Изучение грамматического материала
Калининград
| Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции: Методические рекомендации и контрольные задания для студентов заочной формы обучения / Авт.- сост. Соловьева Ю.В. г. Калининград: МФЮА, 2016. –19 с. | |
| Рассмотрена и одобрена Кафедрой общих гуманитарных и естественно-научных дисциплин Калининградского филиала МФЮА, протокол от «10» октября 2016 г. № _3__ | |
| Автор: Соловьева Ю.В. | |
| © Соловьева Ю.В., 2016 © Кафедра общих гуманитарных и естественно-научных дисциплин, 2016 © Калининградский филиал МФЮА, 2016 | |
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Методические рекомендации разработаны для помощи студентам при подготовке к экзамену по окончании курса обучения по английскому языку. Методические рекомендации подготовлены в соответствии с государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования к минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки выпускников по юридической специальности, изложенным в Государственном образовательном стандарте высшего профессионального образования, утвержденномМинистерством образования Российской Федерации и с учетом требований примерной программы по учебной дисциплине «Английский язык» для образовательных учреждений высшего профессионального образования.
Методические рекомендации определяют содержание и структуру дисциплины «Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции» и предназначены для обучения студентов очной и заочной форм обучения.
Курс «Английский язык» выступает одним из важных направлений комплекса гуманитарных наук, ставит своей задачей продолжить у будущих специалистов формирование основ владения английским языком, начатое в средней общеобразовательной школе, заложить основу практического владения языком своей профессии, позволяющую совершенствовать языковую компетенцию. Обучению иностранному языку отводится значительная роль в решении общеобразовательных задач, повышении интеллектуального и культурного уровня.
Методические рекомендации содержат требования к экзамену по английскому языку, перечень тем, общие методические указания по самостоятельной подготовке к экзамену, примерные статьи по специальности юридической тематики, список рекомендуемой и дополнительной литературы для подготовки к экзамену.
В результате изучения дисциплины обучающиеся должны знать:
- базовую лексику языка;
- лексику, представляющую нейтральный научный стиль;
- терминологию широкой и узкой специальности;
- уметь:
- уметь читать и переводить со словарем тексты;
- вести беседу по содержанию текстов на английском языке;
Данное учебно-методическое пособие разработано на основании типовой программы обучения иностранным языкам в неязыковых вузах и предназначено для студентов 1-го курса юридического профиля заочной формы обучения.
Структурно пособие состоит из следующих разделов: основные теоретические сведения по грамматическим аспектам английского языка, необходимые для правильного выполнения контрольных заданий; программа; методические указания; контрольные задания; тексты для ознакомительного и дополнительного чтения.
Материал контрольных заданий позволит студентам отработать основные языковые явления и имеет ярко выраженную профессиональную направленность. Предлагаемые в пособии тексты с упражнениями для контроля понимания прочитанного можно использовать не только для самостоятельной работы в межсессионный период, но и в качестве обучающего материала во время установочных занятий под руководством преподавателя.
Раздел 1. ПРОГРАММА КУРСА ТРЕБОВАНИЯ,
ПРЕДЪЯВЛЯЕМЫЕ К СТУДЕНТАМ-ЗАОЧНИКАМ
Целевая установка
Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку является достижение ими практического владения этим языком, что при заочном обучении предполагает формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.
В условиях заочного обучения такие виды речевой деятельности, как устная речь и письмо самостоятельно используются на протяжении всего курса в качестве средства обучения.
Перевод (устный и письменный) на протяжении всего курса обучения используется: а) как средство обучения; б) для контроля понимания прочитанного; в) в качестве возможного способа передачи полученной при чтении информации.
В процессе обучения решаются воспитательные и общеобразовательные задачи, способствующие достижению его целей и задач.
Данное пособие предусматривает, главным образом, самостоятельную работу студентов. Работа под руководством преподавателя рассчитана на 16 учебных часов, которые используются для групповых занятий различного характера (установочные, контрольно-закрепительные).
Общие указания
Студенты заочного факультета изучают дисциплину «Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции» в течение одного года (двух семестров). Программой предусмотрены зачет в 1-м и экзамен во 2-м семестре.
Материал каждого семестра включает: 1) изучение определенных разделов грамматики, 2) выполнение упражнений (устно и письменно), 3) чтение и перевод текстов (с обязательным составлением словаря к каждому тексту), 4) выполнение контрольной работы (письменно), 5) рассказы по темам устой речи.
Задание
ЛЕВАЯ ПРАВАЯ ПОЛЯ(2 см.)
Требования на зачетах и экзамене
Для получения зачетанеобходимо: уметь прочитать, перевести любой раздел контрольной работыи объяснить грамматический материал, прочитать и перевести со
словарем предложенный незнакомый текст, рассказать темы данного семестра.
