The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense. Прошедшее неопределенное время
Таблица 5
Утвердительная форма
| Лицо | Правильный глагол | Неправильный глагол | ||
| Ед.ч. | Мн. ч. | Eд. ч. | Мн. ч. | |
| I worked. | We worked. | I came. | We came. | |
| You worked. | You worked. | You came. | You came. | |
| Не (she, it) worked. | They worked. | He (she, it) came. | They came. |
Таблица 6
Вопросительная форма
| Лицо | Правильный глагол | Неправильный глагол | ||
| Ед.ч. | Мн. ч. | Eд. ч. | Мн. ч. | |
| Did I work? | Did we work? | Did I come? | Did we come? | |
| Did you work? | Did you work? | Did you come? | Did you come? | |
| Did he (she, it) work? | Did they work? | Did he (she, it) come? | Did they come? |
Таблица 7
Отрицательная форма
| Лицо | Правильный глагол | Неправильный глагол | ||
| Ед. ч. | Мн. ч. | Ед. ч. | Мн. ч. | |
| I did not (didn't) work. | We did not (didn't) work. | I did not (didn't) come. | We did not (didn't) come. | |
| You did not (didn't) work. | You did not (didn't) work. | You did not (didn't) come. | You did not (didn't) come. | |
| He (she, it) did not (didn't) work. | They did not (didn't) work. | He (she, it) did not (didn't) come. | They did not (didn't) come. |
Таблица 8
Краткие ответы на вопросы
| Did I work? Did I come? | Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn't). |
| Did you work? Did you come? | Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn't). |
| Did he (she, it) work? Did he (she, it) come? | Yes, he (she, it) did. No, he (she, it) did not (didn't). |
| Did we work? Did we come? | Yes, we did. No, we did not (didn't). |
| Did you work? Did you come? | Yes, we did. No, we did not (didn't). |
| Did they work? Did they come? | Yes, they did. No, they did not (didn't). |
The Past Indefinite Tense употребляется для выражения:
1) однократных действий в прошлом, никак не связанных с настоящим; Е. g.He wentto the theatre last weekend. My brother boughta new car 2 weeks ago.
Signals:yesterday, last week, 3 days ago, in 1996, etc.
2) регулярных, повторяющихся действий в прошлом;
Е. g. She visitedher friends every month last year. I readbooks every day when at school.
3) ряда последовательных действий в прошлом. Е. g.He camehome, had a bath and went to bed.
Exercises
1. Express the idea in the past (change the adverbials if necessary):
My working day lasts eight hours.
We discuss a lot of questions at the conferences.
I like sweets very much.
My father usually returns home at 7 in the evening.
Do they often spend their weekends in the country?
Tom walks his dog in the park late at night.
We gather at the club every Sunday.
How long does it take you to get to the theatre? - It takes me half an hour to get there.
I prepare my homework in the morning.
Before going to bed I can rest for half an hour or listen to the news.
Our family gets up at eight o'clock on Sunday. This girl reads about 200 pages every day.
2. Make the following sentences negative and ask all types of questions:
I studied German 5 years ago.
The girls came to the camp yesterday.
He asked me to give him your telephone number.
Ann translated a lot of letters last week.
Rick took his son to the park after work.
3. Answer the following questions using the Past Indefinite:
1. Did you study at this University last year? Where did you study lastyear?
2. When did you enter the University?
3. Did you go to the seaside last summer?
4. What did you do last weekend? Did you go to the country?
5. What time did you get up yesterday? What did you do next? Did you go to the Institute yesterday? How many classes did you have? Did you visit all of them? What time did you leave the University yesterday? Where did you have dinner? What did you do yesterday evening?
4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
Я окончила школу 2 года назад. В прошлом году мы не изучали английский язык. Мы изучали французский язык. Его родители уехали из Киева, когда ему было 10 лет. Вчера я встретил Лену в библиотеке. Когда вы обсуждали эту тему? - На прошлом занятии. Погода была хорошая, и мы с друзьями пошли в парк. Они вернулись домой в 7 часов вечера. Когда вы видели его в последний раз? - В прошлый вторник. В прошлом году Петя жил в деревне. Он вставал в 6 часов утра, одевался и шёл к реке умываться. Затем он завтракал. После завтрака он работал со своим дядей в саду и сажал (to plant) цветы перед домом.
