criticized the theory. His reasons were based on a thorough analysis of the facts. > He criticized the theory, his reasons being based on a thorough analysis of the facts.1. Atoms are in a constant state of random movement. Their speed is tremendous.2. They performed the experiment. The results were in good agreement with the theoretic predictions.3. A review of the main properties of the effect is given. The instrumental difficulties are presented.4. They have invented a new device. Its main advantages are simplicity and low cost.5. He has created a new apparatus. Its main disadvantages are low frequency and short lifetime.6. Several theories account for the observation. One of them exhibits exceptional ingenuity.7. He performed hundreds of experiments. His results provided an explicit explanation of the phenomenon.Task C6 . Translate into English using participles.
Обсуждаемый вопрос, обсуждая вопрос, обсудив вопрос, выполнив работу, выполненная работа, измеряя величины, измеренные величины, слушая лекцию, прослушав лекцию, рассматривая вопрос, рассмотрев вопрос, рассмотренный вопрос, обозначая проблему, обозначив проблему, обозначенная проблема.Task C7. Translate into English using participles.
1. Ученые, определяющие эту величину, много работают.2. Определяя эту величину, они сделали несколько ошибок.3. Величины, определяемые таким образом, обычно бывают точными.4. Величина, определенная этим ученым, используется всеми математиками.5. Величина, которая была определена, упоминалась в его статье дважды.6. Величина, которая сейчас определяется, будет использована в будущих исследованиях.7. Когда эта величина была определена, она была использована в дальнейших расчетах.8. Определив эту величину, ученые смогли вычислить некоторые другие величины.9. После того как эта величина была определена, она могла быть использована в наших исследованиях.Unit 2. Gerund
Герундием (Gerund)называется неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного.
Таблица 2
Таблица 3
Таблица 4
Формы герундия
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | Ving sending | being V3 being sent |
| Perfect | having V3 having sent | having been V3 having been sent |
Part A
Task A1. Translate the sentences with the gerund as a subject.
1. Packing goods for export is a highly specialized job.
2. Interrupting people is not polite.
3. Gardening is becoming more popular.
4. Reading science fiction is a fascinating pastime.
5. Walking develops leg muscles.
Task A2. Translate the sentences with the gerund as a part of the predicate.
1. His greatest pleasure was traveling.
2. Mr. Taylor’s suggestion is worth discussing.
3. The chairman kept on speaking though nobody was listening to him any longer.
4. Seeing is believing.
5. It has stopped raining, and we can go.
Task A3. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an object.
1. I am very tired of arguing with you.
2. Everybody congratulated Mr. Harter on being elected Vice-President.
3. She denies having spoken to him.
4. He didn’t succeed in taking things easily.
5. I don’t remember hearing the legend before.
6. The child deserves praising.
7. Do you mind my opening the window?
8. Everybody looked forward to her coming back.
9. You may rely on his setting matters right.
Task A4. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an attribute.
1. There are different ways of solving this problem.
2. Young people are excited at the idea of purchasing audio-visual equipment.
3. We have a plan for modernizing the factory.
4. He was in the habit of doing things thoroughly.
5. Don’t miss the opportunity of listening to this concert.
6. A laser is a device for making and concentrating light waves into an intense beam.
Task A5. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an adverbial modifier.
1. It was planned to put the plant into operation 3 years after signing the contract.
2. Before reaching a final decision, the market research group is to collect some information.
3. Without waiting for our answer, he turned and left us.
4. On seeing Sofia, he stopped to talk to her.
5. In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help you.
6. He left without saying good-bye.
7. He gave a few examples instead of explaining the rule.
Task A6. Define the function of the gerund and translate into Russian.
1. We won’t achieve anything by arguing.
2. Miss Parker dreams of being an actress.
3. Mrs. Hilton dreams of her husband becoming a lawyer.
4. Emily got used to speaking before a big audience.
5. We gave up all hope of seeing him again.
6. The ceremony of changing the guard at Buckingham Palace attracts a lot of tourists.
7. Instead of buying a house, he went on a sightseeing tour abroad.
8. We understood his desire of making a success of his undertaking.
9. Walking fast doesn’t burn quite as many calories as running slowly.
10. Such people are not worth speaking about.
11. At hearing his name, he turned round.
Task A7. Translate into Russian.
1. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments.
2. Go on demonstrating your slides.
3. In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between fact and hypothesis.
4. The droplets are capable of being photographed.
5. Falling is a case of motion at constant acceleration.
6. Avoid mixing these two substances.
7. Heating copper wire from 0 to 100° increases its resistance about 40 %.
8. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances.
9. It’s no use searching for another approach.
10. Calcium and sodium are alike in being very soft.
11. Upon being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed.
12. Sulphur is hardened by being mixed with copper.
Part B
Task B1. Make sentences according to the model.
Model: insist on … discuss the problem. > You can insist on discussing the problem.
1. stop … watch the experiment.
2. consider … determine the initial conditions of the experiment.
3. go on … test the device.
4. insist on … heat the substance.
5. enjoy … examine the result of the observation.
6. keep on … use a diode in your experiment.
7. avoid … initiate a discharge.
8. finish … count the particles.
Task B2. Complete the sentences according to the model.
Model: What is your idea of... (to solve the problem) > What is your idea of solving the problem?
1. He avoids... (to work with these materials).
2. We intend... (to study the new phenomenon thoroughly).
3. He thinks of... (to develop the theory).
4. He insists on ... (to transmit the information by radio).
5. He is interested in... (to discuss such problems).
6. There were several reasons for... (to do that).
7. She has no experience in... (to carry out such experiments).
8. We take every opportunity of... (to go to this scientist’s lectures).
9. His task consists in... (to provide the necessary materials for the experiment).
Task B3. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: It is not difficult to observe these phenomena in nature. > Observing these phenomena in nature is not difficult.
1. It is necessary to study the problem thoroughly.
2. It is necessary to confirm these predictions.
3. It is necessary lo distinguish between these two processes.
4. It is easy to demonstrate the truth of this hypothesis.
5. It is sometimes impossible to obtain direct evidence for a theory.
6. It is important to consider the average density of this substance.
7. It is possible to observe the phenomenon in the laboratory.
Task B4. Complete each sentence with gerunds formed from the following verbs.
Part C
Task C1. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: He will not make his description brief unless he eliminates all the unnecessary details. > He will not make his description brief without eliminating all the unnecessary details.
1. She will not be able to do this exercise unless she learns the rule.
2. The student’s will not know the subject well unless they study it hard.
3. He will not solve this problem unless he considers it properly.
4. Тhey will not be able to solve the problem unless they suggest a better approach to it.
5. Не will not understand the nature of this phenomenon unless he reads the article thoroughly.
6. He will not be able to perform the experiment unless he gets all the necessary materials.
7. They will not be able to specify the value unless they use this equation.
Task C2. Choose the correct Russian equivalent.
1. I hate disturbing people.
A) Терпеть не могу беспокоить людей.
B) Терпеть не могу, когда меня беспокоят.
2. William likes being read to.
A) Уильям любит читать.
B) Уильям любит, когда ему читают.
3. Jane is against being sent abroad.
A) Джейн против того, чтобы посылать его за границу.
B) Джейн против того, чтобы ее посылали за границу.
4. He doesn’t like asking questions.
A) Он не любит, когда ему задают вопросы.
B) Он не любит задавать вопросы.
5. Ann denies being helped.
A) Анна отрицает, что ей помогают.
B) Анна отрицает, что ей оказали помощь.
6. He is proud of having a friend like you.
A) Он гордится тем, что имеет такого друга, как ты.
B) Он гордится тем, что может иметь такого друга, как ты.
Task C3. Translate into English using gerunds.
1. Испытание нового оборудования было нелегкой задачей.
2. Его главная задача сейчас – испытание нового оборудования.
3. Они начали испытывать новое оборудование на прошлой неделе.
