Participle as Adverbial Modifier
The participle may serve as adverbial modifier of a verb. In this case it is preceded by a conjunction, such as: when, till, until, once, as, if, unless, though, as though, even if and even when.
§ She’s a terror when roused.
§ He did not usually utter a word unless spoken to.
§ “Does he know it?” said David Rubin, as though surprised.
Note theset phrase come to that (‘кстати’, ‘уж если об этом зашла речь’).
§ Come to that, I think you’d be a pretty good judge yourself.
The participle may be part of an absolute construction. In this case it has a subject of its own. Absolute constructions may be non-prepositional and prepositional. In the latter case they are introduced by the preposition with.
§ We sat silent, her eyes still fixed on mine.
§ She stood with her arms folded, smoking, staring thoughtfully.
Sometimes the nouns in them are used without any article.
§ She advanced two more strides and waited, head half turned.
EXERCISES:
Ex. 163. Supply the required conjunctions or prepositions for the ing-forms used as adverbial modifiers:
1.He sat alone with his head propped in his hands ... listening to music. 2.He hesitated ... seeing him, then strode on to meet him. 3.Again she told, and this time in detail, all she had been through with her daughter ... leaving home. 4.I never thought they would have left ... notifying me. 5.You can't escape it ... running away. 6.He hoped to get his boots ... anyone's seeing him. 7.I turned the car round ... stopping and came straight back. 8.I make the journey twice a day and usually pass the time ... falling into a light trance. 9.He poured milk into a jug from a carton in the refrigerator, then drank some milk himself ... putting the carton back. 10.... swimming we lolled around on the beach and lay in the sun. 11.... arriving in the apartment, I found out they were planning a little party for me. 12.They walked to the house ... speaking. 13.I left the dining room ... paying my check, and went out into the lounge. 14.I thought that the telegram would be better ... trying to explain the situation over the phone. 15.It was his habit ... settling down at a table to layout at once his cigarette case and lighter. 16.He felt he could very well do ... seeing his parents-in-law again. 17.... going to his chief's office, he looked through the messages on his desk.
Ex. 164. Translate the following into English using infinitives and ing-forms as adverbial modifiers to a verb:
1.Ожидая, когда официант вернется со льдом, Джек зажег сигарету. 2.Жена фермера приходила каждый день, чтобы убирать комнаты и готовить еду. 3.Она задумчиво посмотрела на меня, словно всерьез воспринимая то, что я сказал. 4.Он позвал Лолу назад, как будто для того, чтобы извиниться за что-то. 5.Он отказался привести себя в порядок перед тем, как идти пить чай. 6.Фил сунул деньги в карман, не сосчитав их. 7.Он начал с того, что вымел в коттедже. 8.Не дожидаясь его ответа, она стала собирать чашки. 9.Он ополоснул лицо и голову ледяной водой, словно для того чтобы охладить лихорадку. 10.Он утонул во время купания. 11.Прежде чем ответить, он зажег сигарету. 12.Посмотрев пьесу по телевидению, я сказал, что иду спать. 13.Он вернулся в отель и лег, даже не сняв ботинок. 14.Она не хотела оставаться наедине с мужем, чтобы не обсуждать с ним дел. 15.Эби не брился с самого прибытия в Париж. 16.Несколько минут мы шли, не говоря ни слова. 17.Затем он отвернулся, чтобы поговорить с кем-то внутри дома. При этом он убрал руку с двери. 18.Она повернулась, словно собираясь уходить. 19.Он встал, словно для того чтобы подойти к гостям. 20.По прибытии я был рад обнаружить, что я всех там знаю. 21.Он двигался очень медленно, как будто плыл. 22.Он делал все возможное, чтобы подружиться с нами. 23.Не дожидаясь разрешения, он зажег свет. 24.После купания мы выпили пива и поели сандвичей. 25.Он надеялся, что Филипп пришел, чтобы все объяснить. 26.Он секунду поколебался, прежде чем пересечь мост. 27.Он слушал, не прерывая меня, кивая и иногда улыбаясь.
Ex. 165. Supply the appropriate conjunctions for the participles used as adverbial modifiers in the following sentences:
1.He had never been known to refuse to see a patient at any hour, or to fail to make a house call ... sent for. 2.The furniture was to be stored in Quebec ... sent for. 3.She has the heart of a tigress ... roused. 4.A re-check, ... decided on, would take most of half an hour. 5.... told to go, Maxwell hesitated at the door. 6.... released, he told me of his trouble. 7.He remembered that he should not smoke ... invited to do so. 8."I suppose you understand you would have to go to Canada ... engaged," he went on. 9.Lament bowed to him ... introduced. 10.So I went back to Kathy's place ... directed. 11.She stopped in the doorway ... surprised to see me sitting there. 12.... ordered two weeks ago, the books haven't been delivered yet. 13.... starved for exercise, he usually began to scrape the sidewalks with a shovel. 14.... bored with a book, I find it difficult to leave it unfinished.
UNIT 29
VERBALS AS ATTRIBUTE
Infinitive as Attribute
The infinitive as attribute immediately follows its head-noun and is used with particle to:
§ There is only one way to do it.
The infinitive is combined with numerals (mainly with the first) and the last:
§ He was always the first to enter the dining-room and the last to leave.
The infinitive may also serve as an attribute of pronouns and expressions such as much, little, enough, no more, little more, a great deal, a lot, plenty, etc.