The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense Будущее неопределенное время
Таблица 9
Утвердительная форма
| Лицо | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| I (shall) will work. | We (shall) will work. | |
| You will work. | You will work. | |
| He (she, it) will work. | They will work. |
Таблица 10
Вопросительная форма
| Лицо | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| (Shall) will I work? | (Shall) will we work? | |
| Will you work? | Will you work? | |
| Will he (she, it) work? | Will they work? |
Таблица 11
Отрицательная форма
| Лицо | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| I (shall) will not (shan't/won't) work. | We (shall) will not (shan't/won't) work. | |
| You will (won't) work. | You will (won't) work. | |
| He (she, it) will (won't) work. | They will (won't) work. |
The Future Indefinite Tense употребляется для выражения: однократных действий и фактов в будущем;
Е. g. He will stayat his aunt's next week. My brother will betwenty-five years old in 2 years.
Signals:tomorrow, next week, in 3 days etc. 1) регулярных, повторяющихся действий в будущем. Е. g.She will visither friends every month next year. I shall readbooks every day when I am a grown-up.
Примечание. В придаточных предложениях времени (союзы: when, before, after, till, as soon as etc.), относящихся к будущему, вместо The Future Indefinite Tense употребляется The Present Indefinite Tense. E. g.I shall bevery gladif I buythis car. Я буду очень рад, если куплюэту машину. If I havetime or wish, I will goto this concert. Если у меня будетвремя или желание, я пойдуна этот концерт.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Indefinite:
1. He (to begin) his lectures next month.
2. They (to be) at the station in time for the 10.30 train.
3. I (not to go) to the University tomorrow.
4. My sister (to go) to the South if she has enough money.
5. I (to be able to) translate this article next week.
6. My friends (not to see) this beautiful city again.
2. Make the following sentences negative and ask all types of questions:
I shall read the newspaper in the evening. My parents will go to the theatre next Sunday. He will see her at 9 o'clock tomorrow.
3. Use the correct form of the verb in the adverbial clauses of time and condition:
1. I will write to you about it when I (to have) time.
2. If she (to be) in Moscow, she will meet you.
3. You will have to work hard if you (to miss) lessons.
4. When the weather (to be) fine, we shall go for a walk.
5. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, I will use it in my report.
6. Don't forget to pay for the dinner, before you (to leave) the cafe.
7. When my friends (to come) to Moscow, they will go to the Bolshoi theatre.
8. You will lay the table as soon as Mary (to wash) the dishes.
9. If they (to come) in time, they will find them there.
4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. Через год она окончит университет и станет преподавателем.
2. После обеда он пойдёт в библиотеку.
3. Куда мы поедем летом?
4. Надеюсь, это вам очень поможет.
5. Аня сразу всё вспомнит, кода увидит тебя.
6. Я обязательно скажу тебе, если он сегодня позвонит.
7. Когда она вернётся, она поможет мне убрать квартиру.
8. Я навещу тебя, как только приеду в Брянск.
9. Она расскажет тебе о своей новой работе, когда позвонит тебе.
10. Я поверю, только когда увижу это.
11. Если вы поедете на Кавказ, вы получите огромное удовольствие.
12. Не забудь взять зонт, если начнётся дождь.
REVISION EXERCISES. The Indefinite Tenses
1. Open the brackets:
1. The students usually (to revise) the words at home or in class.
2. They (to go) to the cinema next week.
3. We (to read) a new text the day before yesterday. Then the teacher (to ask) questions and we (to answer) them.
4. I usually (to go) to bed at 11 o'clock. Yesterday my friends (to come) to see me and I (to go) to bed at one in the morning.
5. We (to translate) this text at the next lesson.
6. How long you (to stay) at the seaside last summer?
7. I (to go) for a walk, if I (to have) time.
8. Where John (to spend) his evenings?
9. Two years ago my sister (not to know) English.
10. My friends (not to go) to the theatre very often.
2. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. Они вернули книги в библиотеку на прошлой неделе.
2. Ему не нравятся иностранные языки.
3. Погода была хорошая, и мы с друзьями пошли в парк.
4. В следующем году мы будем изучать много новых предметов.
5. Она пишет мне письма каждый месяц.
6. Где вы были час тому назад?
7. Мэри увлекается лыжами и коньками.