Содержание экзамена.
1. Чтение и письменный перевод со словарем юридического текста (1000 - 1200 знаков за 45 минут)
2. Защита контрольной работы.
3. Беседа по одной из пройденных тем устной речи
Примечание:наличие англо - русского словаря на практических занятиях, зачетах и экзамене обязательно!
I CЕМЕСТР
- Употребление настоящего, прошедшего и будущего неопределенного времени в страдательном (пассивном) залоге. (Present Indefinite Passive, Past Indefinite Passive , Future Indefinite Passive в утвердительных, вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях). Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.
Выполните следующие упражнения:
I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова:
1.Ann's child usually rests in the country in summer. Let's have a rest it's 2 p.m. already. 2.We always help them with their English. I don't need his help. 3. Don't stop the car, there is no parking here. They often meet at the bus stop in the morning. 4. They plan to walk tonight. I like his plan to rest in Sochi. 5. He always answers his teachers’ questions very well. Their answers in English are usually very good. 6.Let's speak about this play. They play chess very well. 7. They watch all the plays of this team. His watch is always slow. Nick plays tennis very well. 8. I like this writer's works. She works at school. 9. We don't know her name. Name the days of week, please. 10. Pavel studies at the Law Academy. Judges must know all laws. All studies here are very comfortable. She gives all the time to studies.
II. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова:
1. The students trained at our Academy study jurisprudence. 2. Last month he trained in the club twice a week. 3. Ann taught English two years ago. 4. The subjects taught at the academy are very important for our future career. 5. They read a few new texts every week. 6. We read only
two new texts last week. 7. All the read texts were very interesting. 8. The article read by us was about combating crime. 9. A very interesting report was read at the conference. 10. Read Text 2 at home and be ready to answer some questions on it.
III. Выполните упражнение по модели:
Model: He usually leaves home at 8 o' clock. (When…?) When does he usually leave home?
1.The Blacks live in a small village near Liverpool. (Where…?). 2. These men go to the pub every evening. (How often…?). 3. They take exams in January and in June. (When…?). 4.Mary usually does her room very quickly. (How…?). 5. We want to catch the six-o'clock train. (What train…?). 6. Mother wakes him up at a quarter to 7 a. m. (At what time…?). 7. They want to buy a new dictionary for their son. (Who…for?). 8. He likes home-produced foodstuffs best. (Which…?). 9. He studies at the Law Academy because of the family tradition. (Why…?). 10.She often uses her father's computer. (Whose…?).
VI.Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, затем отнесите их к Future Indefinite Active, используя слова в скобках:
1.She went to New York last year (London next year). 2. Nick visited Washington last month (Boston next month). 3. They left for Geneva two weeks ago (Paris soon). 4. Kate lived in Italy last summer (Spain next summer). 5.Ann started for France yesterday (England on Friday). 6. The Petrovs went on a tour of Russia two years ago (the Ukraine next summer). 7. He left Yekaterinburg the day before yesterday (Moscow the day after tomorrow). 8. They came from the USA a fortnight ago (the UK in a day) 9. She was in lraq last year (Cuba soon). 10.Steve studied at school two years ago. (a higher school next year)
V.Выберите правильный ответ:
1. There … many higher schools in our city. a) do b) does c) is d) has e) are
2. I … nothing in my hand. a) am b) do c) have d) does e) has
3. This girl … to School No. 5 a) to go b) go c) has d) goes e) is
4. Yekaterinburg … one of the largest cities in Russia. a) is b) does c) has d) are e) is not
5. The students of our group … English. a) to study b) studies c) study d) don't study e) teach
6. My family and I … in the USA. a) live b) lives c) don't live d) living e)doesn't live
7. … there any pictures on the walls? a) does b) do c) is d) has e) are
8. … you sleep in the daytime? a) does b) is c) do d) have e) are
9. Ann … like to read detective stories. a) do b) does c) is d) don't e) doesn't
10. На какой вопрос можно ответить “Yes, he does”? a) Is Mike at home now? b) Has Mike a sister? c) Does Mike live in Yekaterinburg or in Omsk? d) Does Mike live in Yekaterinburg ? e) Where does Mike live?
11. Найдите «общие вопросы»: a) Do you prefer tea or coffee in the morning? b) Do you often go to the cinema? c) What is there in your bag? d) Is there a superstore near here? e) You are a first-year student, aren't you?
VI.Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения.
1. English is a widespread language. It is spoken all over the world.
2. It's a very good dictionary. It was bought last week.
3. He will be sent on business next week.
4. The book is much spoken about.
5. The doctor was sent for at once.
6. Is she often invited to the cinema or to the theatre?
7. When he was a teenager, he was often laughed at.
8. Spanish is not taught at our Academy.
9. A new hostel will be built in a year.
10. All the exams were passed successfully in January.
VII.Раскройте скобки, выбирая нужную форму глагола.