§ I’ve got a lot to be thankful for.
The infinitive as attribute is characterized by relation between the head-word and the infinitive. These relations may be of two kinds:
1) The head-word may be either the subject or the object of the action expressed by the infinitive. When the head-word is the subject of the infinitive it may be either active or passive, depending on the active (a) or passive (b) form of the infinitive:
§ She pitied the poor man for having no one to look after him.
§ Roger is a man to be watched.
2) The head-noun may be neither the subject nor the object of the action expressed by the infinitive as attribute. In this case it has appositive meaning, i.e. it serves to explain the meaning of its head-noun:
§ He had an impulse to run away.
§ He made an effort to collect himself.
a) The infinitive serves as an attribute modified by enough.
§ He isn’t fool enough to believe that sort of thing.
b) The infinitive serves as an attribute modified by too + adjective .
§ He was too clever a man to be bluffed.
§ This is too serious a business to be trifled with.
c) In a sentence pattern such ... as.
§ He can’t have been such a fool as to give them a definite answer right away.
The infinitive is used as attribute in a sentence with it. It is found after the verbs to find, to make and to think:
§ He thought it great fun to be out boating.
§ He made it a point to call her by her first name.
§ He made it a rule to get up at sunrise.
ing-form as Attribute
The ing-form as attribute is found in different constructions. The ing-form may immediately precede its head-noun and is always a single word in this case, not a phrase:
§ There was nothing to be seen or heard, not even a barking dog.
§ Singing people, arm in arm, filled the streets.
The ing-form as attribute may closely follow its head-noun, but it is a group, not a single word:
§ There was a man hurrying down the street in front of me.
In all other cases the use of the ing-form as attribute in post-position is free:
§ I could hear the kids waiting for the school bell to ring.
The loose character of the ing-form in this function is always marked off by intonation, and it may also sometimes be indicated by the use of a comma.
§ The wardrobe was empty, except for one dress, swinging on a hanger.
The ing-form as attribute may be preceded by a preposition (usually of). In this case it always follows its head-noun and is generally part of an extended phrase:
§ He said that he had no chance of learning the truth.
§ I have no hope of discussing it.
§ There was no possibility of taking a walk that day.
§ She had a real passion for reading detective stories.
§ There was no point in going further.
§ He felt irritation at being disturbed.
The ing-form may be used as an attribute in sentences with it - it is no good and it is no use (there is no use):
§ It’s no use going on like this.
§ It was no good our opposing her.
§ There was no use pretending that they were different from the others.
Infinitive and ing-form as Attribute Compared
As attributes the infinitive and the ing-form overlap only when they have appositive meaning. They are both placed in post-position to their head-noun.
We may find either an infinitive or an ing-form after the following nouns: action, attempt, capacity, chance, excuse, intention, necessity, opportunity, possibility, power, right, sign and way. On the whole the choice between the two verbals after these nouns is free:
§ I haven’t had a chance to see/of seeing my dog this morning.
§ He was trying to find a way to earn/of earning fifty pounds.
§ I had no opportunity to speak/of speaking to her.
§ She only laughed and made no attempt to withdraw/of withdrawing.
Infinitive and ing-form as Attribute in Sentences withit
In this function the infinitive and the ing-form are lexically dependent. The infinitive is the norm, the ing-form is a rare exception.
§ It was a pleasure to seehim among us again.
§ It is a hard job to clean the kitchen.
§ It is no use deceiving ourselves.
Participle as Attribute
There are two types of attributes expressed by the participle:
1) the participle may immediately precede its head-noun;
2) the participle may follow its head-noun and be separated from the noun, i.e. the participle is a loose (обособленное) attribute here.
When the participle immediately precedes its head-noun it is always a single word, not a phrase:
§ A man in torn and dusty clothes was making his way towards the boat.
§ I made my way forward the parked car.
§ In the building, lighted windows were shining.
Participles in this function are often adjectivized, which is clearly seen from their changed meaning:
§ She had an affected, absent way of talking.
§ She opened the door and got in with a grieved expression.
§ When I was eighteen I had very decided views of my future.
Note 1: participles involved, added, obtained and combined are placed in post-position to their head-words:
§ We could not resist all of these people combined.
Note 2: participle left in post-position means “осталось”:
§ There was no evidence left.
§ He’s the only friend I seem to have left now.
§ It’s just all we seem to have left.
The participle as a loose attribute is usually part of a phrase. As a general rule, it follows its head-noun:
§ Mr Smith, I want to tell you of a serious complaint sent to me from the court.
§ I rode about on a horse lent me by a friend.
In a considerable number of instances the participle is adjectivized in this case.
§ The men ran out of the house, like schoolboys frightened of being late.
§ Police are looking for a boy known to work at Turtle’s.
§ They elected a man called G. S. Clark.
The participle as a loose attribute is typical of literary style and is not found in spoken English.