8. В котором часу вы начали работать вчера? - После обеда. У нас было много работы.
9. Река Двина впадает в Черное море.
10. Если мы придем вовремя, мы их там застанем.
Test 1
Choose the right variant:
1. He has very … time and so … problems.
a) little, many b) many, little c) few, much
2. Students always ask … questions.
a) a few b) a little c) a lot of
3. She is very happy because she has … friends.
a) few b) a little c) many
4. He … animals.
a) likes b) like c) is like
5. They … a car last month.
a) buy b) bought c) buyed
6. I … early every morning.
a) don’t get up b) not get up c) doesn’t get up
7. The weather … fine tomorrow.
a) is b) will be c) was
8. Where … you … yesterday?
a) did, go b) did, went c) did gone
9. He … in 5 minutes.
a) comes back b) came back c) will come
10. I … good dinner if you … good meat.
a) will cook, will buy b) cook, will buy c) will cook, buy
Test 2
Choose the right variant:
1. We … TV every day.
a) watch b) see c) look
2. I will be very busy … the weekend.
a) on b) in c) at
3. The morning meal is called … .
a) breakfast b) dinner c) supper
4. It … me 5 minutes to get home.
a) take b) takes c) to take
5. Don’t forget to wash … after dinner.
a) up b) about c) for
6. It’s dark. Switch … the light.
a) off b) on c) of
7. After shower I dry myself with a … .
a) water b) soap c) towel
8. You will have problems because you … very many classes.
a) attend b) take c) miss
9. She worked much and feels … .
a) tired b) late c) happy
10. It’s late, it’s time to go … .
a) shopping b) to sleep c) to bed
Topic: FOOD
Topical Vocabulary
Names of meals Названия трапез
breakfast - завтрак high tea - ранний плотный ужин с чаем
lunch - ленч, второй завтрак supper - ужин
dinner - обед, ужин tea - чай
Be sure that you know the names of plates, dishes and cutlery which we use when we lay the table or cook a meal.
plate (dinner plate) - тарелка teapot - чайник для заварки
breadplate - хлебница sauce boat - соусник
fork - вилка sugar bowl - сахарница
spoon - ложка salt-cellar - солонка
tablespoon - столовая ложка pepper-pot - перечница
teaspoon - чайная ложка pan/saucepan - кастрюля
knife (knives) - нож (ножи) frying-pan - сковородка
ladle - половник coffee pot - кофейник
cup - чашка cake tin - форма для выпечки торта
glass - стакан wine glass - рюмка
table-cloth – скатерть saucer - блюдце
napkin – салфетка kettle - чайник
Names of primary products Названия основных продуктов
bread (white, brown) - хлеб (белый, черный)
eggs (a dozen eggs) - яйца (дюжина.яиц)
meat (beef, pork, lamb, veal) - cheese - сыр
мясо (говядина, свинина, баранина, телятина)
cottage cheese – творог sugar - сахар
fish, herring - рыба, сельдь honey - мед
butter - масло (животное) sausage – колбаса
sour cream - сметана
Names of dishes Названия блюд
soup - суп cabbage soup - щи
clear soup - бульон pea soup - гороховый суп
chops - отбивные fish and chips - рыба с картофелем, жаренным соломкой
beefsteak - бифштекс chicken - курица
salad, mixed salad-салат, винегрет macaroni, spaghetti - макароны
mashed potatoes – картофельное пюре
fried potatoes - картофель жареный
Names of dishes the English people like to have for breakfast:
bacon and eggs - бекон с яичницей
toast and marmalade (marmalade is usually made from oranges or other citrus fruits) - гренки с мармеладом (мармелад обычно делается из апельсинов и других цитрусовых)
muesli (a mixture of raw grains, dried fruit and nuts) – мюсли (смесь злаков, сухих фруктов и орехов)
porridge - (овсяная) каша
jam - варенье, джем
cornflakes - кукурузные хлопья
Names of sweet things:
pudding - пудинг stewed fruit - компот; консервированные фрукты
cake - торт, кекс pie - пирог
sweets – конфеты ice-cream - мороженое
chocolate – шоколад jelly - желе
Here are the names of things .that make our food more tasty and piquant:
mustard - горчица olive oil - оливковое масло
vinegar - уксус sauce, tomato sauce - coyc, томатный соус
horse-radish - хрен mayonnaise - майонез
Learn the names of some drinks:
soft drinks (non-alcoholic) hard drinks (alcoholic)
безалкогольные напитки крепкие напитки
tea - чай wine (red, white) - вино (красное, белое)
coffee - кофе beer - пиво
cocoa - какао champagne - шампанское
milk - молоко brandy - бренди
juice - сок gin - джин
squash - фруктовый сок rum - ром
(с газированной водой)- vodka - водка
whisky - виски
water - вода vintage (wine) - а fine wine made in a particular year - марочное вино
soda water - содовая вода
mineral water - минеральная