4. Им нужно дополнительное время для испытания нового оборудования.
5. При испытании нового оборудования были выявлены существенные дефекты.
6. Мы не можем начать эксперимент, не испытав (без испытания) нового оборудования.
7. После того, как они испытали новое оборудование, они составили подробный отчет.
Unit 3. Infinitive. For … to V Construction
Инфинитивом (Infinitive) называется неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного. Инфинитив представляет собой первую форму глагола с частицей to (to-infinitive) или без таковой (bare infinitive).
Таблица 5
Таблица 6
Формы инфинитива
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | to V1 to help | to be V3 He is glad to be helped. Он рад, что ему помогают. |
| Continuous | to be V1 to be helping | |
| Perfect | to have V3 to have helped. | to have been V3 to have been helped. |
Part A
Task A1. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a subject.
1. To understand is to forgive.
2. To err is human.
3. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.
4. Whether to leave or not has not been decided yet.
5. Where to hang a picture must be decided right now.
6. Which advice to follow is your own business.
7. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.
Task A2. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a part of the predicate.
1. To read a lot is to know a lot.
2. The aim was to discuss the impact of scientific activity on technology.
3. To choose time is to save time.
4. His intention is to get into parliament.
5. Perhaps the greatest problem at present is to get some understanding of the remarkable phenomenon of memory.
6. The original idea was to take advantage of the high temperature of the process.
7. His primary task is to provide conditions for our experiments.
Task A3. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an object.
1. She learned to dance at school.
2. He found it impossible to raise the question at the meeting.
3. I don’t know whether to apply for a job or not.
4. The experimental results are not easy to interpret.
5. The latest paper by Peter is rather difficult to understand.
6. He is happy to have passed all the exams successfully.
7. Jane is ready to give an interview.
8. Do you want to go to the lecture?
9. She likes to sing English songs.
Task A4. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an attribute.
1. We shall study minerals to be obtained in this mountain.
2. The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier.
3. There are many examples to illustrate the rule.
4. The procedure to be followed depends upon the substance.
5. Here are some more figures to be referred to later.
6. There was only one signal to be detected.
7. There is nothing to be surprised at.
8. Here are the papers to be signed.
9. There was nobody to speak to.
Task A5. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbial modifier.
1. To enter an institute you have to take entrance exams.
2. You are too young to understand it.
3. To understand the importance of the event you should know all the facts.
4. He was clever enough to answer any question.
5. To master English you should work hard.
6. Laws were not made to be broken; laws were made to stay within.
7. She put on her coat so as not to be cold.
8. I was too busy to see anyone.
9. He was so weak as to be unable to work.
Task A6. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a parenthesis.
1. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow of electric charges.
2. To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been made in the last few decades.
3. To sum up the chapter, gas theory enables us to determine some of the properties of molecular exterior.
4. To illustrate, Figure 2 gives the energy level diagram of potassium.
5. To anticipate a little, the evidence supports the view that the cathode rays consist of swiftly moving, negative electrons.
6. To begin with, he has been working for this company for 30 years.
7. To tell the truth, he can’t be relied upon.
Task A7. Translate the sentences with theiInfinitive in the For …to V construction.
1. It was impossible for me to solve this problem myself.
2. She was waiting for somebody to come.
3. The lady was speaking too fast for me to get her.
4. He asked for the papers to be brought.
5. I am anxious (мне очень хочется) for Mr. Smith to succeed in all he undertakes.
6. The best thing for you to do is to meet him.
7. She was impatient for him to be gone.
8. There was really nothing for him to do there.
9. For a force to exist there must be two objects involved.
10. The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose.
Task A8. Translate into Russian.
1. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.
2. This is a man to be relied upon.
3. This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.
4. To take an example, let us go back to the chapter which has been described earlier.
5. You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
6. There is nothing to be afraid of.
7. His name is difficult to pronounce.
8. Sally was the first to offer her help.
9. The terms to be insisted on are as follows.
10. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.
11. To understand the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered.
12. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.
Task A9. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.