EXERCISES:
Ex. 166. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas an attribute:
1.He had errands ... first. (to do) 2.There was a shrivelled potato ... on the ground. I picked it up. (to lie) 3.Alec was not at all an easy man ... presents to. (to give) 4.You remember I told you I'd something ... you? (to tell) 5.I wondered if he was trying to break some news ... me. (to affect) 6.I expect there'll be a lot ... up with. (to put) 7.They were used to having a ... man to spend a night or two at their inn. (to travel) 8.He took a last look at his calmly ... friend. (to sleep) 9.I guessed that I had disadvantages ... . (to overcome) 10.John had nothing more ... him. (to show) 11.It's very good for them to have an older man with plenty of experience ... to for advice. (to come) 12.When I reached the bridge there was a swan ... downstream on the wide river. (to drift) 13.He's been used to comfort and to having someone ... after him. (to look) 14.The slowly ... circle of light from the torch revealed a short flight of steps. (to move) 15.I met your friend Ann Simon ... by Lewis. (to escort) 16.George was a tempting person ... about. (to gossip) 17.There was little in the forest ... to the romantic. (to appeal) 18.Mr Brady, there is someone ... to look after you. (to come) 19.He gave her an ... look. (to admire) 20.I just want something ..., something ... myself busy. (to do, to keep) 21.On the other hand, it would be a quite interesting game ... . (to try) 22.The lights in the house were out, but a ... moon gleamed against one window. (to rise) 23.They reached a hotel ... Central Park. (to overlook) 24.The proper place ... at the house from was the lawn. (to look) 25.I particularly wanted to see John for a minute but there were patients ... to see him. (to wait) 26.She was much given to ... fits. (to cry) 27.Jack hurried past the customs, and out on the wet tarmac toward the ... plane. (to wait) 28.There was nothing ... . (to do) 29.Freddy rose and raised an arm in a ... way. (to welcome) 30.Alayne was the first to hear the ... car. (to approach) 31.He raised himself to a ... position, supporting himself with one hand. (to sit) 32.She was a startling woman ... at. (to look)
Ex. 167. Translate the following into English using infinitives and ing-forms as attributes:
1.У меня есть кое-что, что я должен тебе показать. 2.В вагоне был только один старик, который читал газету. 3.Ему предстояло трудное дело, с которым ему надо было справиться. 4.У нее был брат, с которым всегда можно было играть, ссориться и которым можно было хвастать перед другими девочками. 5.Он был человеком, которому не так легко было помочь. 6.Дик налетел на молодую женщину, выходившую из зеленного магазина. 7.Посмотри, вон автобус останавливается. 8.Поль должен был о многом позаботиться. 9.Стив, мне нужно обсудить с тобой кое-что очень важное. 10.У меня масса бумаг, которые он должен подписать. 11.Я встретил Сида, который возвращался из города. 12.Это была столовая, и за столом трое людей пили чай. 13.Я принес тебе бланки, которые надо заполнить. 14.Он получил телеграмму, в которой сообщалось, что у его тетки случился удар. 15.Терраса была заполнена женщинами, которые пили чай. 16.На столе его ждало письмо. 17.Дрожащими пальцами я пристегнул часы на запястье. 18.На это дерево было легко влезть. 19.Они попрощались и сели в ожидавшую машину. 20.Я полагаю, что это такой вопрос, на который трудно дать ответ. 21.Он закрыл глаза и задремал в быстро мчавшейся машине. 22.Как раз тогда он услышал бегущие шаги. 23.Через десять минут он спустился вниз в холл, но не нашел свободного места. 24.Женщина посмотрела на спящего ребенка.
Ex. 168. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas an attribute of appositive meaning:
1.He had to make an effort ... his voice. (to control) 2.Mel resisted the temptation ... and ... the search himself. (to take over, to direct) 3.He liked to practise his English but he did not have much opportunity ... so during the voyage. (to do) 4.I had no chance ... on his opinion. (to check) 5.I don't recognize their claim ... . (to interfere) 6.Bill set about the problem ... a home for the Connolleys with zeal and method. (to find) 7.He seemed in the best of tempers at the prospect ... the evening away from his family. (to spend) 8.Talking to them I enjoyed the sense ..., ... part of a community. (to belong, to be) 9.Ordinarily, the process ... clothes irked me. (to buy) 10.He had a gift now and then ... nice things. (to say) 11.I dreaded the task ... him away. (to take) 12.I was spared the trouble ... because Bessie seemed in too great a hurry to listen to explanations. (to answer) 13.He had the great misfortune ... by his father. (to see) 14.He established us in groups of three with no chance ... . (to transfer) 15.He would sit up straight in his bed with his feet tucked under him so that you had the impression ... by a rajah. (to receive) 16.His stamps mean a lot to him. He won't miss this chance ... to them cheaply. (to add) 17.He had taken the precaution ... that I was the landlady's cousin. (to mention) 18.Sheila was gay, and had set herself the task ... me to take an interest in painting. (to teach) 19.The pebbles gave a general impression ... either white or mauve. (to be) 20.Can you see any way ... the risk? (to avoid) 21.But after a while they asked permission ... him out and lay him in the sun. (to carry) 22.You are getting into a bad habit ... to yourself. (to talk) 23.Tom and Dave were both in the highest spirits, and had clearly no intention ... from me. (to part) 24.He was aware that his refusal ... now made the thing look graver than it was. (to explain) 25.John spoke well and enjoyed the chance ... . (to show off) 26.He showed a disinclination ... my friend. (to meet) 27.It would give me the opportunity ... the