Модульная структура учебного пособия
УДК 811.111’36 (075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ-2я73
О 75
Ответственный редактор
кандидат психологических наук, доцент Гришечко О.С.
Рецензенты:
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Дзюбенко А.И.;
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Герасимова Н.И.
Авторы – составители:
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Лубянова М.А.;
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Жарина О.А.
Basic English Grammar Course. Учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка для студентов факультета лингвистики и словесности отделения славянской и западноевропейской филологии ПИ ЮФУ. – Ростов н/Д: ИПО ПИ ЮФУ, 2012. – 132 с.
Настоящее пособие составлено в соответствии с учебно-тематическим планом и предназначено для обеспечения учебно-методического комплекса дисциплины Б.3.В.8 «Практическая грамматика» (1 курс, 1 семестр). Содержание пособия охватывает базовый этап развития иноязычной грамматической компетенции. Пособие состоит из 7 модулей. Каждый модуль включает в себя три основных блока: информационный, практический и контролирующий (с квалиметрическим обеспечением). Теоретический и практический материал пособия отражает современные нормы британского стандарта английского языка.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION___________________________________________________ 5
MODULE I. The Verbs “to Be”, “to Have”. _______________________________8
1.1. The Verb “to Be”.___________________________________________8
1.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 10
1.3. The Verb “to Have”.________________________________________12
1.4. Exercises.________________________________________________ 14
1.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module I._____________________________ 16
1.6. Revision. Module I.________________________________________ 17
1.7. Progress Test I.____________________________________________18
MODULE II. The Construction “There+to Be”. Impersonal Sentences._________25
2.1. The Construction “There+to Be”._____________________________ 25
2.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 26
2.3. Impersonal Sentences.______________________________________ 29
2.4. Exercises.________________________________________________ 29
2.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module II._____________________________31
2.6. Revision. Module II.________________________________________33
2.7. Progress Test II.___________________________________________ 34
MODULE III.Imperatives. Types of Questions. __________________________ 41
3.1. Imperative Sentences._______________________________________41
3.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 41
3.3. Types of Questions.________________________________________ 43
3.4. Exercises.________________________________________________ 45
3.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module III.____________________________ 47
3.6. Revision. Module III._______________________________________48
3.7. Progress Test III.__________________________________________ 49
MODULE IV.The Nouns.____________________________________________ 52
4.1. The Noun. Plural of Nouns. _________________________________ 52
4.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 55
4.3. The Possessive Case of the Nouns.____________________________ 57
4.4. Exercises.________________________________________________ 58
4.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module IV.____________________________60
4.6. Revision. Module IV._______________________________________60
4.7. Progress Test IV.__________________________________________ 62
MODULE V. The Quantifiers. _________________________________________67
5.1. The Numerals. ____________________________________________67
5.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 69
5.3. Much, Many, Little, a Little, Few, a Few._______________________ 71
5.4. Exercises.________________________________________________ 71
5.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module V._____________________________74
5.6. Revision. Module V._______________________________________ 75
5.7. Progress Test V.___________________________________________76
MODULE VI.The Pronouns. _________________________________________ 81
6.1. Types of the pronouns.______________________________________81
6.2. Exercises.________________________________________________ 85
6.3. Tasks for Self-Control. Module VI. ___________________________ 92
6.4. Revision. Module VI._______________________________________94
6.5. Progress Test VI.__________________________________________ 97
MODULE VII.The Adjectives and Adverbs._____________________________103
7.1. The Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison._______________________103
7.2. Exercises._______________________________________________ 107
7.3. The Adverbs. Degrees of Comparison.________________________ 114
7.4. Exercises._______________________________________________ 117
7.5. Tasks for Self-Control. Module VII. __________________________120
7.6. Revision. Module VII._____________________________________ 123
7.7. Progress Test VII._________________________________________126
RATING SCALE__________________________________________________132
BIBLIOGRAPHY _________________________________________________ 132
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Учебное пособие разработано на модульно-компетентностной основе ФГОС ВПО 2010 г. с квалиметрическим обеспечением в рамках компетентностного подхода и документа «Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, обучение, оценка».
