Особенности неличных форм глагола.
Неличные формы глагола
В английском языке имеются три неличные формы глагола: Infinitive неопределенная форма глагола, инфинитив; Participle I и Participle II – причастие I и причастие II и Gerund – герундий.
Особенности неличных форм глагола.
1) не имеют категории времени, поэтому в отличие от личной формы глагола при самостоятельном употреблении никогда не выполняют роли сказуемого (они могут входить в состав сказуемого после вспомогательного глагола или глагола-связки, которые указывают на время);
2) могут иметь прямое дополнение (без предлога), например:
to read books - читать книги; reading books – читающий книги, читая книги;
reading books – чтение книг;
3) могут определяться наречиями, например: to read loudly – читать вслух; reading loudly – читающий вслух, читая вслух; reading loudly – чтение вслух;
4) могут выполнять функции разных членов предложения самостоятельно и в сочетании с другими словами;
5) могут образовывать особые обороты – инфинитивные, причастные и герундиальные. Обороты делятся на две группы:
а) зависимый оборот (не имеющий перед неличной формой глагола своего действующего лица или предмета)
б) независимый оборот (имеющий перед неличной формой глагола свое действующее лицо или предмет);
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится перед неличной формой, а не после первого вспомогательного глагола, как в личных формах:
| It was diffcult not to speak. He was afraid of not being invited. | Трудно было не говорить. Он боялся, что его не пригласят. |
Part I
Infinitive
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | to make | to be made |
| Continuous | to be making | – |
| Perfect | to have made | to have been made |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been making | – |
Translate into Russian.
1. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible.
2. This does, to be sure, simplify the measurements somewhat.
3. We attempted to carry out this investigation.
4. To perform this work one must have all the necessary equipment.
5. With these conditions there are also opposing factors to be considered.
6. It is too urgent a matter to be postponed.
7. Some molecules are large enough to be seen on the electron microscope.
8. He was the first to focus attention on this type of reaction.
9. To judge by the results obtained, the postulate of these workers proved correct.
10. Our purpose here is to attempt to give an answer to the unsolved problem outlined at the outset.
11. More evidence is needed to bridge the existing gap between experiment and theory.
12. To ensure effective research work the laboratory must have a staff of efficient workers and up-to-date facilities.
13. In order to understand the procedure, consider the following analogy.
14. The effect is too small to be detected.
15. To sum up, there are two features of atomic structure, which we must bear in mind.
16. In order to exchange views and information scientists should meet regularly.
17. The device is sufficiently precise to satisfy our needs.
18. To have included all these works in this preliminary paper would have been to great and too difficult a task.
19. He felt that the only thing to do was to study their methods and ideas.
20. For him, however, obstacles existed only to be overcome.
21. And to conclude, the problem under discussion is of great practical significance too.
22. To summarize the findings of this tremendous work would require many pages.
23. It is this type of change which is particularly to be avoided.
24. Incidentally, it is convenient to introduce the following abbreviations.
25. Under these circumstances the computer cannot be made to function.
26. To be sure, much of this work was initiated from actual applications.
27. The theory to be developed only aims at verifying the above discussions but is not sufficiently detailed to give a complete description.
28. It is important to know the basic principle to be observed in the design and use of optical equipment.
29. This is just the result to be expected from the discussion.
30. The method to be followed has both advantages and disadvantages.
31. In this context it is important to note that the experiment deviates in some parameters from the ideal situation.
32. Here we try to cover such methods, which are of more general importance to investigate qualitative properties.
33. The same argument can be applied to understand the nature of this phenomenon.
34. The purpose of this review is to make this knowledge accessible to a large number of scientists.
Infinitive as an Attribute
II. Translate into Russian
1. The difficulties to be resolved in the first place concern the technical aspects of the experiment.
2. For lack of time many of the important contributions to be considered in this connection will only be mentioned in passing.
3. The best experimental evidence for the correlation to be considered later in more detail comes from the recent work by Roberts and his collaborators.
4. The data to be reported here point to the possibility of a feedback mechanism.
5. The seminar course in theoretical physics to be held in Rome is scheduled for May-June.
6. The abstracting journal for biological chemistry to be printed since next year will cover only fundamental researches in this vast area.
7. The scientific meeting to be convened next year by the Atomic Energy Commission will tackle both experimental and theoretical aspects of research into plasma phenomena.