full facts before you. (to put) 28.He sat by Roger's side, like one who is above the necessity ... . (to talk) 29.It he drove to town, he knew he would have a chance ... out what was going on. (to find) 30.The joy ... home counteracted all the disadvantages. (to be) 31.After this, he often took the opportunity ... sneering things to me. (to say) 32.He had the satisfaction ... that he had done a good job. (to know) 33.I was torn between the fear ... a nice woman's feelings and the fear ... in the way. (to hurt, to be) 34.Also there was always the possibility ... into Ann herself. (I, to run) 35.I didn't have the opportunity ... him my brother's message. (to give) 36."You've no right ... her that," I said. (to ask) 37.We wished to express our desire ... with our families at the earliest possible moment. (to re-unite) 38.He was oblivious of everything in his effort ... what he wanted. (to get) 39.He gulped a cup of coffee in the hope ... his stomach. (to pacify) 40.The thought even ... to him makes me feel giddy. (to write) 41.I felt in myself, too, the desire ... the whole thing out of my mind. (to get) 42.I didn't want to run the risk ... Tom coming back from work. (to meet) 43.The idea ... out made her shudder. (to go) 44.He felt a holiday desire ... the occasion. (to mark) 45.The cat will be all right. I'm sure. There is no need ... about the cat. (to worry) 46.In fact, I had little hope ... her. (to trace) 47.When I asked him what first gave him the idea ... a painter, he was unable or unwilling to tell me. (to be) 48.He was frightened at the thought ... home. (to leave) 49.I did not make an attempt ..., but suddenly the music took me in charge. (to listen)
Ex. 169. Translate the following into English using infinitives and ing-forms as attributes of appositive meaning:
1.Я не мог противостоять соблазну подразнить Тома. (temptation) 2.Через неделю он получил приказ немедленно отправиться в Порт. (order) 3.Конечно, у меня было то преимущество, что я очень хорошо знал этого человека. (advantage) 4.Приглашение посетить его так и не пришло. (invitation) 5.Какой смысл оставаться у них дольше? (point) 6.Когда он говорил, создавалось впечатление, что он нервничает и неловко себя чувствует. (impression) 7.Я получил разрешение взять эту книгу, чтобы выучить стихотворение. (permission) 8.У него была привычка засиживаться до поздней ночи. (habit) 9.В колледже у меня выработалась привычка вести дневник. (habit) 10.В феврале он уехал на восток с намерением продать свое дело и поселиться в Нью-Йорке. (intention) 11.Я испытывал удовлетворение, видя, что Бетти чувствовала себя все более неловко. (satisfaction) 12.Но я всегда испытывал страх, что сделаю что-нибудь не то. (fear) 13.Он перестал притворяться, что упаковывается. (pretence) 14.В тот день не было никакой возможности пойти погулять. (possibility) 15.И, конечно, у тебя есть право сказать «нет» любому из них. (right) 16.У меня вообще нет никакого права спрашивать тебя. (right) 17.У матери не было никакого желания идти на кухню. (desire) 18.Он видел ее инстинктивное желание положить каждую вещь на отведенное ей место. (desire) 19.Утром шел дождь, и она отказалась от всякой надежды попасть в бассейн. (hope) 20.Нет никакой надежды устроить с ним интервью до его отплытия. (hope) 21.Он отказался от идеи позвонить по телефону. (idea) 22.Мысль о расставании никогда не приходила нам в голову. (idea) 23.Я был в отчаянии от мысли, что могу потерять работу. (thought) 24.Я просто не могу вынести мысли, что не буду видеть тебя каждый день. (thought) 25.Ее решение найти работу было вполне твердым. (decision) 26.Поль не сделал никакой попытки поговорить. (attempt) 27.Я думаю, ей не понравилась бы любая попытка с моей стороны возобновить знакомство. (attempt) 28.Я сделал большое усилие, чтобы оставаться спокойным. (effort) 29.Она видела, что я смотрю на нее, но не сделала никакого усилия, чтобы встать. (effort) 30.У него был дар видеть вещи, как они есть. (gift) 31.Я поставил перед собой задачу попытаться найти их. (task) 32.Я не знаю никакого приличного способа отклонить их приглашение. (way) 33.O, я обычно нахожу способы развлекать себя, когда я остаюсь дома один. (way) 34.Вы упустили возможность сделать его счастливым. (chance) 35.У них редко бывала возможность помочь отцу в работе. (chance) 36.У меня не часто бывает возможность пойти куда-нибудь вечером. (chance) 37.Я рад, что получил эту возможность увидеть вас. (chance) 38.У них не было возможности побыть одним. (opportunity) 39.Я воспользовался случаем изложить Энн мои взгляды на существующее положение. (opportunity) 40.Я рад, что имею возможность разговаривать с вами, доктор. (opportunity)
Ex. 170. Supply prepositions other than offor theing-forms used as attributes in the following sentences:
1.She had great difficulty ... not showing her feelings. 2.She looked upon life as an opportunity ... writing novels. 3."There doesn't seem to be much point ... my coming down if he's not well," said Lou. 4.There isn't much sense ... my going through all the reasons why a young man of twenty-two, without any money, should not marry. 5.Blair raised no objection ... going back to London. 6.She has a wonderful talent ... getting the best out of people. 7.The girl took a biscuit in her tiny hand and made a feeble attempt ... gnawing it. 8.Mel saw their social life as a means ... fulfilling his professional ambitions. 9.There could be no doubt ... there being something on between her and Hugh. 10.For one reason or another there was difficulty ... finding an evening when we were both free. 11.She had a pleasant gift ... keeping the conversation general. 12.I'm a great believer ... being prepared. 13.She cherished her delight ... calling a woman of title by her Christian name. 14.I repeat, that was one of my reasons ... giving you this news today.