1. The porter will (bring, be brought) your luggage to your room.
2. Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift.
3. Your hat and coat may (leave, be left) in the cloak room downstairs.
4. They can (leave, be left) the key with the room clerk downstairs.
5. From the station they will (take, be taken) straight to the hotel.
6. Tomorrow he will (take, be taken) them to the Russian Museum.
7. Nick will (send, be sent) on business next month.
8. Nick will (send, be sent) a telegramme to his parents.
9. His new book will (publish, be published) next month.
10. He will (publish, be published) his book next month.
Прочитайте и переведите следующие тексты:
T e x t 1
T e x t 2
Who is Who in the Law?
If you are prosecutedfor a crimein Britain, you may meet the following people during your process through the courts:
MAGISTRATES. Magistrates are unpaid judges, usually chosen from well–respected people in the local community. They are not legally qualified. They are guided on points of lawby an official, the Clerk.
SOLICITORS.After the suspectwas arrested, the first person he/ she needs to see is a solicitor. Solicitors are qualified lawyers who advisethe person and help prepare the defence case.
BARRISTERS. In more serious cases, or where there are special difficulties, it is usual for the solicitor to hire a barristerto defend the accused. The barrister is trainedin the law and in the skillsrequired to argue a casein court.
JURORS. A juryconsists of twelve men and women from the local community. They sit in the Crown Court, with a judge, and listen to witnessesfor the defence and prosecutionbefore decidingwhether the accused is guilty or innocent.
JUDGES. Judges are trained lawyersnearly always exbarristers, who sit in the Crown Court and Appeal Court. The judge rules on points of law, and makes sure that the trialis conductedproperly. He/she does not decide on the guiltor innocenceof the accused – that is the jury's job. However, if the jury findthe accused guilty, then the judge will pass sentence.
T e x t 3
Solicitors and Barristers
England is unique in having two different kinds of lawyers. They are solicitors and barristers.
If a person has a legal problem, he goes to see a solicitor. Almost every town has at least one. In fact, there are about 60,000 solicitors in Britain.
Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimesand some matrimonial mattersin magistrates’ courts. He prepares the case and the evidence. He may represent his clientin the lower courts. In a civil action, he can speak in the county court, when the case is one of divorceor recoveringsome debts. Besides, a solicitor deals with other matters. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, he writes legal letters for you, he helps you to make a will, etc.
Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are expertsin the interpretation of the law. They adviseon really difficult points, and conduct legal proceedings in the higher courts. Barristers are rather remote figures. A barrister’s client can come to him only via a solicitor.
Barristers do not have public offices in any street. They work in chambers, often in London. There are about 6,000 barristers in England. Usually only barristers can become judges in English courts.
Выполните письменно свой вариант контрольной работы:
Контрольная работа №1
Вариант 1
Упр. I:Перепишите следующие предложения, раскрывая скобки. Переведите предложения письменно.
1. Crimes committed by the juveniles (try / are tried) in juvenile courts.
2. The Lord Chancellor (appoints, is appointed) Justices of the Peace.
3. Some minor cases (hear / are heard) by 2 magistrates.
4. This case (will consider / will be considered) next week.
5. Justices of the Peace (choose / are chosen) from ordinary people
6. Magistrates (advise / are advised) on points of law by the clerk of the court.
7. A serious crime (committed / was committed) last week in this town.
8. Twelve men and women (will select / will be selected) from the local
community to try this case.
Упр. II:Заполните пропуски правильной видо-временной формой глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения.
1. Magistrates ……….. minor cases. will be tried
2. They ………. this case two days ago. is tried
3. A serious case ………. in the Crown Court will try
last month. try
4. The County Court ………. this case in 2 days. tried
5. As this case is connected with property was tried
rights it ……… by the High Court.
6. If an offender is under seventeen, his case …… the juvenile courth
Упр. III.Перепишите следующее предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) The fine paid amounted to three hundred dollars.
2) The police investigating the case are looking for three men.
3) All criminal trials in Britain are held before a judge and a jury
consisting of twelve ordinary people.
4) Knowing English well, he translated the text without a dictionary.
Упр. IV. Переведите текст письменно.
Judges in Great Britain.
In Britain, the vast majority of judges (that is, the people who decide what should be done with people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called “Magistrates”, or “Justices of the Peace” (JPs).
They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have “common sense” and understand their fellow human beings. They work voluntarily. They are appointed by the Lord Chancellor on the recommendation of local advisory committees.
A case is usually heard by a bench of three magistrates who are advised on the law by the clerk of the court. There are about 30,000 magistrates and they hear over 90 per cent of criminal cases.
