Exercises. Continuous Tenses
1. State the type of the passive construction and translate the following sentences:
1. “Where is Frank?” “He’s being taken care of”. 2. The driver was mysteriously silent. Eric was silent too, wondering where he was being taken. 3. Wonderful discoveries are being made by Russian scientists. 4. The steamer was being discharged by the workers. 5. The cases are being counted by the customs officer. 6. When he entered the room, the contract was being checked by the chief. 7. The new film is being demonstrated in all the big cinemas of Moscow. 8. The report is being typed. 9. A new sport club is being built in this region. 10. The passengers telegraphed to their relatives that the ship was being repaired at Genoa. 11. The postbox is being emptied now. 12. My question is being answered at the moment. 13. They were being taught drawing at that lesson. 14. Her dress was being washed and ironed while she was taking a bath. 15. The papers are being examined thoroughly.
2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:
1. They are discussing the possibility of new negotiations. 2. What books are people reading this year? 3. Are they sending for you? 4. They were arranging all things. 5. I couldn’t use my car last week, they were repairing it. 6. The little girl has been very ill and she mustn’t go to school, so they are teaching her at home. 7. Don’t enter the kitchen; your sister is sweeping it now. 8. All the town was talking of this story. 9. The maid was polishing the windows. 10. John was doing a translation of some poems from Spanish. 11. I am looking for a cassette recorder. 12. You are reading a French magazine. 13. Helen was preparing her homework at the university yesterday in the evening. 14. Tom is wearing sunglasses though it is not sunny today. 15. Mother was cooking breakfast when I entered the kitchen.
3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:
1. Don’t enter the room! A student (to examine) there. 2. The letter (to type) by the typist when I came in. 3. The question which (to discuss) now at the conference is very important. 4. The documents aren’t ready, they (to check) now. 5. In the drawing-room the music of Mozart (to play) by an orchestra seen on the screen. 6. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights, two cargo-ships (to unload). 7. She watched Jack while the film (to run). 8. Dinner (to cook) now. 9. The work (to do) by my friends when I returned. 10. A new grammar rule (to revise) by her at that moment. 11. Something (to do) by her to attract my attention while I was watching TV. 12. This is great news! A new car (to build) by this company. 13. Your room (to clean) at the moment, wait a little. 14. I think the game which (to play) by them is a disgusting one. 15. New furniture (to buy) by them all the afternoon.
4. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice:
1. Чей фортепианный концерт сейчас исполняется? 2. Тогда как раз строилась школа. 3. Где сейчас строится это здание? 4. Этот вопрос опять обсуждается? 5. Показывали новый фильм, когда мы вошли. 6. Я думала, что по телевизору сейчас идет новый футбольный матч. 7. Новый небоскреб строится из стекла и стали. 8. О его новой книге много говорили тогда. 9. Фабрика все еще строилась, когда мы приехали туда. 10. Его статья печаталась, когда он позвонил. 11. Статья сейчас пишется, не надо беспокоить этого журналиста. 12. Твою рубашку сейчас гладят, возьми другую. 13. Эту пленку слушали, когда они пришли в фонозал. 14. Кошку сейчас кормят (to feed), с ней нельзя играть. 15. Это упражнение делали, когда прозвенел звонок.
Exercises. Perfect Tenses
1. State the type of the passive construction and translate the following sentences:
1. He had been seen to nod in quiet agreement with his wife’s words. 2. I noticed at once that the room had been recently tidied. 3. Blair is not in his room, and his bed hasn‘t been slept in. 4. I have been given a card to the Club. 5. They had been caught by the war in Australia. 6. The fire has been caused by a short circuit in the lift machinery. 7. His business has been taken over by a bigger firm. 8. She said that she had been awakened by the telephone insistent ringing. 9. The house has been locked up for the summer and it is looked after by the gardener. 10. It was clear that many valuable pictures had been destroyed by the fire. 11. After you finish this book you will have learned over a thousand words. 12. By the end of this month the commission will have made some decision. 13. We will have discussed this plan by that time. 14. Our students will have written this test by ten in the morning. 15. You will have forgotten me by that time.