Infinitive Constructions
1. The Objective with the Infinitive (Complex Object)
2. The Nominative with the Infinitive (Complex Subject)
3. For-Phrase with the Infinitive
Complex Object
We know that they study this phenomenon thoroughly.
or
We know them to study this phenomenon thoroughly.
| Complex Object can be used after the following verbs | Examples | Translation |
| 1. to want to like to wish should like would like | They wanted this problem to be discussed at the seminar. We want him to speak about his experiments at the conference. | Они хотели, чтобы эту проблему обсудили на семинаре. Мы хотим, чтобы он рассказал о своих опытах на конференции. |
| 2. to see to watch to notice to hear to feel to observe, etc. | We heard him deliver a speech. We saw our colleagues carry out the experiment. | Мы слышали, как он произнес речь. Мы видели, как наши коллеги провели этот эксперимент. |
| 3. to expect to think to believe to suppose to find to consider to mean, etc. | We expect them to be involved in the work. We suppose this phenomenon to be explained by scientists in the near future. We know the subject to have been thoroughly investigated in the past. The data obtained recently proved this concept to be erroneous. We find this value to be accurate enough. | Мы предполагаем, что их привлекут к этой работе. Мы полагаем, что это явление будет объяснено учеными в ближайшем будущем. Мы знаем, что этот предмет уже тщательно исследовался в прошлом. Недавно полученные данные доказали, что эта концепция является ошибочной. Мы считаем, что эта величина достаточно точная. |
| 4. to allow to lead to enable to cause to make to order, etc. | The use of the new method allowed us to obtain more accurate data. The discovery made scientists think that the old concept was wrong. The director ordered the report to be submitted by the end of the week. The relationships led him to make such a comparison. | Применение нового метода позволило получить нам более точные данные. Это открытие заставило ученых думать, что старая концепция является неправильной. Директор приказал, чтобы доклад был представлен к концу недели. Эти взаимодействия заставили его провести такое сравнение. |
I Translate into Russian.
1. We believe this conclusion to be erroneous.
2. Physicists expect this law to hold for all the cases.
3. We know this factor to play an important role in the cases.
4. We want you to send a copy of the paper.
5. We’d like you to join our research group.
6. We expect him to come to the same conclusion.
7. What made him recognize the significance of these studies?
8. We consider these results to be of great practical significance.
9. We think the exchange of ideas to be most stimulating.
10. We believe these ideas to have undergone a considerable change.
11. We believe these mistakes to have been due to lack of valid data.
12. These properties led him to suggest that they had found a novel compound.
13. We made this reaction run at reduced pressure.
14. We proved this suggestion to be wrong.
15. There were some reasons to believe it to be the case.
16. It enabled the temperatures to be measured.
17. We suppose this theory to be confirmed experimentally.
Complex Subject
| Complex Subject can be used after the following verbs | Examples | Translation |
| in the Passive to see to believe to suppose to expect to think to know to report to say, etc. | The method is reported to give good results. These variations were found to make little difference in the results. This approach is expected to give better results. This argument has recently been shown to be wrong. He is known to have outlined this problem in one of the papers. This methodwas considered by the author to be inaccurate. | Сообщаем, что этот метод, дает хорошие результаты. Было найдено, что эти изменения почти не повлияли, на результаты. Ожидается, что этот подход даст лучшие результаты. Недавно было показано, что этот довод неверен. Известно, что он охарактеризовал эту проблему в общих чертах в одной из своих статей. Автор считал, что этот метод неточен. |
| in the Active to seem to appear to prove to happen to turn out | They seem to be working at this problem now. He appears to have graduated from Moscow University. He proved to be interested in the same problem. He doesn’t appear to observe this rule. | Они, кажется, сейчас работают над этой проблемой. (По-видимому, они сейчас работают над этой проблемой). Кажется, он закончил Московский Университет. Оказалось, что он интересуется той же самой проблемой. Он, по-видимому (кажется), не соблюдает это правило. |
| be likely be unlikely be sure be certain | This question is likely to be discussed tomorrow. This question is likely to have been discussed yesterday. They are unlikely to have followed our advice. This article is certain to have been of great interest at that time. He is sure to keep us informed about the further events. | Этот вопрос, вероятно, будет обсуждаться завтра. Вероятно, этот вопрос вчера обсудили. Маловероятно (вряд ли), что они последовали нашему совету. В то время эта статья, несомненно, представляла большой интерес. Он, несомненно, будет держать нас в курсе дальнейших событий. |