lemonade - лимонад
coca-cola - кока-кола
Here are the names of vegetables you should remember:
potato(es) - картофель vegetable marrow - кабачок
carrot - морковь aubergine (US egg plant)- баклажан
onion - лук green/red pepper - зеленый/красный перец
beetroot - свекла garlic - чеснок pea(s) - горох
leek - лук-порей green peas -зеленый горошек
celery - сельдерей cucumber - огурец
cabbage - капуста bean - боб
cauliflower - цветная капуста pumpkin - тыква
lettuce - салат-латук radish - редис
tomato(es) - помидор(ы) turnip - репа
Let's learn the names of some berries and fruits:
blackberries - ежевика oranges - апельсины
cherries - вишни bananas - бананы
plums - сливы tangerines - мандарины
gooseberries - крыжовник cranberries - клюква
dates - финики apples - яблоки
peaches - персики quince - айва
(black, red, white) currants - смородина (черная, красная, белая)
strawberries - клубника
дина (черная, красная, белая)
pears - груши
figs - инжир pomegranate - гранат
apricots - абрикосы raspberries - малина
grapes - виноград melon - дыня
water-melon - арбуз pineapple - ананас
lemon - лимон
Remember the adjectives which people usually use when they speak about dishes, drinks, fruit, berries:
tasty - вкусный sweet - сладкий
ripe - спелый refreshing - освежающий
tasteless - безвкусный sour - кислый
overripe - переспелый juicy - сочный
delicious - очень вкусный bitter - горький
unripe - недозрелый
Important phrases that can come in handy when speaking about meals:
to be hungry - хотеть есть, to clear the table - убирать со стола
to be thirsty - хотеть пить
to lay the table (laid, laid, laying) - накрывать на стол
to take away the dirty dishes - уносить грязную посуду
to sit down to table - садиться к столу
Help yourself to smth/to some food. - Угощайтесь.
to have supper - ужинать
Have some more (salad)! – Возьмите еще (салата).
to sit at table - сидеть за столом
to be having breakfast-завтракать
No more, thank you. - Спасибо, больше не надо
dinner is ready - обед готов
Text 1
American Food
Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country. Meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereals from various parts of the nation are available throughout the country during any season of the year. Frequently, the problem for the consumer is not the lack of variety of brands of food, but rather the bewildering assortment from which one must choose. In addition, the consumer can choose from foods that are fresh, frozen, canned and cooked or uncooked. Currently, virtually all food stores have available a wide array of frozen foods especially prepared to be heated or cooked in a microwave oven.
The microwave oven has revolutionized the home preparation of meals. It, along with the supermarket, where virtually any kind of foods is available, makes the preparation of food the most time-efficient in the world. A family can make only one trip a week to the supermarket to purchase its food needs for an entire week. Before the turn of the century Americans have got access to computer-based shopping enabling them to make their buying decisions at home and picking up their purchases at the store or having them delivered to their homes.
Since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world. The first fast-food chains like McDonalds, Burger King, Arby’s and Wendy’s which offer sandwiches, hamburgers, French-fried potatoes, hot dogs, pizzas, pancakes, chili and fried chicken, have been joined by other chains some of which offer Mexican, Chinese and other ethnic foods. The cost of the food in such restaurants is frequently cheaper than if one were to prepare similar food in one’s kitchen. Consequently, an entire family may frequently go to eat at fast food places for convenience and economy.
A more recent development in the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods. The food industry has made available a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products. Animals are now being scientifically bred to produce lean meat. Even low fat cheeses and ice creams are being produced. Vegetable, fruit and fruit consumption are increasing. A second demand is for foods grown and produced free of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. This has led to the development of an “organic food” industry. Of course, the cost of organic foods is substantially higher than for nonorganic food. The market for organic food has nevertheless been expanding.