Ex. 171. Translate the following into English using ing-forms as attributes of appositive meaning to nouns requiring other prepositions thanof:
1.Я с трудом открыл дверь из-за массы газет и писем, лежавших на полу. (difficulty) 2.У него никогда не было затруднений с тем, чтобы найти работу или получить субсидию на научные исследования. (difficulty) 3.Не было никакого смысла сидеть в комнате целый день. (sense) 4.У меня есть основания желать сохранить этот дом. (reason) 5.Я знал, что моей хозяйки не будет дома до позднего вечера, поэтому не имело смысла идти домой. (point) 6.Вэл не имел особых возражений против того, чтобы его видели с Элен. (objection) 7.Ему хотелось скрыть смущение, которое он чувствовал, когда произносил речь. (embarrassment) 8.Устроить это интервью будет нетрудно. (difficulty) 9.Он старался скрыть свое удовольствие, когда ему предложили работу. (pleasure) 10.У меня была одна ясная причина не делать этого. (reason) 11.Это была одна из причин, почему я привел тебя сегодня сюда. (reason)
Ex. 172. Translate the following into English using ing-forms as attributes of appositive meaning.Be careful to choose the best-suited way of indicating the doer of the actions if necessary:
1.Есть у кого-нибудь возражения против того, чтобы я повидался с ним? (objection) 2.Я не мог вынести мысли, что она так несчастлива и так далеко. (thought) 3.Хотя она всегда была лучшей ученицей в своем классе, не было и речи о том, что она пойдет в колледж. (question) 4.Его план включал необходимость для Барта оставаться в Европе в качестве управляющего. (necessity) 5.Было мало шансов, что он останется жить после операции. (chance) 6.Даже теперь мысль о том, что он когда-то разговаривал с ней, странно трогала его. (thought) 7.Как ты думаешь, у нас есть шанс, что нам поверят? (chance) 8.Его чуткий слух уловил звук приближающейся моторной лодки. (sound) 9.Существует реальная опасность, что эпидемия широко распространится. (danger) 10.Мне очень неприятна мысль, что ты там совсем одна. (idea) 11.На минуту наступила тишина, нарушаемая только звуком воды, текущей из крана. (sound) 12.У него не было никакой возможности получить стипендию в Оксфордском университете. (chance)
Ex. 173. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas an attribute to a noun in sentences with a formalitfunctioning as subject or object:
1."We make it a rule," he explained, "... no information concerning our clients." (to give) 2.I made it my business ... him everything. (to teach) 3.Oh, what's the use ... over what he said? (to go) 4.I told Ann that it was a mistake ... the invitation. (to decline) 5.It's no use ... around moaning. (to sit) 6.She found it a relief ... it up with me. (to make) 7.He said he knew it had been no good ... her about it. (to ask) 8.I feel that it's my duty ... at his side. (to be) 9.It's no use ... and ... to things if she is ill. (she, to get up, to see) 10.You'll find it a great change ... in New York. (to live) 11.He was strong and healthy and it was a pleasure ... from street to street delivering letters. (he, to walk) 12.I make it a principle ... with people like you. (to work) 13.I made it a rule ... both routes, coming down and going up. (to use) 14.I'll be going abroad soon. So it's no use ... or ... . (you, to write, to telephone) 15.It was our custom ... for some few minutes after the lights were out. (to talk) 16.It's the dream of my life ... for a film star. (to take) 17.I don't think it a very good idea ... him of it. (to remind) 18.But it was no use ... as if I didn't care. (to sound) 19.I felt it my duty ... the argument. (to end) 20.It was a very unfortunate remark ... . (he. to make) 21.But when we do understand each other it's no use ... we don't. (to pretend)
Ex. 174. Revision: supply infinitives or ing-forms for the following sentences:
1.It was quite late when they saw Trasker ... up the other side of the street. They saw him ... in front of his house, ... up at it and ... his cigarette away. (to come, to pause, to look, to throw) 2.... the truth, he felt disgusted with himself. (to tell) 3.Even when my mother was alive it was considered ... a great extravagance ... to a hotel for dinner. (to be, to go) 4.Meg was not much surprised in the morning ... that her uncle was too unwell ..., though he hoped ... his work in the afternoon. (to learn, to appear, to resume) 5.He knew that he ought to feel ashamed ... on ... his father's money when he made no effort ... himself, but it did not seem ... and he just went on ... . (to keep, to take, to support, to matter, to sketch) 6.I love you so much that I still can't stop my heart ... fast when I see you ... something as ordinary as ... the table. (to beat, to do, to lay) 7.... on the deck Father surveyed the passengers ... up the gangway. (to stand, to come) 8.He insisted upon her ... a maid ... in three afternoons a week ... with the cleaning and ironing. (to have, to come, to help) 9.He thought of ... out and ... a note to his wife ... that he had been called away. (to go, to leave, to say) 10.... frank, it is a great shock to me. (to be) 11.Smith got into the car and slammed the door. Barber watched him ... sharply away from the kerb, ... a taxi-driver behind him ... on his brakes ... ... him. (to pull, to make, to jam, to avoid, to butt) 12.Barbara sat beside him ... . She heard him ... and put out a sisterly hand ... his hair. "It's terribly cold," she said. "I wonder if it would be any good ... ... on the gas boiler." (to read, to sigh, to touch, to try, to turn) 13.In the darkness I heard footsteps ... toward me. Quickly I began ... a cigarette, for the thought of someone ... into me filled me with alarm. (to come, to light, to bang) 14.He talked about the difficulty of ... history readable without ... it into fiction. (to make, to turn) 15.Michael drove very slowly towards the ... troops. (to approach) 16.He had trouble ... his way and several times came close to ... . (to find, to lose) 17.He wanted Francis ... about it, yet he also wanted ... ... him. (to know, to avoid, to tell) 18."Write her a letter