I. Translate into Russian.
1. This fact doesn’t seem to raise any doubt.
2. The future work is expected to clarify this obscure point.
3. These experiments are likely to throw some light on this complicated problem.
4. The relativity theory appeared to be a turning point in physical thinking.
5. Lasers have proved to be indispensable in many fields of research.
6. These particles have recently been shown to have a complex structure.
7. This idea has recently been reported to contradict experimental findings.
8. This hypothesis has been found to disagree with experimental evidence.
9. This method doesn't seem to offer any advantages over that discussed above.
10. They can hardly be said to have discovered this phenomenon.
11. Their efforts have not been reported to give any definite results.
12. The conditions seem to have been poorly chosen.
13. He is sure to succeed in solving this problem.
14. This value is expected to be negligibly small.
15. In science there always seem to be exceptions to the general rule.
16. There seem to be numerous data in recent publications concerning this mechanism.
17. The law in question is likely to account for this phenomenon.
18. As far as liquids are concerned this law is certain to hold.
I. Translate into Russian.
1. For this method to become applicable to our experiment the following alterations should be made.
2. For such data to find application in further work their validity must be left in no doubt.
3. For such suggestions to be of practical use they must be based on observation and experience.
4. For this effect to manifest itself the following conditions should be created.
5. For such an approach to be justified the final result must have a much higher degree of accuracy.
6. The conditions are favourable enough for the process to occur.
7. The controversy of opinions is too great for the question to be settled now.
8. The problem is too complicated for me to describe it in a few words.
9. The explanation is satisfactory for us to accept it.
10. They waited for the preliminary conclusions to be made.
11. We asked for an expert analysis of the work to be given.
12. It is necessary for you to keep to the point.
13. It seems unreasonable for you to put off this work.
14. It is quite sufficient for them only to outline the technique.
15. For us to go into great detail is unnecessary at the moment.
16. For you to become acquainted with the fundamentals of science is extremely important.
17. For you to attach so much importance to this fact seems unnecessary.
18. It was vital for us to solve that problem as quickly as possible.
19. It was for you to solve the task ahead of schedule.
20. It was for them to provide good conditions for the participants of the conference.
21. There are many practical problems for us to solve in this field.
22. This is the most intricate question for them to discuss at the next seminar.
23. The most serious controversy for him to resolve was the following.
24. It is for you to decide how to handle this problem.
II. Change the following sentences into for-phrases.
Example: It was difficult to work there at first.
It was difficult for me to work there at first.
1. It was interesting to talk to him.
2. It was interesting to take up the problem.
3. It is common practice to hold weekly seminars.
4. It will be necessary to get in touch with him.
5. It is important to know current literature.
6. It is vital to know at least one foreign language.
7. It is necessary to know whether they share our opinion.
III. Combine the two sentences by changing the second one into the for –phrase.
Example: The holes are too small: the particles cannot get through.
The holes are too small for the particles to get through.
1. The temperature is too low: the reaction cannot continue.
2. The forces are great enough: the nucleus can split up.
3. The energies are sufficiently high: the particles may collide.
4. The paper is too long: I cannot remember the details.
5. The temperature is high enough: the substances may react.
IV. Substitute the following infinitive expressions by for-phrases.
Example: to make this method applicable
for this method to become applicable.
1. to make the method suitable
2. to make the research effective
3. to make the experiment feasible
4. to make the difference noticeable
5. to make the criterion satisfactory
6. to make the technique reliable
7. to make the error negligible
8. to make the effect reveal itself
V. Answer the questions.
Example: What conditions must be satisfied for a positive ion to be formed?
For a positive ion to be formed one or several electrons must become excited and leave the atom.
1. What condition must be satisfied for a molecule to become decomposed?
2. … for two particles to be attracted to each other?
3. … for atoms to form a molecule?
4. … for a thermonuclear reaction to occur?
5. … for atoms to become excited?
6. … for a compound to be a good semiconductor?
7. … for a material to be an insulator?
8. … for a chemical reaction to go faster?
9. … for a reaction to slow down?
10. … for a substance to become chemically pure?
VI. Translate into English using for-phrases.
1. Вам надлежит проверить результаты эксперимента.
2. Недостаточно, чтобы они сняли показания прибора.
3. Для того чтобы наблюдение могло быть полезным, надо знать некоторые факты.
4. Температура была слишком высокой, чтобы реакция прошла удачно.
5. Единственный вывод, к которому мы можем прийти, заключается в следующем.
6. Для того чтобы эффект проявил себя, нужно создать соответствующие условия.
Неличные формы глагола
В английском языке имеются три неличные формы глагола: Infinitive неопределенная форма глагола, инфинитив; Participle I и Participle II – причастие I и причастие II и Gerund – герундий.
Особенности неличных форм глагола.
1) не имеют категории времени, поэтому в отличие от личной формы глагола при самостоятельном употреблении никогда не выполняют роли сказуемого (они могут входить в состав сказуемого после вспомогательного глагола или глагола-связки, которые указывают на время);
2) могут иметь прямое дополнение (без предлога), например:
to read books - читать книги; reading books – читающий книги, читая книги;
reading books – чтение книг;
3) могут определяться наречиями, например: to read loudly – читать вслух; reading loudly – читающий вслух, читая вслух; reading loudly – чтение вслух;
4) могут выполнять функции разных членов предложения самостоятельно и в сочетании с другими словами;
5) могут образовывать особые обороты – инфинитивные, причастные и герундиальные. Обороты делятся на две группы:
а) зависимый оборот (не имеющий перед неличной формой глагола своего действующего лица или предмета)
б) независимый оборот (имеющий перед неличной формой глагола свое действующее лицо или предмет);
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится перед неличной формой, а не после первого вспомогательного глагола, как в личных формах:
| It was diffcult not to speak. He was afraid of not being invited. | Трудно было не говорить. Он боялся, что его не пригласят. |
Part I
Infinitive
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | to make | to be made |
| Continuous | to be making | – |
| Perfect | to have made | to have been made |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been making | – |