(from “Life and Issues in the USA”)
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents for:
the lack of variety of brands of food; the bewildering assortment; all food stores have available a wide array of frozen foods especially prepared to be heated or cooked in a microwave oven; make the preparation of food the most time-efficient in the world; before the turn of the century; Americans have got access to computer-based shopping enabling them to make their buying decisions at home; take-out restaurants; phenomenal proliferation; fast-food chains; the cost of the food in such restaurants is frequently cheaper than if one were to prepare similar food in one’s kitchen; a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products; Animals are now being scientifically bred.
2. Give English equivalents for:
широкий ассортимент, выбирать, потребители, по всей стране, часто, более того, свежий, замороженный, консервированный, полуфабрикат, в настоящее время, фактически, доступный, приготовление пищи, на всю неделю, покупать, покупки, с 1950-х, недавно, предлагать, блины, жареный цыпленок, объединять, цена, дешевый, такая же еда, удобство и экономия, недавний, «быстроешки», «обеды на дом», духовка, постное мясо, потребление, требование, сыры с низким содержанием жиров, увеличиваться (возрастать), это привело к …, промышленность, тем не менее.
3. Choose the noun that can go with the following: wide , various, wider, microwave, bewildering, entire, home, computer-based, take-out, French-fried, recent, low-fat, “organic food”;
foods, parts, array, assortment, week, oven, preparation, shopping, restaurants, potatoes, development, variety, dairy, industry.
4. Comprehension questions: 1. What problem do American consumers face when buying food? 2. How often does a family visit a supermarket to purchase its food for a week? 3. What enables Americans to make their buying decisions right at home? 4. What is the secret of success of fast-food and take-out restaurants? 5. What is a more recent development in the American food industry? 6. Which food items are very popular now in America?
5. Translate into English: 1. Американцам доступен более широкий ассортимент продуктов, чем потребителям из любой другой страны. 2. Потребитель может выбирать свежие, замороженные, консервированные продукты и полуфабрикаты. 3. Мясо, рыба, фрукты, овощи и другие продукты не всегда доступны некоторым российским семьям. 4. Сейчас в магазинах большой выбор продукции, предназначенной для приготовления или разогрева в микроволновой печи. 5. Микроволновая печь – это революция в процессе приготовления еды. 6. Большинство американских семей посещает супермаркеты один раз в неделю, и покупают продукты на целую неделю. 7. «Компьютерный магазин» позволяет делать покупки, находясь дома. 8. С 1950 г. наблюдается феноменальное увеличение числа ресторанов быстрого обслуживания. Пообедать в таких ресторанах значительно дешевле, чем приготовить такую же еду своими руками. Поэтому американские семьи часто посещают «быстроешки», т.к. это удобно и экономично. 9. Американская пищевая промышленность предлагает большой выбор молочных и мясных продуктов с низким содержанием жиров. 10. Кормление животных осуществляется на научной основе с целью получения постного мяса. 11. Также существует требование к выращиванию овощей, не содержащих избыточное количество удобрений, пестицидов и гербицидов.
Text 2
An Englishman’s Diary
by Stephanie Andrews
An Englishman’s day – and who can describe it better than an Englishman’s wife? It begins when he sits down to breakfast with his morning newspaper.
As he looks through the headlines there is nothing he likes better than his favourite breakfast of cornflakes with milk and sugar (porridge if he lives in the North), fried bacon and eggs, marmalades on toasts and tea (with milk, of course) or coffee.
He in fact gets such a meal if there is enough money in the family to buy it.
After breakfast, except Saturdays or Sundays which are holidays, he goes to work by train, tube, bus, car, motor scooter, motor bike or walks there. He leaves home at about 7:30.
At offices or factories there is a tea or coffee break at eleven. Then at mid-day everything stops for lunch. Most offices and shops close for an hour from one to two.
Englishmen are fond of good plain food, and they usually want to know what they eat. They like beefsteaks, chops, roast beef and Yorkshire pudding, fried fish and chipped potatoes.
There are usually two courses in the mid-day meal – a meat course with a lot of vegetables, a sweet dish, perhaps fruit pudding and custards with tea or coffee to finish.
Then back to work again with another break in the middle of the afternoon, once again for tea or coffee, sometimes with a cake or biscuit.