1. I think you ought ... apologize.
2. Can you help me ... move this table?
3. I must ... see him now. It’s urgent.
4. It can’t ... be done now.
5. She asked me ... read the letter carefully and ... write an answer.
6. The man told me not ... walk on the grass.
7. Let me ... help you with your work.
8. She ought ... take care of her health.
9. We had better ... stop to rest a little.
10. I don’t know what ... do.
11. I can’t ... go there now, I have ... do my homework.
12. He is not sure that it can .... be done, but he is willing ...try.
13. She looked for the book everywhere but could not ... find it.
14. He said that she might ... come soon.
Part B
Task B1. Translate into Russian.
1. To avoid making mistake is always very difficult, because to err is human.
2. To appreciate the accuracy of the data, refer to Table 1 on page 57.
3. The system should be designed to meet information requirements.
4. A common objective is to maximize the excess of value over cost.
5. Some of the immediate benefits to be obtained from a bargain are the following.
6. What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development.
7. The aim of the book is to present the case for an extensive study of this complicated phenomenon.
8. To conclude, a definite science politics is needed if the development of science is to favour the best interests of the country.
Task B2. Choose the correct infinitive form and translate into Russian.
1. The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.
2. Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.
3. George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.
4. It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.
5. I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.
6. The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.
7. The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.
8. I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.
9. The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.
10. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.
Task B3. Find the infinitive and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Infinitive as a Subject | Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier |
1. To solve this problem is extremely important.
2. To solve this problem you have to make a great many experiments.
3. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
4. To drive a car in a big city one must be an experienced driver.
5. To calculate the age of our planet one must have much knowledge in different branches of science.
6. To calculate the age of our planet requires much knowledge in diffеrent branches of science.
7. To get the new magazine I had to go to the library.
8. To run modern machines workers must be educated.
9. To avoid an accident the cars had to move slowly.
10. To get to the earth the rays of the sun have to travel during 8 minutes.
11. To find the mass of the electron numerous experiments had to be made.
12. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
13. To prevent corrosion metal must be covered with paint.
14. To give advice is easier than to follow it.
15. To prove it will be very difficult.
Task B4. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Макс хочет обучать вас испанскому языку.
A) Max wants to teach you Spanish.
B) Max wants to be taught Spanish.
2. Ребенок любит, чтобы ему читали.
A) The child likes to read.
B) The child likes to be read to.
3. Я хочу, чтобы меня проинформировали об ее приезде.
A) I want to be informed of her arrival.
B) I want to inform him of her arrival.
4. Грейс рада, что ее пригласили на вечер.
A) Grace is happy to have invited us to the party.
B) Grace is happy to have been invited to the party.
5. Мне не нравится, когда Вы меня беспокоите.
A) I don’t like to be disturbed by you.
B) I don’t like to disturb you.
6. Я сделал вид, что читаю газету.
A) I pretended to be reading the newspaper.
B) I pretended to have read the newspaper.
7. Я рад, что выбрал правильный ответ.
A) I am glad to have chosen the proper answer.
B) I am glad to be chosen the proper answer.
8. Ты мог бы попрощаться со мной.
A) You could say goodbye to me.
B) You could be said goodbye to me.
Task B5. Change the sentences according to the model.Model 1: I am sorry I don’t believe you. > I am sorry not to believe you.1. I am sorry Idon’t speak French.2. I am lucky I study at the University.
3. Не is glad he has acquired а good knowledge of English.4. We are happy we have a good time here. Model 2: I am glad I am asked to help you. > I am glad to be asked to help you. 5. He is sorry he is compared to a man like that.6. She is lucky she is given much attention.7. They were unlucky they weren’t given much attention.8. Не is glad he is supported.Task B6. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: She compared these substances. It was not easy. > It was not easy for her to compare these substances.1. He provided broad answers to their questions. It was important.