Besides, there is a small proportion of district judges. These are fulltime paid judges appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor. There are about 100 district judges in England and Wales. They sit in the magistrates’ courts in the larger cities, particularly in
London. A case is usually heard by a single district judge. Barristers or solicitors of seven years’ experience can be appointed district judges. A distinctive feature of the British system in comparison with many continental systems is that it does not have law schools training judges.
Judges are chosen from lawyers who gained considerable experience as legal practitioners before they are appointed to the judiciary.
In continental systems a law graduate can choose to be a judge at the beginning of his/her career. In Great Britain they cannot.
The vast majority of judges are magistrates. A small proportion of judges are not magistrates. They are called “High Court Judges” and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal must be sent to prison for more than a year. High Court Judges are paid salaries by the state and have considerable legal training.
The work of judges is not easy. They even make mistakes sometimes. These mistakes are often overruled by appeal courts. People usually say that the judge has ‘power over the lives and livelihood’ of all litigants who enter the court. . The judge’s decision may frequently affect the interests of individuals and groups of people who are not present in court. That’s why it’s true to say that the judge has burdensome responsibilities to make decisions. That’s why we say that the judge’s work is not easy.
Вариант 2
Упр. I.Перепишите следующие предложения, раскрывая скобки. Переведите предложения письменно.
1. All criminal cases (start / are started) in the magistrates’ courts.
2. This serious case (referred / was referred) to the Crown Court.
3. The jury (will decide, will be decided) on guilt or innocence of this man.
4. English law (bases / is based) on the common law tradition.
5. Accusatorial procedure (means / is meant) that judges do not investigate the cases.
6. This case (will try / will be tried ) by 2 magistrates.
7. This matrimonial matter ( dealt with / was dealt with) the solicitor.
8. A solicitor (prepares, is prepared) the case and the evidence for the trial
Упр. II.Заполните пропуски правильной видо-временной формой глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения.
1. Baristers … really difficult matters.
2. Magistrates … on points of law by a court clerk. advised
3. I … to see a solictor on this matter yesterday. advise
4. The solictor … you how to write a will. are advised
5. If you come to see a solicitor, you … on all the will be advised
problems connected with your property. was advised
6. The solicitor … me to begin an action to recover will advise
the debt
Упр. III. Перепишите следующее предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) While entering the office they discovered that there was nobody there.
2) The evidence carefully collected and preserved was presented to the judge.
3) This is the information obtained from the victim.
4) She sent me a letter stating these facts.
Упр. IV.Переведите текст письменно.
Judicial System of the USA
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the United States and the head of the judicial branch.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and such a number of Associate Justices as may be fixed by Congress. Power to nominate the Justices is vested in the President of the United States, and appointments are made by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate. The appointments are made for life, that is, a Justice cannot be dismissed from his/her post. A Justice may if he/she so desires, retire at the age of 70 after serving 10 years as a Federal Judge, or at the age of 65 after 15 years of service. The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by Congress, or any order issued by the President.
The USA is divided into 13 federal judicial circuits, each one being served with a court of appeals known as the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit. Included in these 13 judicial circuits is the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and the Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit.
There are about 90 district courts in the USA. Each state is comprised of one or more federal judicial districts, and in each district there is a district court. The United States district courts are the trial courts with general Federal jurisdiction over cases involving federal laws or offenses and actions between citizens of different states. Each state has at least one district court. There is also a United States district court in the District of Columbia. Only one judge is usually required to hear and decide a case in a district court, but in some kinds of cases it is required that three judges be called together to comprise the court. In districts with more than one judge, the judge senior in commission who has not reached his seventieth birthday acts as the chief judge.
II СЕМЕСТР
• модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты,
• времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) в активном залоге
• времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в активном и пассивном залоге.
Выполните следующие упражнения:
I.Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на видо-временную форму глагола.
1. Why are you leaving so soon? - I'm hurrying to the University. I attend the meetings of the English Club on Fridays. 2. I've already done my shopping and now I'm cooking dinner. 3. She takes her little daughter to the kindergarten every day. 4. Somebody left the light on all night. 5. They are going to get married. 6. He is often seen in the library of the University. 7. They had packed their suitcases before I came. 8. I'm afraid we'll be late if we don't hurry. 9. The letter has just been typed. 10. He never misses his English classes as he is going to London soon and wants to speak English very well. 11. Will you be through with your exam in an hour? 12. These houses were built more than 25 years ago. 13. Were you getting ready for your exam all day long yesterday? 14. The translation will have been done by Monday. 15.English is spoken
in many countries of the world. 16. I've already passed all the exams and I’m leaving for my native town tonight. 17. The articles had been translated and typed by last Tuesday.