The working day finishes at any time between four and six. When an Englishman gets home he likes to inspect his garden before the evening meal: tea, high tea, dinner or supper. When his evening meal is over, the Englishman may do a little gardening and then have a walk to the “local” (the nearest beerhouse) for a “quick one” (a drink, alcoholic, of course!).
There are a lot of people at the “local” and he can play darts, dominoes, billiards or discuss the weather, the local events or the current situation. But if the Englishman stays at home, he may listen to the radio, watch television, talk or read.
Then at any time between 10 and 12 he has his “night-cap” – a drink with a snack – and then off to bed ready for tomorrow.
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents for: ...and who can describe it better than an Englishman’s wife; there is nothing he likes better than his favourite breakfast of cornflakes with milk and sugar; Englishmen are fond of good plain food; most offices and shops; Yorkshire pudding; two courses in the mid-day meal; custards; to inspect his garden; high tea; when his evening meal is over; the Englishman may do a little gardening; current situation.
2. Give English equivalents for: приступить к завтраку; просматривать заголовки; любимый завтрак; кукурузные хлопья; действительно; в середине дня (полдень); мотороллер; простая еда; мясное блюдо; возможно; снова; игра, в которой дротики бросают в цель, обычно нарисованную на специальной доске; бильярд; домино; печенье.
3. Complete the following sentences by translating the Russian part into English: 1. When his evening meal (закончен), the Englishman may (немного поработать в саду) and then have a walk to the (ближайшую пивную) (the nearest beerhouse) for a “quick one” (a drink, alcoholic, of course!). 2. There are a lot of people at the (ближайшей пивной) and he can play darts, (домино), (бильярд) or (обсуждать погоду, местные события или текущее положение дел). 3. (Но если англичанин остается дома), he may listen to the radio, watch television, talk or read. 4. (Затем в любое время между) 10 and 12 he has his “night-cap” – a drink with a snack – and then off to bed ready for tomorrow.
4. Cross out things an Englishman doesn’t have for breakfast: pancakes, vegetable salad, beefsteak, porridge, plum pudding, toasts, prawn salad, cornflakes with milk, chicken, marmalade, baked potato, fried bacon, fried fish, eggs, garlic bread, pasta, mushrooms, coffee, tea, lemon, cream, scrambled eggs, cheese, tomatoes, fried eggs, butter, fruits, salad, orange juice, ice-cream, nuts, honey, jellied fish, cold cereals, chops.
5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English: 1. День англичанина начинается с завтрака и чтения утренней газеты. 2. Его любимый завтрак обязательно включает поджаренный бекон, тосты с джемом и чай. 3. Чай англичане пьют с молоком и сахаром. 4. Каждое утро я ем кукурузные хлопья с молоком. 5. В 11:00 утра перерыв, когда все пьют чай или кофе. 6. Есть еще один такой перерыв в течение дня – в 5 вечера. 7. Чай пьют с печеньем или кексом. 8. Англичане не пьют чай с лимоном. Такой чай они называют «русский чай». 9. Англичане предпочитают простую еду: жареную рыбу с картофелем, овощи или какое-нибудь мясное блюдо. 10. На десерт обязательно что-то сладкое, например, фруктовый пудинг с чаем или кофе. 11. Вечером после обеда англичане любят посидеть в пабе и выпить пиво. 12. В пабе не только пьют пиво, можно вкусно перекусить, поиграть в шахматы или в бильярд.
Dialogue 1. “Meals”
The Smiths are in their dining-room. There are five of them: Mr. Smith, the head of the family, Mrs. Smith, his wife, and their children: John, Ann and Kitty. They are having breakfast.Mrs. Smith is putting some cornflakeson the boy’s plate. The elder daughter is passing the sugarto her father.
Mrs. Smith: Will you have sugar on your cornflakes John?
John: Oh, no, Mum, thank you. I’d likesome moremilk instead.
Mr. Smith: Why aren’t you eating anything, Kitty? You are so slow.Look, Ann is already finishing her cornflakes.
Kitty: I don’t like cornflakes. I’m just thirsty.Give me some tea and cakes, Mum.
Mrs. Smith: Now, be a good girl, Kitty. Have some more cornflakes. We’re going to have bacon and eggs, and then you’ll get your tea with toastand marmalade.
Mr. Smith: Could you give me a little more cornflakes, dear?
