Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от существительных и обозначающие наличие качества, свойства
| -ic | poet (поэт) – poetic (поэтичный); hero (герой) – heroic (героический) |
| -al | music (музыка) – musical (музыкальный) |
| -ful | beauty (красота) – beautiful (красивый); power (сила, мощь) – powerful (сильный, мощный) |
| -ous | courage (храбрость) – courageous (храбрость) |
| -y | snow (снег) – snowy (снежный); sun (солнце) – sunny (солнечный) |
4. Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от различных частей речи и обозначающие:
а) качество, свойство:
| -ary | element (элемент) – elementary (элементарный); |
| -ory | To explain (объяснять) – explanatory (объяснительный); illusion (иллюзия) – illusory (обманчивый, иллюзорный) |
б) способность что-либо сделать, состояние, качество:
| -able | to change (изменить) – changeable (изменчивый); rely (надеяться) – reliable (надежный); profit (доход) – profitable (доходный) |
| -ible | access (доступ) – accessible (доступный) |
Основные суффиксы глаголов
| -ate | active (активный) – to activate (активизировать) |
| -en | short (короткий) – to shorten (укоротить) |
| -fy | pure (чистый) – to purify (очищать) |
| -ify | simple (простой) – to simplify (упрощать) |
| -ize, -ise | character (характер) – to characterize (охарактеризовать) modern (современный) – to modernize (модернизировать) |
Основные суффиксы наречий
Суффиксы, образующие наречия:
а) от прилагательных, иногда – существительных, порядковых числительных и причастий:
| -ly | loud (громкий) – loudly (громко); bad (плохой) – badly (плохо, ошибочно), part (часть) – partly (частично), first (первый) – firstly (во-первых) |
б) от существительных и наречий и обозначающие направление (или направленность):
| -wards | north (север) – northward(s) (к северу, на север); after (после) – afterwards (впоследствии, позже, потом) |
Грамматический практикум
Методические рекомендации
Прежде чем выполнять грамматические упражнения и тесты, внимательно изучите соответствующие грамматические таблицы: Table 1 (Артикль), Table 2 (Существительное), Table 3 (Наречие), Table 4 (Прилагательное), Table 5 (Числительное), Table 6 (Местоимение), Table 7 (Предлог), Table 8 (Глагол, активный залог), Table 9 (Глагол, пассивный залог), Table 10 (Модальные глаголы), Table 11–16 (Неличные глагольные формы), Table 17 (Согласование времен), Table 18 (Прямая и косвенная речь); раздел «Словообразование».
Ex. 1. Раскройте скобки и употребите данные личные местоимения в притяжательном падеже:
1. (He) … composition is very interesting.
2. (We) … son goes to school.
3. (You) … sister is young.
4. (They) … knowledge of the subject is very poor.
5. (He) … name is John.
6. (I) … family lives in Kiev.
7. (She) … friends often visit her.
Ex. 2. Употребите нужную форму личных местоимений:
1. I often see (they, them) in the bus.
2. She lives near (we, us).
3. (We, us) always walk to school together.
4. He teaches (we, us) English.
5. She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.
6. I always speak to (he, him) in English.
7. What is the matter with (he, him) today?
8. He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.
9. There are some letters here for you and (I, me).
10. I know (she, her) and her sister very well.
Ex.3. Вставьте вместо точек нужное по смыслу местоимение:
1. I have lost … pen, may I take …?
2. If you’ve left … dictionary at home, you may take …
3. These pencils are … , take … if you want.
4. Help … , please.
5. He always makes dinner … .
6. We have very many relatives in … native town.
7. They can do it … .
8. … of you knows his address?
9. There is … butter on the table, but there isn’t … milk.
Ex.4.Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:
1. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 and died in 1616 in Stratford-on-Avon.
2. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.
3. Jack London was born on the 12th of January 1876 and died in 1916.
4. On April 12, 1961 the whole world learned about Gagarin’s flight into space.
Ex. 5. Скажите по-английски:
| 1 сентября 1984 года 7 ноября 1990 года 9 октября 1947 года | 11 марта 1951 года 5 июля 1945 года |
Ex. 6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When do we celebrate the first day of spring (Victory Day, New Year’s Day, Christmas, Women’s Day, May Day, Cosmonautics Day, Independence Day)?
2. When were you born?
3. When was your father (your mother, your sister, your friend, your cousin) born?
Ex. 7. Прочтите вслух следующие существительные, запишите форму их множественного числа:
carpet, glass, photo, box, lady, wife, valley, thief, man, woman, child, foot, tooth, life, handkerchief, tomato, scarf, sheep, deer, information, fish, coat.