II.Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:
1. You can and you must do this work. 2. There will be no meeting after classes. You may go home. 3. May I take this book home? - I'm afraid not. 4. You needn't take a bus. You can walk there. It's not far from here. 5. There are little children in the room. You mustn't smoke here. 6. Did you have to translate the text in writing? - No, I didn't. 7.He has to get up rather early as he lives far from the University. 8. She had to stay at home yesterday because she was ill. 9. He is to make a report at the conference. 10. He needn't go to the library, I can give him the book he
needs. 11. You should be more attentive in class. 12. Kate is in hospital. You ought to go to see her. 13. I hope they will be able to speak English fluently soon. 14. Ann is still very weak. She won't be allowed to leave home. 15. He'll have to work hard to be able to pass all exams successfully. 16. Mr. Smith is to meet the delegation at the airport. 17. I couldn't go for a walk yesterday as I had to do much work about the house. 18. We are to take five tests and four exams in January. 19.Must she water the garden? - No, she needn't, it looks like rain. 20. May I smoke
here? - No, you mustn't.
III.Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:
1. I can't tell you the time. I've left my watch somewhere. 2.There is no point in asking him to help us. He's sold his car and hasn't yet bought a new one. 3. Have you ever been to the USA? - Not yet. 4. She's done the translation, and now she's going home. 5. We haven't met him since we finished school. 6. They've lived in Serov since they graduated from the University. 7. Have you seen them lately? - Unfortunately not. 8. Has she already passed all the exams? - Yes, she has. She has passed them with good and excellent marks. 9. Who has written out the new words from the text? - Everybody has. 10. I'm glad to meet you. - So am I. I haven't seen you for ages.
IV.Ответьте на следующие приказания по модели:
Model:Open the window! - But I've already opened it.
1. Water the flowers! 2. Cut the bread! 3. Dust the furniture! 4. Take the books to the library! 5. Translate Text 2 on Page 54! 6. Write out new words from the text! 7. Learn the poem by heart! 8. Buy a good dictionary! 9.Wash your hands! 10. Send her photo to him! 11. Read the article! 12. Listen to the latest news!
V.Найдите правильный ответ:
1. Participle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи:
a) -ing b) -ed c) -es d) -s e) –en
2. Participle II неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи:
a) -ing b) -ed c) –es
d) по разному (вторая форма глагола)
е) по разному (третья форма глагола)
3. Какие глаголы образуют Participle II с помощью "-ed"?
a) to do b) to work c) to be d) to see e) to study
4. Какие глаголы образуют Participle II по разному?
a) to meet b) to ask c) to begin d) to know e) to translate
5. Present Perfect используется:
a) когда есть результат законченного действия, но время действия не указано
b) со словами "already, yet, just, ever, never"
c) со словами "yesterday, last year, last month, last week, ... days (weeks, months, years) ago"
d) со словами "today, this week, this month, this year"
e) если мы спрашиваем, когда действие произошло
6. При образовании Perfect смысловой глагол должен быть в форме:
a) Participle I (writing, opening)
b) Infinitive with "to" (to write, to open)
c) Participle II (written, opened)
d) Infinitive without "to" (write, open)
e) Past Indefinite (wrote, opened)
7. Вспомогательным глаголом для образования времен Perfect служит:
a) to do b) to be c) to have d) to get d) to become
8. Найдите инфинитив в Perfect Active:
a) to be elected b) to have elected c) to have been elected
d) to have been electing e) to be being elected
9. Найдите глаголы в Present Perfect Active:
a) is written
b) has written
c) have written
d) has been written
e) have been written
10. Найдите предложения в Present Perfect Active:
a) I haven't heard the news yet.
b) Pete has just bought a new dictionary.
c) Ann bought a new dress yesterday.
d) Who has taken my pen?
e) Helen has been bought a new dress.
11. Какой вспомогательный глагол нужен для следующего предложения : "We ... never been to Moscow"
a) shall b) were c) have d) has e) did
12. Найдите правильную форму глагола для следующего предложения: "He ... Ann this week"
a) didn't meet b) haven't met c) hasn't met
d) doesn't meet e) hasn't been met
13. Найдите правильный вопрос к подчеркнутому члену предложения:
"He has bought a few English books this week"
a) Who has bought a few English books?
b) What books has he bought?
c) When did he buy a few English books?
d) How many English books has he bought?
e) What has he bought this week?