then." "Why ... that, when she's upstairs?" (to do) 19.I was worried, but found it difficult ... what ... for him. (to know, to do) 20.When I refused ... she sulked, but then she began ... that she would enjoy ... alone for a change. (to stay, to think, to be) 21."Why not ... a gentleman and ... thank you for the offer?" she said. (to be, to say) 22."It's no good ... a tool of myself," she said, ... her eyes. "The only thing is ... what is the best thing ... ." (to make, to dry, to decide, to do) 23.Casie spent most of her life ... her ailing mother. (to tend) 24.She turned to the window and threw it open. "Why ... that?" he said sharply. "You'll catch cold in that dress." (to do) 25.His impulse was ... from the room, but he restrained himself. (to rush) 26.She had trouble ... her suitcase. (to find) 27.I tried ... and in order not ... the bitterness in my heart I did my best ... the conversation ... on one topic and another. (to eat, to show, to keep, to go) 28.The young Russian was supposed ... a life of Peter the Great, and ... over to England for the purpose of ... the documents ... to the Tsar's residence in this country as a ship carpenter. (to write, to come, to study, to relate) 29.Con's family were, in fact, in the process of ... tea when we arrived, but were obviously too accustomed to Con's eccentricities ... disturbed by his ... in a stranger. (to have, to be, to bring) 30.It's simply no good ... Dick ... reasonable. (to expect, to be) 31.He accepted with his usual indifference my refusal ... to Cambridge. (to go) 32.He was too selfish ... anyone a good turn. (to do) 33.If I went ... for a house myself, my enthusiasm would die before I found the right spot. (to search) 34.I found myself ... very worried by ... what ... cigarettes might do to me. So I gave up ..., not ... . (to become, to read, to smoke, to read, to smoke) 35.In the harbour there was a barge ... gracefully not far away and smaller boats ... around it. (to move, to fuss) 36.A car was glimpsed ... slowly up the drive. "That's our little friend Tom ...," said Chris. (to come, to arrive) 37.I sat down in the sun on the steps of the old church, ... until it was tour o'clock before ... back to the office. (to waif, to go) 38.What about ... to the pictures with me one evening? (to come) 39.He laughed so uproariously that the people ... near us looked round, and some of them began ... too. (to sit, to laugh) 40.But it is enough ... us ... not ... any personal dealings with you. (to make, to prefer, to have) 41.He kept ... ... me ... an interest in his work. (to try, to induce, to take) 42.That's preposterous! A man not ... what he had on! (to know)
Ex. 175. Translate the following into English using participles as attributes:
1.Мэри села на упавший ствол дерева. 2.Оркестр на экране телевизора в гостиной исполнял музыку Моцарта. 3.Дети играли в разрушенном коттедже. 4.Там было шесть коробок, туго завернутых в старые газеты. 5.Она подошла к письменному столу и вынула запечатанный конверт. 6.Женщина вышла из магазина и пошла к машине, оставленной на стоянке чуть ниже по улице. 7.Вернувшись в комнату, она позвонила по телефону. 8.Упавшие листья спокойно лежали в пруду. 9.Оставшись один, я огляделся. 10.Застигнутые врасплох, они не знали, что сказать. 11.У меня были свои собственные определенные взгляды на мое будущее. 12.В коробке было несколько негативов, свернутых в тугой виток.
Ex. 176. Revision: choose the appropriate verbal as an attribute:
1.She looked at a ... photograph of Jimmy. (to frame) 2.John busied himself with the complex problems of a ... city. (to grow) 3.There were infrequent visitors and her books ... her occupied. (to keep) 4.In the room there were tour men ... over their coffee. (to chat) 5.In the theatre there was always a seat ... for him. (to reserve) 6.Late at night he received a telegram from his father ... him to come home at once. (to ask) 7.The Cotton Cooperative ... by his father to protect the cotton growers in the area, was expanded to include tobacco. (to found) 8.In the drawer he kept the envelopes ... his children's letters. (to contain) 9.He decided not to plant the fields because of the labour shortage ... by the war. (to create) 10.He outlined his plan ... the votes of the two men. (to obtain) 11.I found myself in the ... room. (to darken) 12.He accepted the invitation ... the matter. (to discuss) 13.People usually accept the emotions ... to the concept of home. (to attach) 14.The meeting of the Council ... by Jim Corbin two days later was a particularly stormy one. (to call) 15.He received permission ... up the unkempt grassy lawn. (to clean) 16.She wondered every day at that folly, already ... into the past. (to recede) 17.They were reluctant to fill out the small forms ... the expenses they had made. (to describe) 18.I helped him in handling problems ... by other departments. (to create) 19.I made one ... remark after another in an effort ... friendly. (to joke, to be) 20.I know I won't be able to think of a single intelligent thing ... in reply. (to say) 21.I smiled with relief when I saw it was my brother ... on the grass. (to lie) 22.In the telephone I heard the ... announcement of the time. (to record) 23.Every two weeks we are paid with machine-processed checks ... out of stiff paper. (to manufacture) 24.He left a note ... he was sorry. (to say) 25.He made a few ... jokes. (to tease) 26.He was afraid that his company might lose the order to the ... company. (to compete) 27.I'm making no plans ... my present job. (to leave) 28.I worked long on the program ... to me and prepared a very good and witty demonstration of eighteen colour slides. (to allot) 29.His ambition ... a speech was nothing more than a shallow, middle-class vanity. (to make) 30.She poured some ... water into the coffee-pot. (to boil) 31.I found myself outside with an ... head. (to ache)
UNIT 30
VERBALS AS PARENTHESIS
Infinitive as Parenthesis
The infinitive as parenthesis is used with to. It is generally a set phrase, such as so strange (needless) to say, to be quite frank, to tell the truth, etc.