2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:
1. No one has made any mistakes. 2. People have made great progress in physics. 3. Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness. 4. He knew that they had sent the invitations out two weeks earlier. 5. They have always passed his phone calls through to the Minister without questions. 6. I knew that they had told him of the meeting at once. 7. No one has ever beaten my brother at tennis. 8. He said that they had thrown the newspaper away. 9. I knew that they had sold their car to pay the debts. 10. He said that they had shown the documents to the spy. 11. She will have received my letter by tomorrow morning. 12. He will have repaired his car by five o’clock. 13. They will have changed their plan by next Tuesday. 14. They will have done everything possible to help him by tomorrow evening. 15. They will have asked a lot of questions to you by the end of the lecture.
3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:
1. All the cakes already (to eat). 2. Those letters (to type) yet? 3. My article recently (to publish). 4. He said that he (to give) a ten days’ leave. 5. I knew that my book (to speak about). 6. A lot of money (to steal) from the bank by the thieves. 7. They informed us that the problem (to solve) to everyone’s satisfaction. 8. The draft resolution (to discuss) today. 9. Five lessons of the textbook (to study) by the students by the end of the first term. 10. The room (to prepare) by the maid before their arrival. 11. Your article (to type) by the evening. 12. His work (to finish) by five o’clock tomorrow. 13. This text (to translate) by six o’clock this afternoon. 14. This doll (to make) by her birthday. 15. His lesson (not to learn) by tomorrow if he hasn’t yet begun to study it. 16. This work is so arduous that it (not to complete) in a year’s time.
4. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice:
2. Вас уже пригласили на день рождения? 2. За директором уже послали, подождите немного. 3. Эти письма уже просмотрены, их можно отправлять. 4. Она уверяла, что эти цветы только что сорвали. 5. Мне показали, как это было сделано. 6. Книги уже принесли из библиотеки. 7. Послали за лекарством? – Да, его ищут. 8. Ко мне никогда не относились с таким недоверием. 9. Моего брата никто никогда не обыгрывал (to beat) в шахматы. 10. В диктанте не было сделано ни одной ошибки. 11. Он сказал, что его еще никогда не принимали за англичанина. 12. Вас когда-нибудь учили, как надо вести себя? 13. Посмотри! Кто-то пролил чай на скатерть! 14. Представляет ли для тебя интерес работа, которую тебе предложили? 15. Он сказал, что у него украли коллекцию марок. 16. Этот торт будет съеден через полчаса.
Test 1
Choose the right variant:
1. London covers more than … sq miles and consists of … separate boroughs.
a) 600, 33 b)330, 600 c)600, 3
2. London suffered a terrible … in 1665 and the … in 1666.
a) Terrible Fire and Great Plague b) Terrible Plague and Great Fire
c) Plague the Terrible and Fire the Great
3. Some famous Englishmen are buried in … .
a) the Tower b) Westminster Abbey c) St. Paul’ Cathedral
4. At the base of Nelson’s Column are … .
a) Admiral Nelson b) Beefeaters c) four bronze lions
5. The Crown Jewels are kept in the … .
a) Tower of London b) Buckingham Palace c) British Museum
6. The financial and business centre of London is … .
a) the West End b) the East End c) the City
7. The cultural centre of London is … .
a) the West End b) the East End c) the City
8. The industrial centre of London is … .
a) the West End b) the East End c) the City
9. The Queen wears her crown … .
a) every day b) on state occasions c) on holidays
10. Buckingham Palace is the residence of … .
a) Beefeaters b) the Prime Minister c) the Queen
Test 2
Choose the right variant:
1. This palace … in 18 century.
a) be built b) was built c) was build
2. You … at the station.
a) is met b) were meet c) will be met
3. This room … every day.
a) is cleaned b) is clean c) is cleaning
4. The book … by 5 o’clock.
a) will be read b) will have read c) will have been read
5. This book has been read … .
a) by they b) by me c) with him
6. … is loved by everybody.