2. She treated the subject thoroughly. It was difficult.
3. They touched on a variety of more general topics. It was useful.
4. The author considered all these questions. It was not difficult.
5. They participated in the meeting. It was necessary.
6. He proved the validity of his conclusions. It was not easy.
7. They obtained the substance in extremely pure form. It was necessary.
Task B7. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: I have brought the book so that you may read it. > I have brought the book for you to read.1. He suggested an article so that they should discuss it.2. We have assembled a new device so that they may use it in their experiment.3. I can provide some new information so that you may use it in your future work.4. I have simplified the sentence so that you may translate it.5. He began to speak louder so that everybody might hear him well.6. He suggested an interesting problem so that you might consider it.7. He has described the new scheme in detail so that you may make use of it. Task B8. Correct the mistakes if any.1. I can check all these calculations once more.
2. You should to consult the doctor.
3. This food must keep at -20º.
4. It is possible for the reaction occur.
5. Is it reasonable to upgrade the device?6. I’d like to be made an appointment.
7. The President is to have visited Vienna next year.
8. It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
9. Do you understand what to do?
10. I promised not be late.
11. Could I to use your phone?
12. I’d better to go now.
Part CTask C1. Respond according to the model.Model: To study English is not important. > Just the opposite. It’s important to study English.1. To work with mercury is not dangerous.2. To detect second sound in such materials is not difficult.3. To investigate the properties of this substance is not important.4. To draw decisive conclusions on the problem is not possible.5. To read through the history of physics is not interesting.6. To discuss methods for studying such phenomena is not necessary.7. To explain the difference between these processes is not reasonable.8. To obtain this kind of information is not easy. Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model.Model 1: This device is primitive. It cannot be used in our experiment. > This device is too primitive to be used in experiment.1. The ideas are old. They will not be discussed now.2. The question is serious. It cannot be answered at once.3. The method is complicated. It should not be used by the students.4. The book is difficult. It cannot be adapted for our students.5. The explanation is too theoretical. It should not be given to students.6. This description is too elementary. It should not be used for our purpose. Model 2: He considered that it was important to provide answers to their questions. > He considered it important to provide answers to their questions.7. He thought that it was necessary to simplify the procedure.8. He thought that it was useful to touch on a variety of more general topics.9. He found that it was impossible to consider all these problems in one article.10. He didn’t consider that it was easy to compare these substances.11. He found that it was impossible to adapt his plans to suit new circumstances.12. They thought that it was necessary to take particular care over doing that task. Task C3. Translate from Russian into English using infinitives.1. Я рад, что приобрел достаточные знания.2. Вы рады, что вам предложили это исследование?3. Инженеры сообщили, что достигли хороших результатов при последних испытаниях новой модели.
4. Он первым выбрал правильное решение.5. Ваша задача заключается в том, чтобы наблюдать за экспериментом.
6. Чтобы повысить цену, мы должны улучшить качество товаров.
7. Решить эту проблему очень важно.8. Лучший способ решить эту проблему – много работать.9. Он должен был решить эту проблему немедленно.10. Эта проблема должна быть решена в ближайшем будущем.11. Они хотели решить эту проблему.12. Они слишком устали, чтобы решать эту проблему сейчас.Task C4. Translate into English using For…to V construction.
1. Язык специалистов трудно понять обычному человеку.
2. Двух часов достаточно, чтобы произошла реакция.
3. Математикам потребовалось долгое время, чтобы осознать сложность задачи.
4. Чтобы запрограммировать компьютер, задача должна быть сведена к серии очень простых шагов.
5. Ученому необходимо внедрить свое изобретение.
6. Трех лет недостаточно, чтобы этот проект был завершен.
Unit 4. Complex Object. Infinitive or ing-form?Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) располагается после сказуемого и состоит из:
1) существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия;
2) инфинитива с частицей to, или инфинитива без частицы to или ing-формы.
После глаголов со значениями «заставлять» (make, cause и др.) и «позволять» (allow, permit, enable, let и др.) сложное дополнение переводится существительным (местоимением) и неопределенной формой глагола.
(1) (2)
The pressure causes the iceto melt.
(1) (2)
Давление заставляет ледтаять
После глаголов make и