Mrs. Smith: Just a moment. (Mrs. Smith passes him his plate.) What aboutbacon and eggs? Will you have some?
Mr. Smith: Sure. And then a nice strong cup of tea. I’m afraid I must leave in a quarter of an hour or so.
The father is already having his cup of tea while the children are still talking over their cornflakes.
Notes: meal – завтрак, обед или ужин; to have a meal–есть, поесть, e. g. We usually have four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper. Breakfast – завтрак, to have breakfast (dinner, supper) (no article!) – завтракать, обедать, ужинать, e. g. Dinner is ready. Have dinner with us. Cornflakes – пшеничные (кукурузные) хлопья; Mum = Mummy – мама; Dad = Daddy. What about…/ I’d (should) like (to do smth.) – Мне бы хотелось ...; more – еще; slow – медленный, e. g. You are very slow. Slowly adv – медленно, e. g. You speak very slowly.
Dialogue 2. “In the Canteen”
Ann: I think, it’s high time to have a bite I am hungry.
Bob: So am I. I see you are ready to go down to the canteen, I am just finishing this article. Will you waita minute, please?
Ann: Yes, hurry up,then.
Bob: I wonder if there is anything to your tasteon the menu.
Ann: Oh, yes, all kinds of things. Let’s have some soup, clear soup, perhaps?
Bob: I don’t think I’ll have any soup today. I’d like some salad to begin with.
Ann: Will you have mixed salad, chops and mashed potatoes?
Bob: Why, yes of course. What do you say toa bottle of beer?
Ann: No beer, thanks. I prefer a glass of soda-water or just a cup of tea.
Bob: All right. Tea then. Will you pass me the mustard, please?
Ann: Here you are. As for me, I never take mustard or pepper.
Bob: You don’t say so!
Ann: Look! The waitress is already bringing our tea.
Bob: We want neither ham nor sausage, do we?
Ann: No, ham as well as sausage is out of the question. I’d like some fruit, apples or oranges.
Bob: Yes, but I’m afraid you forget about the meeting of our English club. We must leave at once to be in time for the beginning of the discussion.
Ann: Right you are. Let’s pay for the dinner and be off.
Notes: It’s high time to do smth. – Давно пора…; to have a bite – перекусить; hungry – голодный; to be hungry – хотеть есть; hunger – голод. So am I – И я тоже. Wait – ждать; to wait for (smb., smth.), e. g. We are waiting for a taxi. Waiter (waitress) – официант (официантка); syn. to expect; to hurry – спешить, e. g. We are hurrying to the laboratory. Hurry up! – Скорее! Живее! e. g. Hurry up, it’s already 8 o’clock. Taste – вкус, e. g. You must know her taste if you want to buy her a present. To one’s taste – по вкусу. Proverb: Tastes differ. (О вкусах не спорят.); to taste – 1) пробовать, e. g. Will you taste my porridge? 2) иметь вкус, e. g. The pie tastes very sweet. Tasty – вкусный; to begin with – для начала, начнем с того, что ... What do you say to ... – Что вы скажете насчет ... You don't say so! – Что вы говорите?! Неужели?! Neither ... nor – ни ... ни. It is out of the question. – Об этом не может быть и речи. Это (совершенно) исключается, e. g. Going to the forest now is out of the question, it’s too dark. Discussion – дискуссия, обсуждение; to discuss, e. g. They are discussing a book by Mark Twain.
Грамматика
Numerals. Числительные
Количественные числительные от 1 до 19: 1 – one; 2 – two; 3 – three; 4 – four; 5 – five; 6 – six; 7 – seven ; 8 – eight ; 9 – nine; 10 – ten ; 11 – eleven; 12 – twelve; 13 – thirteen; 14 – fourteen; 15 – fifteen; 16 – sixteen; 17 – seventeen; 18 – eighteen; 19 – nineteen.
Количественные числительные от 20 и далее: 20 – twenty; 21 – twenty-one; 22 – twenty-two, etc.; 30 – thirty; 40 – forty; 50 – fifty; 60 – sixty; 70 – seventy; 80 – eighty; 90 – ninety; 100 – a (one) hundred; 100 – a (one) hundred and one; 102 – a (one) hundred and two, etc.; 200 – two hundred; 300 – three hundred, etc.; 1 000 – a (one) thousand; 1 340 –
a (one) thousand three hundred and forty; 2 235 – two thousand two hundred and thirty-five; 3 000 – three thousand; 100 000 – a (one) hundred thousand; 1 000 000 – a (one) million; 1 000 000 000 – a (one) milliard.