a) He b) Him c) His
7. Hands … before eating.
a) must wash b) must be wash c) must be washed
8. This actor is much spoken … .
a) about b) with c) by
9. This book … in the library.
a) can be founded b) can find c) can be found
10. The room … now.
a) is being aired b) is been aired c) is been airing
Topic: WASHINGTON
Topical Vocabulary
The District of Columbia (D.C.) – округ Колумбия;
regulations – устав, инструкция, обязательные постановления;
private owners – частные владельцы (собственники);
a plot of land – участок земли;
to lay the corner-stone of the Capitol – заложить краеугольный камень Капитолия;
a discoverer – первооткрыватель;
the federal capital – федеральная столица;
to be smaller in size than – быть меньше по размеру, чем;
in political sense – в политическом смысле;
at the mouth of – в устье (реки);
to be bought from the Indians for a handful of trinkets – быть купленным у индейцев за горсть безделушек;
the centre of business and finance – деловой и финансовый центр;
numerous skyscrapers – бесчисленные небоскребы;
nationalities and races – национальности и расы;
“modern Babylon” – современный Вавилон;
at the turn of the twentieth century – на рубеже 20 века;
the Gateway of America – «ворота» Америки.
Text 1
Washington, D.C., New York
The United states of America is a federal union which is made up of fifty states and one independent district – the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia is the territory of the national capital of the USA, Washington, with its own laws and regulations.Washington, D.C. is situated on both banksof the Potomac river, between the two states, Maryland and Virginia.
This place was chosen by the first American President George Washington. The plot of landof a hundred square miles was bought from private owners by the state. In 1790 George Washington laid the corner-stone of the Capitolwhere the Congress sits. The place was called the District of Columbia in honour ofColumbus, the discoverer ofAmerica. The capital got the name of Washington after the name ofits founder.Washington has been the federal capitalsince 1800.
Washington is sometimes called the heart of America. It is the place where the federal government works and where each President of the United States lives. Washington is smaller in size thanthe largest cities of the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Detroit or Los Angeles. The population of Washington is about 11 million people. The buildings in Washington are not very tall because no building must be taller than the Capitol. But in political senseWashington is the center of the country and the most important city of the United States.
New York is one of the largest cities in the world. It was founded three hundred years ago at the mouth ofthe Hudson river.
The centre of New York is Manhattan Island. In 1626 it was bought from the Indians for a handful of trinketsthat cost twenty-four dollars. Today Manhattan is the centre of business and finance. Numerous skyscrapershouse banks and offices of American business. Broadway begins here, the Stock Exchange is locatedhere, too. Very few people live in Manhattan, though the majoritywork here. Numerous bridges link Manhattan with the opposite shores.
New York is inhabited bypeople of almost all nationalities and races.It is called“modern Babylon”. At the turn of the twentieth centurya lot of people came to the USA from different countries of the world. They entered the USA through New York,the Gateway of America.
Exercises
1. Practise in reading:
The United States of America, the District of Columbia, Washington, the Potomac river, Maryland, Virginia, American President George Washington, the Capitol, Columbus, New York, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, the Hudson river, Manhattan Island, New York, the Indians, Broadway, “modern Babylon”, the Gateway of America.
2. Prepare the reading of the words:
· with the first syllable stressed:
Private, honour, numerous, skyscrapers, twentieth, the Gateway of America.
· with the second syllable stressed:
The discoverer, political, important, finance, inhabited, majority.
· with the third syllable stressed:
Regulations, nationalities.