Ex. 8. Перепишите следующие предложения, вставляя данные в скобках существительные в единственном или множественном числе:
1. Ann’s father told some funny circus … . The funniest … was about a giant clown.
(story, stories)
2. Many … live in an apartment house. Tom’s … lives on the fourth floor.
(family, families)
3. Do you know the name of this … ? The travellers will see many … .
(country, countries)
4. Ben’s dog has five brown … . Оne little … has a flat nose.
(puppy, puppies)
5. Small … laugh and play. Jack’s … has a new toy.
(baby, babies)
Ex. 9. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих прилагательных:
1. Tall, long, short, hot, cold, nice, large, big, wide, strong, happy, warm, high, heavy, low hard, busy, easy, bright.
2. Interesting, comfortable, important, necessary, beautiful, famous, pleasant, popular, wonderful, active, careful.
Ex. 10. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:
1. My brother is much … than myself (young).
2. The opera theatre is one of … buildings in the city (beautiful).
3. The sound grew …and … (faint).
4. The party was not so … as I had expected (gay).
5. I have no one … than you (near).
6. What is the … news (late)?
7. Yesterday I came home … than usual (late).
8. Ann sings far … than Nina (well).
9. I like this picture … of all (well).
Ex. 11. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, употребляя соответствующую форму в Present Indefinite:
1. He … a good student.
2. They … old friends.
3. I … a teacher.
4. John … absent from class today.
5. The weather … good today.
6. The sky … clear.
7. We … both students.
8. Mr Smith … sick today.
9. She and I … cousins.
Ex. 12. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:
1. They are in Europe now.
2. She is a clever girl.
3. It is cold today.
4. He is in his office now.
5. They are members of the country club.
6. Both sisters are tall.
7. John is angry with you.
8. She is a good tennis player.
9. The stamps are in my desk.
10. She is a good teacher.
Ex. 13. Заполните пропуски глаголом to have, употребляя соответствующую форму в Present Indefinite:
1. She … one sister and two brothers.
2. We … a large library at school.
3. They … a new car.
4. She … green eyes.
5. Helen … a headache.
6. The secretary … a new typewriter.
7. Mr Smith’s office … three large windows.
8. We … many friends in Moscow.
9. Both brothers … red hair.
10. Harry’s dog … a long tail.
11. He and I … many things in common.
Ex. 14. Употребите глаголы to be или to have в нужной форме:
1. There is no school in this village and the children go to the school which … two miles away.
2. How old … you? I … 17.
3. … you English lessons twice a week? – Yes, we …
4. I … no time to help you yesterday. I … very sorry about it.
5. We … a conference tomorrow. So I … busy with my report today.
6. My sister … a second-year student of the Law Faculty.
7. What ... you fond of? My hobby … drawing.
8. Will you … any lectures tomorrow?
9. Physics … my favorite subject at school.
10. He … a lot of trouble with his car yesterday.
11. My grandfather … short grey hair but my grandmother’s hair … long and thick.
12. Your glasses … on the table.
Ex. 15. Преобразуйте предложения, употребляя оборот there is/are:
a) 1. This city has many monuments. 2. Our town has no theatres. 3. This family has two children. 4. Our group has many good pupils. 5. Every week has seven days and every year has twelve months. 6. She has a lot of English books in her library.
b) 1. The dog is in the room. 2. The children are in the yard. 3. The students are in the laboratory. 4. The car is near the house. 5. The bench was under the tree. 6. A lot of people will be at the stadium tomorrow.
Ex. 16. Употребите оборот there is/are в следующих предложениях:
1. … a new moon tonight. 2. … someone at the door. 3. … a lot of students absent today. 4. … three lamps in the room. 5. … two large windows in the room. 6. But … only one door. 7. … a lot of English classes in our school. 8. … nobody in the room now. 9. … no one at home. 10. … twelve months in a year. 11. … a letter for you on the table. 12. … several beautiful parks in this city.
Ex. 17. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Indefinite:
1. We (read) the newspaper in class every day.
2. He always (prepare) his homework carefully.
3. We always (play) tennis on Saturdays.
4. She (speak) several foreign languages.
5. The children (play) in the park every afternoon.
6. Helen (work) very hard.
7. They (take) a lot of trips together.
8. We always (travel) by car.
9. I (eat) lunch in the cafeteria every day.
Ex. 18. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Indefinite:
1. We (work) in our garden all day yesterday.
2. I (listen) to the radio until twelve o’clock last night.
3. He always (want) to learn English.
4. Ann and I (talk) over the telephone yesterday.
5. I (forget) to bring my notebook to class yesterday.
6. The telephone (ring) twice but no one answered it.
7. George (think) about his troubles continuously.
8. Last year Professor Johnes (teach) us both English and mathematics.
9. I (lose) my English book yesterday but (find) it later.
Ex. 19. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Indefinite:
1. Helen (find) the book which you need.
2. They (see) us tomorrow.
3. I (finish) the work in April.
4. The shops (close) at noon today.
5. We (arrive) at three o’clock.
6. She (tell) you all about it.
7. We (spend) two months in the South.
8. The plant (die) because of lack of sunshine.
9. The meeting (begin) at eight o’clock.
10. The film (last) an hour.
Ex. 20. Поставьте глагол в Past и Future Indefinite, употребляя соответствующие индикаторы времени:
1. He plays tennis twice a week.
2. She learns French and German.
3. We keep our car in the garage.
4. They often make mistakes.
5. I help my mother about the house.
6. They do their shopping every day.
7. We go to the University by metro.
8. The classes begin at 8.
9. I stay at school till 2 o’clock.
10. It often rains in October.
11. Tom gets excellent marks in English.
Ex. 21. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы:
1. Den studies at the University.
2. They usually buy newspapers in the morning.
3. The teacher asks many questions.
4. He entered the Law faculty.
5. My friend saw an interesting film yesterday.
6. They got to the country by bus.
7. Nick will work as a teacher.
8. We shall make coffee for him.
9. Her cousin will go abroad next week.
Ex. 22.Раскройте скобки, употребив Present Indefinite:
1. Nurses (look) after patients in hospitals.
2. Ann plays the piano, but she (not, play) it very well.
3. In Britain most shops (close) at 5.30 p. m.
4. At night when it (get) dark, they (switch) on the TV or the radio and (listen) to music.
5. Mr Brown often (go) to the cinema but his wife (not to go) very often. She (prefer) to stay at home and to watch TV.
Ex. 23. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Continuous:
1. I see that you (wear) your new suit today.
2. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door.
3. The bus (stop) for us now.
4. Please, be quiet! The baby (sleep).
5. The leaves (begin) to fall from the trees.
Ex. 24. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Continuous:
1. When you telephoned, I (have) dinner.
2. The baby (sleep) soundly when I went to wake him.
3. She (talk) with Mr Smith when I saw her in the hall.
4. The accident happened while they (travel) in the South.
5. When I got up this morning, the sun (shine) brightly.
Ex. 25. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Continuous:
1. I (wait) on the corner for you at the usual time tomorrow morning.
2. It probably (rain) when you get back.
3. If you come before six, I (work) in my garden.
4. At this time tomorrow afternoon I (take) my final English examination.
5. If we go there now, they (have) dinner. But if we go later, they (watch) television.
Ex. 26. Поставьте глаголы в Past Continuous, употребив соответствующие индикаторы времени:
1. The child is sleeping now.
2. Nina is having a lecture now.
3. The family is sitting at the table and having dinner.
4. What are you doing tonight?
5. The girl is looking for her notebook.
6. The students are preparing for their exams.
7. It is snowing hard.
Ex. 27. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Perfect:
1. I (speak) to him about it several times.
2. We (learn) many new words in this course.
3. He (make) that same mistake several times.
4. I (hear) that story before.
5. I am afraid that I (lose) my car keys.
Ex. 28. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Perfect:
1. I was sure that I (see) the man before.
2. I asked him why he (leave) the party so early.
3. It was clear that he (give) us the wrong address.
4. The teacher corrected the exercises which I (prepare).
5. He knew that he (make) a serious mistake.
Ex. 29. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Perfect:
1. I am sure they (complete) the new road by June.
2. He says that before he leaves he (see) every show in town.
3. By the time you arrive, I (finish) reading your book.
4. I (be) in this country two years next January.
5. A year from now he (take) his medical examinations and (begin) to practice.
Ex. 30. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы:
1. They have received a new flat this year.
2. She has been to Italy.
3. They have already heard the news.
4. I have known his father.
5. He had worked at a plant before the army.
6. We had studied German before we began to study English.
7. She had written the letter by 5 o’clock.
8. The children will have done their homework before their parents come home.
9. It will have stopped raining by noon.
Ex. 31. Поставьте глагол в главном предложении в Past, а затем в Future Perfect, Future Continuous сделайте необходимые преобразования в придаточном предложении:
1. We were translating the text when you came.
2. They were writing a dictation when I entered the classroom.
3. The students were taking their exams from 9 till 12 o’clock.
4. He was having a shower when the telephone rang.
5. The boys were playing football when it began to rain.
Ex. 32. Проанализируйте употребление модальных глаголов в следующих контекстах:
1. Nick can run long distances. 2. He can speak many foreign languages. 3. You can join our group. 4. I must excuse myself. 5. You mustn’t park the car here. 6. The boy must see a doctor. 7. You may keep my book for a week. 8. Drivers may go at 60 kilometers an hour here. 9. You may stay at your friends’ over the weekend. 10. It may be cold. Take your coat. 11. Jack shouldn’t have laughed at John. 12. John ought to be more careful in the future. 13. You needn’t buy bread. We have some at home. 14. You needn’t have done this. It was useless. 15. I have to take a taxi in order not to be late. 16. We had to wait as the manager was out. 17. Robert is to take his exams next month. 18. We arе to meet at 5 o’clock.