Компетентностный подход к определению целей и результатов лингвистического образования усиливает его практическую, личностную и коммуникативно-деятельностную ориентированность. Формирование компетенции выступает как конечный результат образовательного процесса, модуль – как средство его организации. Такой подход позволяет более четко определить все этапы обучения и обосновать их необходимость, как для студентов, так и для преподавателей, т.е. сделать процесс обучения доступным и прозрачным.
Учебное пособие «Basic English Grammar Course» соответствует учебно-тематическому плану и предназначено для обеспечения учебно-методического комплекса дисциплины Б.3.В.8 «Практическая грамматика» (1 курс, 1 семестр).
Целью изучения практической грамматики является развитие грамматических навыков, входящих в структуру иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности студента.
Содержание пособия охватывает базовый этап развития иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности, соотносящийся с уровнем B1 «Общеевропейских компетенций…».
По окончании I семестра (базовый уровень) студент должен:
- правильно употреблять глаголы «to be», «to have» во всех типах предложений, уметь определять их функции в предложении;
- уметь строить все коммуникативные типы предложений и грамматически верно употреблять их в речи;
- уметь применять на практике теоретические знания употребления имен существительных, прилагательных, наречий, числительных, местоимений;
- анализировать ситуацию общения с целью выбора соответствующей грамматической единицы;
- переводить с русского на английский и с английского на русский:
а) ситуации, содержащие монологические и диалогические высказывания в рамках изученной тематики,
в) спонтанно переводить с русского на английский предложения, содержащие пройденный лексический и грамматический материал.
Контроль сформированности грамматической составляющей коммуникативной компетенции осуществляется на модульной основе с использованием квалиметрического мониторинга, включая аудиторную и самостоятельную работу студентов.
Пособие имеет междисциплинарный характер и может использоваться для подготовки студентов, обучающихся по направлениям 031203 – Теория и практика межкультурной коммуникации; 030602 – Связи с общественностью; 031201 – Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур.
Каждый модуль имеет цель, содержание, задания для аудиторной и домашней работы, упражнения для самостоятельной работы студентов, тесты рубежного контроля. Также в пособии содержится список литературы для самостоятельного изучения. Все тесты рубежного контроля имеют ссылки на электронные варианты, представленные в информационном пространстве ЮФУ (www.incampus.ru).
MODULE I
Present Past Future
| Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plu ral | Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plu ral | Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plural |
| I | am | we | are | I | was | we | were | I | will be | we | will be |
| you | are | you | were | you | will be | ||||||
| he she it | is | they | are | he she it | was | they | were | he she it | will be | they | will be |
In affirmative sentences the form of the verb ‘to be’ immediately follows the subject:
She is a student. They were at home. I will be there.
In interrogative sentences the form of the verb ‘to be’ is placed before the subject: Is he your brother? Were you married?
In negative sentences the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the form of the verb ‘to be’:
I am not a doctor. We were not ready.
In the future the verb ‘will’ is placed before the subject in interrogative sentences and the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the verb ‘will’ in negative sentences: Will you be at home? It will not be good.
The functions of the verb ‘to be’
The verb ‘to be’ can perform the following functions in the sentence:
1.that of a notional verb:
He is here. I was at home. You will be at the library.
2.that of an auxiliary verb (to form tenses in the active and passive voice):
They are running very fast (the present continuous tense).
Were you reading when the telephone rang? (the past continuous tense)
The doctor was sent for (passive voice).
The capital of China is called Beijing. (passive voice)
3.that of a modal verb:
We were to meet at the station at five (expresses arrangement or agreement, part of a plan).
You are to stay at home till your mother comes (expresses orders and instructions).
4. that of a link verb in the compound nominal predicate where the nominal part may be expressed by a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, a numeral, etc.:
He is a pupil. The sea is beautiful. We are four. It was he.
5. The verb ‘to be’ is used to talk about mental or physical condition:
to be hungry (thirsty, warm, hot, cold, sleepy, afraid, lucky, right, wrong).
6. The verb ‘to be’ is used to talk about age, height, weight, length, size, shape, colour:
I’m nearly forty. He is six feet tall. The room is 10 metres long. What size are your shoes? What colour are his eyes?
7. The verb to beis used in the construction there + to be:
There is a radiator under the window.