§ To tell the truth, I’m sick and tired of this nonsense.
§ To make matters worse, it began to rain and soon we got wet to the skin.
The place of the parenthetic phrase in the sentence is not fixed and in writing it is marked off by a comma.
ing-form as Parenthesis
The ing-form as parenthesis is usually a set phrase with the verbs to talk and to speak.
§ Secrets, generally speaking, are not very well kept nowadays.
§ Of course, strictly speaking, the excuse was not necessary.
The ing-form as parenthesis is in most cases placed at the head of the sentence and marked off by a comma.
Infinitive and ing-form as Parenthesis Compared
The infinitive and the ing-form sometimes have similar functions in the sentence, but the infinitive tends to express a single action following that of the predicate verb, while the ing-form generally serves to denote permanent actions, simultaneous with that of the predicate verb.
In most cases the difference between the two verbals rests on linguistic tradition. Perfect Infinitive, as well as Perfect ing-form, may denote actions preceding that of the predicate verb. But Perfect Infinitive can also express unreality.
EXERCISES:
Ex. 177. Revision: supply the appropriate verbals:
1.They stared at each other, Dan still ... with his tea cup and Willy ... out in the chair. (to stand, to stretch) 2.While ... for a flight, and without ever ... the terminal, a visitor could have his hair …, suit ... and shoes ... . (to wait, to leave, to cut, to press, to shine) 3.The snow never stopped ... that afternoon. It was dreadful ... outdoors. (to fall, to be) 4.Then we strolled round the place ... preparations ... ... up the tent. (to watch, to make, to set) 5.The door did not open. She left off ..., and, ... down at the top of the stairs, buried her face in her hands. (to ring, to sit) 6.The thought came ... into his mind. (to flash) 7.... them in so short a time would have been next to impossible. (to find) 8.She took up the egg-cup and held it to the light ... if it might be tarnished a little. Then she set about ... the egg. (to see, to chip) 9.I spent some time with Tom ... maps of the country. (to study) 10.He was accustomed to ... through the morning noises of the neighbourhood. (to sleep) 11.The confusion that followed would be impossible ... . (to describe) 12.He was beyond ... about what was going to happen to him. (to care) 13.She could not help ... into her conversation the names of the people she knew. (to bring) 14.The state I'm in I'm liable ... out ... . (to burst, to cry) 15.It is true that ... is ... and ... (to understand, to pity, to forgive) 16.I sat ... at him. (to gaze) 17."I cannot see what my ... three times has to do with my books," she said. (to divorce) 18.He walked down the street, not ... where ... or what ... . (to know, to turn, to do) 19.At the top of the third flight she paused for breath, and ... on to the banisters, stood ... . (to hold, to listen) 20.Bob glanced away from his mother so as not ... the tears in her eyes. (to see) 21.The girl was only four but it delighted us ... with her. (to talk) 22.I had seen too many examples of the process not ... it now. (to recognize) 23.... gradually his small fortune, he preferred ... on the generosity of others rather than ... . (to waste, to live, to work) 24.She tried ... on ... with me, but I finally managed ... her out of it. (to insist, to come, to talk) 25.I've seen many a man ... through ... extravagant habits. (to ruin, to have) 26.She woke at half past ten in the morning ... her husband … . (to find, to go) 27.They said that Roger had been known ... her between five and seven in the evening, on the dates ... down. (to visit, to set) 28.When Hugh came in he found the painter ... the ... touches to a picture of a beggar-man. The beggar himself was standing on a ... platform in a corner of the studio. He was an old man, with a face like ... parchment. (to put, to finish, to raise, to wrinkle) 29.There were several ships ... in the harbour. (to anchor) 30.Since then I've made a point of ... with the largest sack ... for ... ... linen and ... it to the brim with books ... every possible occasion and every mood. (to travel, to make, to carry, to soil, to fill, to suit) 31.He went out through the window so as not ... the front door ... . (to leave, to unfasten) 32.My uncle had a workshop with a lathe and various other tools for carpentry or metal-work. He kept ... ... me ... an interest in it; it was the joy of his life and he wanted ... me ... it. He made me ... ... while he worked at it. (to try, to induce, to take, to see, to share, to stand, to watch) 33.He felt drowsy all the way in the train, ... a couple of newspapers and then ... out of the window at the ... scene. (to read, to look, to change) 34.The thing ... was ... the police. (to do, to call) 35.She opened the door just in time ... Tom ... round the corner. (to see, to disappear) 36.Not ... your letters, I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about. (to read) 37.He took the first opportunity ... for his rudeness. (to apologize) 38.I'm too old ... my ways. (to change) 39.I couldn't resist ... my money or ... it ... my friends. (to show, to spend, to treat) 40.He sat for hours by the river as the trains ran ... across the bridge. (to shriek) 41.It might be worth ... . (to try) 42.After some thinking he decided how he would go about ... the information. (to obtain) 43.He was sitting with his hands ... round his knee, ... at the water. (to clasp, to stare) 44.The buildings were kept ... and in repair by a group of workmen. (to paint)