Порядковые числительные от 1 до 19: 1st first; 2nd second; 3rd third; 4th fourth; 5th fifth; 6th sixth; 7th seventh; 8th eighth; 9th ninth; 10th tenth; 11th eleventh; 12th twelfth; 13th thirteenth; 14th fourteenth; 15th fifteenth; 16th sixteenth; 17th seventeenth; 18th eighteenth; 19th nineteenth.
Порядковые числительные от 20 и далее: 20th twentieth; 21st twenty-first; 22nd twenty-second, etc.; 30th thirtieth; 40th fortieth; 50th fiftieth; 60th sixtieth; 70th seventieth; 80th eightieth; 90th ninetieth; 100th hundredth; 101st hundred and first; 102nd hundred and second, etc.; 200th two hundredth;
1 000th thousandth; 1 001st thousand and first; 1 000 000th millionth.
Числительные делятся на количественные и порядковые. Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуются от соответствующих числительных первого десятка прибавлением суффикса -teen: six – 'six'teen, seven – 'seven'teen и произносятся с двумя ударениями.
Числительные, обозначающие десятки, образуются от соответствующих числительных первого десятка путем прибавления суффикса -ty: six — sixty, seven — seventy.
Порядковые числительные, начиная с числительного four, образуются с помощью суффикса -th: sixth, seventh.
Чтение дат и дробей
What is the date? Todayis Wednesday, the seventeenth of January. What wasyesterday? Yesterday wasTuesday, the sixteenth of January. And tomorrow? Tomorrow will be Thursday, the eighteenth of January.
1st January 1915 – the first of January (January , the first), nineteen {hundred and) fifteen. 22nd October 1911 – the twenty-second of October (October the twenty-second), nineteen (hundred and) eleven.
Jan. – January; Feb. – February; Mar. – March; Apr. – April; Aug. – August; Sept. – September; Oct. – October; Nov. – November; Dec. – December.
1900 – nineteen hundred, 1903 – nineteen oh three, 2000 – two thousand, 2002 – two thousand two, 1/3 – one third, 2/5 – two fifth.
Exercises
1. Read the following numerals: 48; the 1st; the 2nd; the 3d; the 59th; 1,242; 3,125th; 0.5; 1/2; 3/7; 2/3; l,345,569; in 1987; in 1900; by 1805; the 100th; the 20th; the 52nd.
2. Choose the numerals in the singular or plural:
1. Millions/million of tourists visit the wilderness every year. 2. Four hundreds/hundred dollars are spent on ecological projects at this college.
3. There are thousands/thousand of city-dwellers suffering from smog.
4. The average sea-level will rise by nearly two hundred/hundreds feet because of ice-caps melting.
3. Read the following sentences:
1. The century after that may be hotter than any in the past 70,000 000 years. 2. As in other countries, at the end of the 1980s Britain became more concerned about preserving the environment. 3. Two incidents in 1988 changed our attitudes to nature: the 1st one was the death of 300 of seals, and the 2nd was a scandal concerning the dumping of a shipment of toxic waste in Britain. 4. To reduce the emission of pollutants special equipment must be installed costing in 1990 £350,000 000 per station.
4. Read the following: 15 August 1432; 18 December 1683; 5 October 1156; 27 March 1745; 14 April 1832; 23 November 1935; 22. June 1937; 26 May 1567; 3 August 1432; 8 January 1965; 23 February 1918; 16 September 1667.
5.Say what time it is now: 9.35; 11.30; 12.44; 2.15; 4.20; 8.50; 6.10; 5.30; 3.25; 7.15; 9.55; 5.45; 4.30; 2.45; 3.17; 1.40; 7.12; 10.40; 12.50;. 11.27; 8.25; 2.15.
6. Read the following numerals: 40; 60; 100; 90; 31; 57; 171; 365; 1583; 5 505; 75 000; 13 407; 433; 45 672; 324 456; 95 655; 478 932; 1 342 458; 5 879 453; 432 258; 575; 48560; 768 354; 7 245 672; 278; 439; 2 439; 66 769.
7. Name the days of the week.