3. Give Russian equivalents for:
1. The District of Columbia is the territory of the national capital of the USA, Washington, with its own laws and regulations. 2. The plot of land of a hundred square miles was bought from private owners by the state. 3. Washington has been the federal capital since 1800. 4. The buildings in Washington are not very tall because no building must be taller than the Capitol. 5. In 1626 it was bought from the Indians for a handful of trinkets that cost twenty-four dollars. 6. Numerous skyscrapers house banks and offices of American business. 7. It is called “modern Babylon”.
4. Give English equivalents for:
Пятьдесят штатов; независимый округ; округ Колумбия; собственные законы и предписания; на обеих берегах; участок земли; государство; в честь кого-либо; первооткрыватель; по имени кого-либо; основатель; федеральная столица; в политическом смысле; быть основанным; бесчисленные небоскребы; размещать; быть расположенным; большинство; связывать что-либо с чем-либо; современный Вавилон.
5. Insert prepositions or adverbs where required:
1. The District of Columbia is the territory … the national capital … the USA, Washington, … its own laws and regulations. 2. Washington, D.C. is situated … both banks … the Potomac river, … the two states, Maryland and Virginia. 3. The plot … land … a hundred square miles was bought … private owners … the state. 4. The place was called the District of Columbia … honour … Columbus, the discoverer … America. 5. The capital got the name … Washington … the name … its founder. 6. Washington has been the federal capital … 1800. 7. Washington is smaller… in size than the largest cities … the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Detroit or Los Angeles. 8. In 1626 it was bought … the Indians … a handful … trinkets that cost twenty-four dollars. 9. Numerous bridges link Manhattan … the opposite shores. 10. … the turn … the twentieth century a lot … people came … the USA … different countries … the world.
6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from those given below:
1. … is the territory of the national capital of the USA, …, with its own laws and regulations. 2. In 1790 George Washington laid the corner-stone of … where the Congress sits. 3. The place was called the District of Columbia in honour of …, the discoverer of America. 4. The capital got the name of … after the name of its founder. 5. Washington is sometimes called … of America. 6. It is the place where … works and where … lives. 7. The population of Washington is about … . 8. The buildings in Washington are not very tall because no building must be taller than … .
11 million people, the Capitol, The District of Columbia, Columbus, Washington, the federal government, the heart, each President of the United States.
7. Answer the questions:
1. How many states is the USA made up of? 2. What is the District of Columbia? 3. How was Washington, D.C. founded? 4. What is Washington famous for? 5. In what sense is Washington the most important city in the USA? 6. When was New York founded? 7. What is the centre of the city? 8. Why is New York called “modern” Babylon?
8. Translate into English:
1. США состоят из 50 штатов и независимого округа Колумбия. 2. Округ Колумбия имеет собственные законы и нормы. 3. Вашингтон расположен на берегах реки Потомак. 4. Место для Вашингтона было выбрано первым американским президентом Джорджем Вашингтоном. 5. Город получил название в его честь. 6. В Вашингтоне работает правительство США и живут американские президенты. 7. С 1800 года Вашингтон является федеральной столицей. 8. Вашингтон – политический центр США. 9. Остров Манхэттен является деловым и финансовым центром Нью-Йорка. 10. Он был куплен в 1626 году за горсть побрякушек. 11. В многочисленных небоскребах размещаются банки и офисы. 12. Нью-Йорк называют «современным Вавилоном». 13. На рубеже 20 века люди из разных стран въезжали в США через Нью-Йорк, «ворота» Америки.
Dialogue
Read and translate the dialogue. Dramatize it:
Bob: Have you had a good holiday?
Ann: All right, thank you. We went touring round Washington.
Bob: What was it like?
Ann: Not bad. We visited the Capitol, the White House and the Supreme Court. All are open for tours, as there are a number of other public buildings including the Federal Bureau of Investigations. I’d never realized how interesting it was.
Bob: Yes, I’ve always wanted to go there.
Text 2
Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)
In the early days the government offices of the USA were located first in the one city, then in another. Finally, in 1790, Congress decided that a capital city should be built.