Ex. 178. Revision: translate the following into English using infinitive with for-andof-phrases:
1.Мне было трудно их убедить. 2.Болезнь помешала ему воспользоваться этой возможностью. 3.Было бы лучше, если бы ему ничего не говорили. 4.Его присутствие позволило мне избежать ссоры. 5.Люси видела, что я был очень озабочен тем, чтобы она произвела хорошее впечатление. 6.Оказалось, что прекратить все эти слухи не так-то просто. 7.Он искал спокойное место, где бы его семья могла отдохнуть. 8.Никто из нас ничего не мог бы сделать в этой ситуации. 9.Это был удобный для нее случай поговорить с ним наедине. 10.Я попросил разрешения, чтобы Том пожил у нас еще неделю. 11.Странно, что он написал такую статью. 12.Для меня большая честь познакомиться с таким человеком, как Джон Бейли. 13.Ему доставит удовольствие все подготовить к их приезду. 14.Им было бы жаль потратить столько усилий зря. 15.Очень предусмотрительно с вашей стороны, что вы пришли сегодня. 16.Мы все ждали, когда придет письмо. 17.Просто удивительно, как это Дэн нашел вас. 18.Мне очень хотелось, чтобы он скорее приступил к работе. 19.Для меня было облегчением уехать из дома. 20.Им было бы удобно не втягивать его в это дело. 21.Ему стоило большого усилия позвонить ей. 22.Очень мило с его стороны, что он интересуется моими делами. 23.Я плотно закрыл дверь, чтобы нам никто не мешал. 24.Он жестом показал, чтобы я вышел.
Ex. 179. Revision: translate the following into English using ing-complexes:
1.Oн жаловался на то, что у него в комнате очень холодно. 2.Он часто говорил о том, что ему необходимо найти хорошо оплачиваемую работу, но ничего для этого не делал. 3.В письме упоминалось, что миссис Брейн заболела. 4.Она позвала на помощь. Но у нее не было никакой надежды, что помощь придет. 5.Ей не нравилась мысль о том, что ее сын будет жить в одной комнате с каким-нибудь грубым мальчишкой. 6.Он рассказал ей, что для их сына есть возможность получить работу получше. 7.Она терзалась мыслью о том, что за ее ребенком присматривают какие-то чужие люди. 8.Когда он объявил о дне своего отплытия, она не могла сдержать радости. 9.Джулия убрала сигарету так, что он этого не заметил. 10.Твой отец настаивает на том, чтобы ты получил образование в Оксфорде. 11.Он обещал написать ей письмо, и она с нетерпением ждала, когда получит его.
Ex. 180. Revision: translate the following into English using absolute constructions with verbals:
1.Я увидел, что он сидел у окна и одна его рука лежала полусжатой на столе. 2.Это единственный дом там, и во всей округе некому выслеживать его. 3.Она глубоко дышала, губы ее были приоткрыты, щеки разрумянились. 4.Она плакала, не таясь и не сводя с него глаз. 5.С Мери в качестве учительницы он очень быстро научился говорить на хорошем английском языке. 6.Я не могу спать, когда не выключено радио. 7.На третьем этаже загорелось окно: кто-то работал допоздна. 8.Я ушел от них поздно вечером с чувством облегчения от груза забот. 9.Он лежал на спине с закрытыми глазами. 10.Джулия от нечего делать посещала лекции. 11.Она увидела Пэт сидящей на полу среди фотографий, разбросанных вокруг нее.
Ex. 181. Revision: translate the following into English using the proper forms of verbals:
1.Написав на конверте адрес, она выбросила открытку в корзинку для бумаг. 2.Это была любовная связь, которая, как полагали, продолжалась так давно, что о ней перестали говорить. 3.Так случилось, что они обедали у Долли в тот день. 4.Очень мило с его стороны, что он предложил это. 5.Кажется, он не написал никаких новых пьес. 6.Уплатив шоферу, он взглянул на жену, которая стояла в дверях освещенная заходящим солнцем. 7.Чувство времени — это одна из вещей, которым я, кажется, научился у Джимми. 8.Было похоже, что он получал удовольствие от нашей компании. 9.Говорили, что она еще не приняла никакого решения. 10.Ходят слухи, что ей посоветовали не выходить замуж за Теда. 11.Известно, что он был трижды ранен во время войны. 12.У меня появилось ощущение, что за мной наблюдают. 13.Я не помню, чтобы я когда-либо была около их дома. 14.Крису как-то не хотелось, чтобы над ним смеялись. 15.Так как он никогда раньше не занимал денег, он нашел целый ряд людей, которые были готовы одолжить ему небольшие суммы. 16.Я терпеть не мог, когда мне желали удачи.
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8. Практический курс ан