14. Найдите правильную форму глагола для следующего предложения: "She ... to her native town since 1995"
a) was not b) haven't been c) had not been
d) hasn't been e) were not
15. Найдите правильный ответ к следующему вопросу: "Has your brother helped you?"
a) Yes, he did. b) Yes, he is. c) Yes, he was.
d) Yes, he does. e) Yes, he has
VIПрочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:
1. I had studied English before I entered the University. 2. They had arrived at the station by 5 o'clock. 3. Bob had written the report by Sunday. 4.The teacher had given the pupils their home task before the bell rang. 5. I had heard it was a good film so we decided to go and see it. 6. He felt much happier once he had found a new job. 7. Mother had cooked dinner by the time we got hungry. 8. Ann had had dinner by that time. 9.They had sent all the invitation cards long before the wedding party. 10. The children had already fallen asleep when their parents returned home after the concert.
Прочитайте и переведите следующие тексты:
T e x t 1
Types of Criminal Offences
There are three types of criminal offences: summary, indictableand triable either way. The nature of the offence determines the mode of trial.
Summary offences are the less serious offences.These offences are tried in the magistrates’ court, without a jury, before a bench of two or three lay magistrates or by one district judge. The sentences of the magistrates’ courts are limited to imposing a fineof up to 5,000 pounds or a prison sentence of six months.
Indictable offences are the most serious offences. Examples are murder, manslaughter, rapeand arson.The procedure for trying these offences begins in the magistrates’ court. This court has the duty to assess whether there is evidenceor not to send the accused for trial by jury. If there is enough evidence, a trial will take place in the Crown court before a judge and a jury. This procedure is called “the committal,”that is the referring of a case from a magistrates’ court for trial at the Crown court following a preliminary investigationby the magistrates.
Certain types of offences are triable either way: either as an ‘indictable offence’ or as a ‘summary offence’. When an offence is triable either way, the magistrates’ court must decide, if the case should be tried on indictmentor summarily. Even if they decide that they can hear the case themselves, they must give the defendant the choice of opting for trial upon indictment before a jury. These include offences of deception, theft, dangerous drivingand some others.
T e x t 2
Kinds of Crimes in the USA
The word ‘crime’ is generally associated with the wrongdoingbut not every type of wrongis a crime. For instance, failing to fulfil a term of a contract is a wrong, but it is purely a dispute between individuals.
However, stealingfrom another person is also a wrong but it falls under the criminal law because such actions are offences which can result in prosecution.
Thus, we may say a crime is an act that violatesthe criminal law of a community. Every crime is a crime against the state.
In general, there are two kinds of crime. Felonies, which include murder, robberyand arson, are the most serious. Anyone who commitsa felony can be sent to a state prison. In some states certain felonies carry the death penalty.
Misdemeanorsare less serious. The penalty is a fine or imprisonmentof up to a year in jail. Shopliftingand driving while drunk are examples of misdemeanors.
In cases where it is not clear whether the crime is a felony or misdemeanor, it is a judge whomakes the final decision.
Crimes may also be classified as being against persons or against property.Crimes against person include assault, murder and kidnapping.
Property crimes include burglary,robbery and auto theft.
Crime in the USA is often big business. Criminal organizations such as the Mafia and the Cosa Nostra are highly organized groups who control criminal activities in a community. Many criminals today hide behind respectable businesses and use them as cover-ups for their profitable
criminal activities.
T e x t 3
Crimes in the USA
In the United States the causesof serious crimes are hotly debated, as elsewhere. Among them are unemployment, drug-abuse, poverty, inadequate police enforcement,ineffective courts, racial discrimination, television and “a general decline in middle-class values”.
Many communities have started their own campaigns against crime.
They encourage their citizens to participate in crime preventionprograms and to report crimes. Several civil rights groups actively support such “self-help” campaigns. In some neighborhoods, citizens participate in “neighborhood watch”programs and organize groups to patrol the streets.
Public opinion pollsshow that most Americans feel handgunsare responsible for the high murder rate. A majority of Americans, some 70 percent, favor laws banningthe private ownership of all handguns. At present, there are about 23,000 state and local gun laws and ordinances throughout the US. Some states only prohibitcarrying handguns. In others owners must register all handguns and have a license to carry them. In some communities people are not allowedto own any handguns.
Many Americans cite the Second Amendment to the Constitution:
“…the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed”.
They say “Guns don’t kill, people do”.
Контрольная работа № 2
Вариант 1
Упр.I.Перепишите следующие предложения, раскрывая скобки. Переведите предложения письменно.
1. The suspect … just (has questioned / has been questioned) …by the police.
2. The magistrate … already (has committed / has been committed) … the case to the Crown court.
3. All the evidence (had collected / had been collected ) against the accused by the beginning of the trial.
4. The accused (has appealed / has been appealed) against the conviction and the severity of the sentence.
5. The defendant (has been presented / has presented) by a famous barrister.
6. The court … just (has been released / has released) … the accused.
7. The magistrate … just (has decided / has been decided) there is enough evidence to answer a case.
8. The jury … just (has been found / has found) the accused guilty.
Упр.II.Заполните пропуски правильной видовременной формой глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения.