On a cold spring morning in 1791, George Washington, the first president of the USA, and six other men took a horseback ride to choose the land on which the capital was to be built. They rode through the wilderness, along the Potomac River till they came to a place that looked good for them. They chose a plot of ground partly in Maryland and partly in Virginia.
In 1800 government offices were moved into the young city. Since then the nation’s capital called Washington has kept on growing. Now, the city with beautiful buildings, fine monuments, and green parks is a magnet that draws people from all over the world.
Here are the centers of the government’s three branches: the Capitol, begun in 1793; the White House, home to every president except George Washington; and the Supreme Court, completed in 1935. All are open for tours, as there are a number of other public buildings including the Federal Bureau of Investigations.
Washington is not a very large city. There is a law in Washington against building structures higher than the Capitol. So it presents a different appearance from New York with its sky-scrapers. The Capitol, where the Congress meets, is a very beautiful building with white marble columns.
When designed in 1790’s, the streets were planned to reach out in all directions from the Capitol Building – like the spokes of a wheel. The streets were given the names of states. Pennsylvania Avenue runs from the Capitol to the White House. It has been the route of many parades – some sad, some glad. When a new President goes into office, there is always a parade along Pennsylvania Avenue to honour the occasion.
Not far from the Capitol there is the Library of Congress, one of the two largest libraries in the world (Lenin Library in Moscow may be larger). It holds 5 million books.
The White House, the residence of the president, is the oldest public structure in the capital and one of the most beautiful. It is said that in 1812, when England was at war with America, the British captured the city and some buildings including the Capitol and the house of the president were set with fire. In 1814, in order to hide the marks of the fire the brown stone walls of the president’s home were painted white and it has been the “White House” ever since.
Washington is a city of monuments and its most famous ones pay tribute to Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln. There is also the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which has become one of the popular city’s monuments since 1982.
Washington is a city of museums as well. These include the National Gallery of Art, which houses one of the nation’s finest collections of paintings, sculptures, drawings and prints; the National Archives, where the original copies of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are displayed; the Cocoran Museum, which features an impressive collection of American painting and sculpture; and the Phillips Collection, the first museum of modern art in the country.
Among Washington’s other treasures are Ford’s Theatre, where Lincoln was shot; and the Folger Library, with the world’s largest collection of Shakespeareana. Lots of tourists visit the capital of the USA all year round. The best tour-season, Americans consider, is the early spring when Japanese cherry trees are in bloom. There is too much to see in Washington for just a short stay, and many return again and again to revisit favourite places and discover new ones.
Notes: to take horseback ride – отправиться на лошадях; wilderness – дикая местность; to keep on growing – продолжать расти; to draw – зд. привлекать; except – за исключением; the Federal Bureau of Investigations – Федеральное Бюро Расследования (ФБР); building structures – здания; a different appearance – не похоже; a sky-scraper – небоскреб; marble columns – мраморные колонны; to design – проектировать; to reach out – простираться; the spokes of a wheel – спицы колеса; the route – маршрут; to honour the occasion – в честь данного события; to capture – захватить; to hide the marks of fire – скрывать следы огня; to pay tribute – отдавать дань уважения; dedication – посвящение; to be displayed – демонстрироваться; to feature – отводить важное место; trees in bloom – цветущие деревья; to revisit – посетить еще раз.
Exercises
1. Practiсe in reading:
in 1790, in 1791, the Potomac River, Maryland, 1800, begun in 1793; the White House, the Supreme Court, in 1935, the Federal Bureau of Investigations, in 1790’s, Pennsylvania Avenue, the Library of Congress, in 1812, in 1814, Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, since 1982, the National Gallery of Art, the National Archives, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, the Cocoran Museum, Ford’s Theatre, the Folger Library, Shakespeareana, the Phillips Collection.
