На английском языке по специальности
«ПРИБОРЫ И СИСТЕМЫ ОРИЕНТАЦИИ,
СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ И НАВИГАЦИИ»
ЧАСТЬ 1
Г. Москва
Г.
Рецензент к.т.н. Малахов А. А.
| Б43 | Шишкина Е.Н, Белова И.А. Методические указания по обучению чтению научно- технической литературы на английском языке по специальности «Приборы и системы ориентации, стабилизации и навигации». Часть 1. – М.: МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008. – 26 с., ил. |
Содержат оригинальные тексты, знакомящие студентов с наиболее часто встречающейся терминологией по специальности, а также представляющие интерес с точки зрения грамматики – в них используются распространенные в технической литературе грамматические конструкции и обороты.
Предназначены для студентов младших курсов специальности «Приборы и системы ориентации, стабилизации и навигации».
УДК 541.01 Англ.
МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2008
CONTENTS
| UNIT 1. WHAT A GYRO IS | |
| TEXT 1A. It All Starts with a Spinning Wheel | |
| TEXT 1B. Base Motion Isolation TEXT 1C. Classification of Gyros | |
| UNIT 2 How the gyro works | |
| TEXT 2A. VECTORS AND SCALARS | |
| TEXT 2B. Law of Gyroscopic Precession TEXT 2C. Accuracy | |
| UNIT 3 Vertical Gyro Components | |
| TEXT 3A. Gyro Motor or RotoR | |
| TEXT 3B. What a directional gyro is | |
| TEXT 3C. Flux Valve | |
| SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS FOR READING AND TRANSLATION | |
| Text 1. Gyrocompass | |
| Text 2. Uses for Vertical Gyros | |
Unit 1. WHAT A GYRO IS
Essential vocabulary
Axis,n - ось
Bearing,n – подшипник
Gimbal,n – карданная подвеска.
Gadget,n – приспособление, устройство
Pendulum bearing,n – качающийся подшипник
Pick-off,n –датчик преобразователь контролируемой величины
Attach, v – присоединять, прикреплять
Deviate, v – отклоняться, уклоняться
Spin, v (span, spun) – крутить, вращать
Support , v -поддерживать
Text 1A. It All Starts with a Spinning Wheel
Read the text and define the following terms:
spin motor; gimbals and outer gimbals; rotor bearings; ballbearings; gimbal axis.
Let us start with a spinning wheel called the rotor or spin motor. The wheel is usually kept spinning by electricity (it is really an electric motor). Occasionally, the rotor consists of little buckets on the rim and is spun by an air blast.
You might have played with a spinning toy (gyroscope) as a child, whose wheel was spun up by pulling a string. There are rotors which are spun up with clock-like springs, or with exploding cartridges.
The rotor is mounted (generally with ballbearings) in a configuration called gimbals. The ballbearings which support the rotor in the gimbal are called rotor bearings.
The outer gimbal is supported on the base surface with ballbearings—and the inner gimbal, which supports the rotor, is connected to the outer gimbal with ballbearings. These ballbearings on the gimbals are called gimbal bearings.
A few more definitions follow. The axis about which the rotor turns is called the spin axis. The axis about which the inner axis rotates is called the inner gimbal axis. Similarly, the axis about which the outer gimbal rotates is called the outer gimbal axis.
Finally, this entire configuration in which the rotor is mounted is sometimes called a Cardan suspension—affectionately named after Jerome Cardan (1501-1576). History reports that Cardan could not figure out how to use the structure invented 300 years earlier by someone else. The complete instrument is called a gyroscope. Gyro is used interchangeably with gyroscope, although many times gyro is also used to refer to the spinning wheel or rotor.
Inner Gimbal Rotor Bearing
Outlet Gimbal
Inner Gimbal Axis
Gimbal Bearing Gimbal Bearing
Base Surface
Outlet Gimbal
Spinning Wheel or Rotor
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the heart of the gyro?
2. What are the basic parts of the gyro?
3. Do you happen to know anything about J.Cardan?
EXERCISES
EX. 1.Read and remember thefollowing nouns in singular and plural.
Axis –axes, analysis –analyses, datum –data, phenomenon –phenomena, radius –radii, stimulus –stimuli, nucleus –nuclei.
EX. 2. Translate the following words derived from a common root.
1. define – definite – indefinite – definition
2. circuit – circuitry
3. force – forcible – enforce – enforceable – unenforceable
4. exist – existence – existent – non-existent – co-exist –
co-existence
5. apply – applied – application – applicable – appliance
EX.3. Derive as many words as you can from the following words.
Continue, direct, magnetize, electrify, conduct.
EX.4. Define the functions of it, this, these, that, those, one in the following sentences. Translate them.
1. The components of the integrating gyro are quite similar to those used in the vertical, directional and rate gyros. 2. It is also possible to use a single rotor to establish the vertical. 3. It can only be said that the spin axis and the tilt axis lie in a plane established by the roll and pitch gyros. 4. The erection and centering control loops used for the pitch gyro are much the same as those described for the roll gyro. 5. It was stated earlier that the only part of this stable platform actually stabilized about three axes are the azimuth rotor and gimbal. 6. No one can trail a wheel behind a plane flying 8 to 10 mi up. 7. Studies indicate that an all-fluidic guidance and control system will solve this problem. 8. The advantage of the gas bearing gyro is that the rotor is protected from thermal and magnetic fields. 9. It is for this reason that all gyro compasses must be so suspended as to subject the gyro system to as little friction as possible about the vertical axis. 10. The rate gyro becomes sensitive to angular velocities about the two axes – instead of only one – and the output from the pickoff is in error. 11. One must know that a spinning liquid can be the basis for a gyroscope.
EX.5. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the tense of the verbs.
1. Notice that we have been working with numbers of wide magnitude.
2. One of these meridians will pass through a small borough of London, England, called Greenwich. 3. It does affect a directional gyro. 4. If this directional gyro is being carried in an airplane there is another effect which must be considered. 5. On the surface of the earth, North South directions are measured in angles of latitude. 6.The measurement has been carried out with great accuracy.
EX.6.Translate the following sentences paying attention to modal verbs and different forms of the infinitive.
Must work
May be working
Might have worked
Can have been working
Could
1. The coil must have as many turns of wire as possible unless the current is heavy enough. 2. Listen. It must be raining outsides. 3. The experiment must have failed because someone made a mistake. 4. A powerful electromagnet may be constructed by placing a soft iron core inside the solenoid. 5. They may/might be going to increase airport fees to pay for increased security. 6. In late 18th century Scotland you could be hanged for stealing a sheep. 7. These people might have a lot of money, but it doesn’t make them interesting.
EX.7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the models:
1. If it happens…, I’ll be happy…
2. If it happened…, I would be happy….
3. If it had happened…, I would have been happy…
1.If an acid is mixed with a base, a chemical reaction occurs. 2. If you spin that plate of marbles, they will roll off the plate. 3. If a volcano erupted underneath the ocean, there would be a huge tidal wave. 4. If they agreed to make classes smaller, we could give each student more attention. 5. If the students had followed all the instructions, the experiment wouldn’t have failed. 6. The device would have been invented much earlier, if the scientists of that time had known the laws of physics and the properties of metals. 7. Had we known about these rules, we would have acted differently. 8. Suppose, that the same force were applied to a gyro. 9. If the gyro were sitting on a level table, the spin axis would be pointing up and down.