1. Dangerous driving … in the 1. had tried
magistrates’ court this week.
2. The court … this offence on 2. will have been tried
indictment because it’s serious. 33
3. By Friday this case … 3. has been tried
4. When we came, the case of arson … 4. has tried
5. The court … the case by last May. 5. had been tried
6. The magistrate … these minor 6. will have tried
offences summarily.
Упр.IIIПерепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) According to English law, people are innocent until they are proved guilty.
2) A burglar alarm has been installed in the apartment.
3) This event is being reported about in all newspapers.
4) A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system had already been taken by the beginning of the year
5) The convicted was taken to prison after his appeal had been rejected by the higher court.
6) He knew groundless charges were being made against him.
7) By Sunday the article will have been published in the newspaper.
8) The case was being prepared for the trial when the investigator was given some new material
Упр.IV.Составьте предложения по модели и переведите их
Model 1: I had to work very hard last week.
To meet a relative at the station yesterday, to make a report at the last seminar, to take three exams last week
Model 2: I am to come at the examination at 10 a.m.
To have an English class on Tuesday, to go to the library before classes, to translate two texts at home.
Model 3: You should be more attentive in class.
To help mother about the house, to work better, to sleep at least seven hours.
Упр. V.Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have.
1) The preliminary survey is to acquaint the investigating officer with the entire scene and its important details.
2) She will have to come home earlier.
3) The value of physical evidence is based on the law of probabilities.
Упр. VIПереведите текст письменно:
What is a Crime
Crime is a term that refers to misconduct forbidden by law. Murder – also called homicide – is a crime in all countries. Other crimes include: stealing a car, resisting arrest, possessing or selling illegal drugs, appearing nude on a public street, driving while under the influence of alcohol, and robbing a bank.
The list of acts considered crimes is constantly changing. Today, it is becoming a serious crime to pollute the air and water. Pollution caused few problems and received little attention in preindustrial times.
From a legal standpoint, a crime is a violation of the criminal law. Such law deals with actions considered harmful to society. On the other hand, most harmful acts causing injury to another person are violations of the civil law. Some overlapping occurs in this classification. For example, murder and rape are committed against individuals, but the law considers them crimes because they threaten society. For this reason, a crime is regarded as an offence against the state.
An act is viewed as a crime if enough evidence exists to make a police officer, a prosecutor, or a judge believe that a violation of criminal law has taken place.
Вариант 2
Упр. I.Перепишите следующие предложения, раскрывая скобки. Переведите предложения письменно.
1. Many organizations … (have been started / have started) the campaigns against smoking.
2. Crime prevention programs … (have launched / have been launched) by the law enforcement bodies this year.
3. By the end of this year smoking … (will have prohibited / will have been prohibited) in all offices and institutions.
4. He registered his handgun as soon as he … (had bought / had been bought) it.
5. The program ‘neighborhood watch’ … (will have been begun / will have begun) by the beginning of the next month.
6. Public … (has supported / has been supported) the program of crime prevention.
7. The sentence … (has been limited / has limited) to imposing a fine of 3,000 pounds.
8. As there … (had been collected / had collected) enough evidence, the court sent the accused for trial by jury.
Упр. II.Заполните пропуски правильной видо-временной формой глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения.
1. The sentence … just 1. will have passed
2. The sentence … by next Friday. 2. has been passed
3. The judge … the sentence of 2-year 3. had been passed
imprisonment.
4. The sentence … when we came. 4. has passed
5. The court … the judgement on
Probation by last Thursday. 5. had passed
6. The court … the sentence by next
Tuesday.
6. will have been passed
Упр. III.Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола – сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Thousands of frauds are committed every year.
2) This grammar rule is being discussed at the lesson today.
3) The case has been investigated successfully.
4) Different kinds of offences were reflected in Crime Statistics
5) A great part of work is devoted to finding missing or wanted persons.
6) The guilt of the suspect has been proved by the investigating officers.
7) A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system were being taken by the Government for a few years.
8) The Common Law offences had been codified by 1986.
Упр. IV.Составьте предложения по модели и переведите их
Model 1: I had to work very hard last week.
To stay after classes on Monday, to translate the text in writing, to
read up for the seminar in the library
Model 2: I am to come at the examination at 10 a.m.
To take five tests and four exams in January, to visit grandparents
next week end, to get up early on Sunday
Model 3: You should be more attentive in class.
To use a dictionary when reading a new text, to pay more attention to
studies, to attend all lectures and tutorials
Упр. V.Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have.
1) The preliminary survey is to acquaint the investigating officer with the entire scene and its important details.
2) She will have to come home earlier.