2. Prepare the reading of the words:
· with the first syllable stressed:
Congress, George Washington, the Capitol, Avenue
· with the second syllable stressed:
Virginia, Supreme, Vietnam, Memorial, Museum
· with the third syllable stressed:
Pennsylvania, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution
3. Answer the following questions:
1. When was the decision to build a capital city made? Who made it? 2. What place did they choose for the capital? 3. Why does Washington present a different appearance from New York? 4. What way was it planned in? 5. What building serves as the residence of the president? How does it look like? 6. Can you name the monuments to the most famous presidents of America? 7. What museums is Washington famous for? 8. One of the largest libraries in the world is in Washington, isn't it? What is it?
4. Agree or disagree. Give your grounds:
1. In the early days the government offices of the USA were located in the one city. 2. In 1800 government offices were moved into the young city. The White House is the oldest public structure 3. Washington is a very large city. 4. Washington is a city of monuments and museums.
Грамматика
Согласование времен
В английском языке время глагола в придаточном предложении зависит от времени, в котором употреблен глагол в главном предложении. Употребление времен в придаточных предложениях, главным образом дополнительных, подчиняется следующим правилам, называемым правилами согласования времен:
1. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм настоящего времени (обычно the Present Indefinite или the Present Perfect) или будущего времени (обычно the Future Indefinite), то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в любом времени, которое требуется по смыслу:
Таблица 1
| He knows that you are busy. | Он знает, что вы заняты. |
| He knows that you were busy. | Он знает, что вы были заняты. |
| He knows that you will be busy. | Он знает, что вы будете заняты. |
| He has said that he receivesletters from her. | Он сказал, что он получает от нее письма. |
| He has said that he has received a letter. | Он сказал, что он получил письмо. |
| He has said that he received a letter yesterday. | Он сказал, что он получил письмо вчера. |
| He has said that he will receivea letter tomorrow. | Он сказал, что он получит письмо завтра. |
| He will thinkthat you do it. | Он подумает, что вы это делаете. |
| He will thinkthat you have done it. | Он подумает, что вы это сделали. |
| He will thinkthat you did it yesterday. | Он подумает, что вы это сделали вчера. |
| He will thinkthat you will do it. | Он подумает, что вы это сделаете. |
2. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм прошедшего времени (обычно the Past Indefinite), то формы настоящего и будущего времени не могут употребляться в придаточном предложении. В этом случае глагол употребляется в одной из форм прошедшего времени или будущего в прошедшем (the Future in the Past):
а)для выражения действия, одновременного с действием главного предложения, глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в the Past Indefiniteилиthe Past Continuous. E. g. I was sure that you knew her address. – Я был уверен, что вы знаете ее адрес. I thought that he was waiting for me in the entrance hall. – Я думал, что он ждет меня в вестибюле.
б)для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного предложения, глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в the Past Perfect либо вthePast Perfect Continuous. E. g. I was sure that he had left Moscow. – Я был уверен, что он уехал из Москвы. He said that he had lost his watch. – Он сказал, что он потерял свои часы. They informedus that they had sent the books by parcel post. – Они сообщили нам, что они послали книги почтовой посылкой.
в)для выражения будущего действия по отношению к действию главного предложения глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в одной из форм будущего в прошедшем (the Future in the Past), выражающих будущее действие по отношению к прошедшему моменту. E. g. I hoped that I should find him at home. – Я надеялся, что застану его дома. He said that he would try to come in time. – Он сказал, что постарается прийти вовремя. I was sure that they would arrive in the evening. – Я был уверен, что они приедут вечером.
Когда глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, the Future in the Past употребляется и в том случае, когда время действия является будущим также и по отношению к моменту речи. E. g. He said that he would return tomorrow. – Он сказал, что возвратится завтра.
Таблица 2
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Past Indefinite. Present Perfect. Past Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Continuous | Past Continuous. Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Future Tenses | Future-in-the-Past Tenses |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | must / had to |
| could | could |
| might | might |
| should have done | should have done |
| needn’t | needn’t |