Ex. 33. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальный глагол must:
1. Her English is very poor, she must study very hard.
2. They must spend more time on their English.
3. You must help her in every way possible.
4. We must learn at least ten new words every day.
5. He must leave at once.
6. The students must do their homework regularly.
7. You must do this important work quickly.
Ex. 34. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:
1. We must tell her this news. 2. He may smoke here. 3. She can speak English perfectly. 4. The students must translate the text at home. 5. We can go to the theatre tonight. 6. We shall be able to help them. 7. They had to wait for a long time 8. His friend couldn’t get this book. 9. You were allowed to take this book home. 10. May I go home now? 11. They were allowed to come at four.
Ex. 35. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами:
1. She … play chess well. 2. … I take your pen? 3. … I ask you a question? 4. You not talk at the lesson. 5. He … not speak English last year. 6. My sister … not play the piano two years ago, but now she …. 7. You … get this novel in our library. 8. I … go to the library today to prepare for my report at the conference. 9. … you do me a favour?
Ex. 36. Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог страдательным. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. The audience enjoyed the concert very much.
2. The little boy ate the cake.
3. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.
4. They started a dancing class last week.
5. Everybody will see this film soon.
6. The teacher returned our written work to us.
7. Mr Smith will leave the tickets at the box-office.
8. The students translate texts during the lessons.
9. Mary took that book from the desk.
Ex. 37. Замените в следующих предложениях страдательный залог действительным. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. The entire city was destroyed by the fire.
2. The lecture was attended by many people.
3. The book will be published in spring.
4. The class is taught by Mr Smith.
5. It was designed by a French engineer.
6. This book is always read by the students of the first course.
7. The letter was left on the table.
8. The house was struck by lightning.
9. The cries of the child were heard by everyone.
Ex. 38. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:
1. The first prize was won by John.
2. Our exercises are corrected each night by the teacher.
3. The mail is delivered at ten o’clock.
4. The construction of the bridge will be finished this year.
5. The contract will be signed tomorrow.
6. His report was listened to with great interest.
7. The film is much spoken about.
8. All the letters are looked through by the secretary.
9. All these books were published by this publishing house.
Ex. 39. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II:
1. Finished with his breakfast, he remained for some time at the table, looking through the newspapers.
2. Before solving the problem, they had to consult the expert.
3. The leaves touched by the morning sun began to come out.
4. The flowers standing in the vase were brought by the pupils.
5. Writing a letter I heard a knock at the door.
6. I like pictures painted by this artist.
7. When asked about it, she couldn’t give a definite answer.
8. Engineers working at big plants in our country are trained at our institute.
Ex. 40. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму глагола придаточных предложений:
1. He said that he had read this book twice.
2. We thought that the results of your work would be better.
3. The boy said that he was only eight years old.
4. I knew that he would refuse to help me.
5. He was sure that I should come in time.
6. She thought that the letter had been written by her friend.
7. They said that it had been raining from five till seven.
8. She said that she could not give me this book because she had promised to give it to her sister.
Ex. 41. Поставьте глагол в главном предложении в Past Indefinite и сделайте необходимые преобразования в придаточном предложении:
¨ He says that he knows them well.
He said that he knew them well.
1. He is sure that she is in Moscow now.
2. He says that she is in Moscow now.
3. He says that the classes begin at 2 o’clock.
4. I think that she is ill.
5. We know that she is ill.
¨ He says that she went to the Crimea.
He said that she had gone to the Crimea.
1. I know that he lived in Kiev.
2. He says that they met in Moscow.
3. I am sure that the students were in the library.
4. I hope that they knew about it.
5. I think that they were busy.
¨ She says that she will go to the cinema.
She said that she would go to the cinema.
1. They say that they will leave for London.
2. She says that she will buy this coat.
3. We know that we shall discuss this question.
4. We hope that they will help us to do this work.
5. We think that we shall have our holidays in January.
Ex. 42. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме времени и залога, соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. She said that she (to know) English very well.
2. We knew that they (to come) to visit us next Sunday.
3. John said that he (to go) away on Wednesday.
4. People were sure that soon a spaceship (to fly) to other planets.
5. We were informed that many scientists (to work) at the problem of radioactivity.
MAKING SELF-PRESENTATION