3) The value of physical evidence is based on the law of probabilities
Упр.VIПереведите текст письменно
The Rate of Crime
Crime is one of the world’s oldest social problems. Almost every generation is threatened by increasing crime and violence. However, no country has yet developed reliable methods for measuring the volume and trend of crime.
Countries vary greatly in their definition of crime and in the reliability of their crime statistics. Conditions that effect the amount of crime also vary from one country to another. Such conditions include the proportion of people living in cities, the proportion of young and old people in the population, and the degree of conflict among various cultural, economic, and racial groups.
Statistics show that crime rates for both violent crimes and property crimes are rising in most countries. Comparison of the crime rates of various nations indicate that increases in crime accompany increases in the rate of social change. The crime rate stays relatively stable in traditional societies.
Statistics about crime are based on complaints to the police, offences observed by the police, and arrests of suspects. Unfortunately, much crime goes unreported, including offences against businesses, organizations, and public agencies and against public order and morality.
The Profession of a Lawyer
One of the most popular professions among the young people of our country is the profession of a lawyer. The profession of a lawyer is very interesting and diverse. Our country is building a rule-of-law state, and a lawyer should play a very important role in this process. The profession of a lawyer is quite necessary for regulating social relations in the state.
Graduates of different law schools can work at the Bar, in the organs of the Prosecutor's Office, in different courts, in notary offices, in legal advice offices, in organs of tax inspection, in organs of militia, as well as in different firms, companies, banks, enterprises, etc. They can work as advocates, judges, notaries, investigators, prosecutors, jurisconsults, inspectors, customs officers, traffic officers, and other workers of law enforcement agencies.
To be a good specialist a lawyer should know many laws and their proper application. So, would-be lawyers study many subjects important for their future work. They study theory of state and law, civil law, civil procedure, criminal law, criminal procedure, labour law, criminalistics, criminology, and many others. Besides, any lawyer is expected to know human psychology as throughout his/her career a lawyer will meet different people: children and adults; the sick and the healthy; the poor and the rich; educated and uneducated persons; people of different nationalities, languages and religions; victims, witnesses, suspects; first offenders and recidivists; prisoners and general public. A lawyer has to deal with a variety of people and situations. That's why the profession of a lawyer may be considered to be very difficult and noble at the same time.
As for me, I decided to become a lawyer because of the family tradition. My father graduated from the Sverdlovsk Institute of Law many years ago and he has been working as a prosecutor since. He told me much about the profession of a lawyer, about his work, about all the pros and cons of being a lawyer. I am sure in my choice. And I want to become a judge and work in a court. I know that under the Constitution of Russia I'll be able to work as a judge only after graduation from a law higher school, at the age of over 25, having five-year experience in law, and after passing the qualification exam. In this case I can be appointed judge of a district court. In performing my duties I'll have to be guided by law. In deciding a case I'll have to examine all the case evidence, interrogate the defendants, interview victims and witnesses, hear the experts' findings, examine the physical evidence and do many other things. And I'll have to pass sentence which must be lawful, grounded and just.
The Bar
In accordance with the Constitution, the main task of the Bar is rendering legal assistance to citizens and organizations. The Bar promotes the protection of the lawful rights and interests of citizens and organizations, the administration of justice, the observance of laws.
Advocates are united into professional organizations - colleges of advocates (the Bar). A college is built on the principle of self-government, which means its right to decide its internal affairs independently.
Members of the Bar give advice on juridical matters, oral and written information on legislation, draw petitions, complaints and other legal documents; act as their clients' representatives in court, arbitration and other state organs for civil and administrative cases; participate in the preliminary investigation and in court in criminal cases as counsels for the
defence; represent victims, plaintiffs, defendants.
As a rule, colleges have their own legal advice offices.
Notary Service
There are many notary offices in our country. Their task is to check the legality of all transactions or documents they witness and to give legal advice and to render assistance to institutions, enterprises, organizations and individuals in protecting their legitimate interests. In doing so, notary offices establish identity, legal capacity and legal ability of the parties concerned, and the authenticity of their documents.
The notaries and the entire staff of the notary offices are bound to keep all the matters they handle or come across in performing their duties, professional secret.
Their duty also consists in helping applicants to make wills, in drawing deeds of gift, conveyance, purchase and sale. They attest wills, deeds and writings; verify copies of documents; certify translations of documents into foreign and native languages.
Besides, they make measures to guarantee the safety of the property left by deceased persons, and they issue certificates granting the right to inherit this property.
The Prosecutor's Office
The Prosecutor's Office in the tsarist Russia was established in 1722. The Russian Prosecutor's Office was founded in 1922. It exercises general supervision over observance of laws. Its main function is to see that all laws are correctly and uniformly applied throughout the country.
Any citizen of the Russian Federation can complain to the Prosecutor's Office against violation of his/her rights. Any citizen of the Russian Federation can complain to the Pr