Note!The sentence «There is a table in the room» is more often used than «The table is in the room».
8. The verb ‘to be’ is not used in the continuous form.
But we can use the structure I am being/you are being + adjective/noun to talk about actions and behaviour in a particular situation, but notto talk about feelings:
You’re being stupid = You’re doing stupid things.
I was being very careful = I was doing something very carefully.
But: I am happy (a feeling). I was very depressed when you phoned (a feeling).
9. Normally ‘be’ is used without the auxiliary ‘do’: I’m not often sick.
But ‘do’ is used to make negative imperative sentences with ‘be’ (when we tell smb. not to do smth.)
Don’t be silly! Don’t be such a nuisance!
And ‘do be’ can begin emphaticsentences:
Do be careful! Do be quiet, for God’s sake!
10. Set expressions with the verb ‘to be’:
to be right - быть правым
to be wrong - быть неправым
to be well - хорошо себя чувствовать
to be healthy - быть здоровым
to be ill/ sick - болеть
to be glad - быть радым
to be pleased with - быть довольным чем-то
to be lucky - быть удачливым
to be satisfied with - быть удовлетворённым чем-то
to be mistaken - ошибаться
to be hungry - быть голодным
to be thirsty - испытывать жажду
to be angry with - злиться на кого-то
to be afraid of - бояться чего-то (кого-то)
to be interested in - интересоваться чем-то
to be late - опаздывать
to be on time - быть вовремя
to be in / to be at home - быть дома
to be out - не быть дома
to be at work - быть на работе
to be married - быть замужем (женатым)
to be single - быть не замужем (не женатым)
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Fill in ’m, ’s, ’re, ’m not, isn’t or aren’t,as in the example.
1. We aren’told. We’re young. 2. My favourite sport is tennis. It ... golf. 3. The Pyramids …. in Paris. They’re in Cairo. 4. I ….. from Spain. I’m from Mexico. 5. She isn’t Stella. She ….. Molly. 6. I’m not Bill. I ….. Tom. 7. The Taj Mahal isn’t in Ottawa. It ….. in Agra. 8. They ….. from Poland. They’re from Sweden. 8. Jill ….. my friend. She isn’t my sister. 9. I ….. 24 years old. I’m 27.
Exercise 2. Fill in am, is, or are.
1. Roses and daisies and tulips …are… grown in our flower garden. 2. A garden ….. a place where we grow fruit trees. 3. Fruit ….. good for you to eat. Eating fruit helps us to be healthy. 4. Glass ….. used to make things. Windows ….. made of glass. Glass ….. something hard that you can usually see through. It ….. easy to break glass. 5. I ….. happy. ….. you happy too? 6. A kangaroo ….. a large animal that eats plants. They .…. good jumpers. 7. A mother ….. sometimes called Mom or Mommy. 8. Neighbours ….. people who live near one another. 9. Georgia and Ross ..… not neighbours, they live far from one another.
Exercise 3. Insert was or were.
1. I.... was .... working on a puzzle. I ….. trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together. 2. Diana’s cold ….. worse yesterday. Her cold is not as bad today as it ….. yesterday. 3. I don’t think you ….. right. 4. A zoo ….. a place where I liked to go when I ….. seven. 5. The rain started to fall from clouds. Some clouds ….. white and puffy. Other clouds ….. big and dark.
Present Past Future
| Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plu ral | Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plu ral | Per son | Sin gular | Per son | Plu ral |
| I | have | we | have | I | had | we | had | I | will have | we | will have |
| you | have | you | had | you | will have | ||||||
| he she it | has | they | have | he she it | had | they | had had | he she it | will have | they | will have |
I. The verb ‘to have’ has a meaning of‘to possess’.
In affirmative sentences the form of the verb ‘to have’ immediately follows the subject:
I have a dog. They had four lessons today. We will have a day off on the 10th of September.
In interrogative sentences two variants are possible in the present:
1. the form of the verb ‘to have’ is placed before the subject:
Have you a flat? Has she many friends?
2. the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ is placed before the subject:
Do we have enough money? Does he have free time?
The second variant is more common in modern speech. In the past only the second variant is possible:
Did you have a spare pen? Did they have a book?
In negative sentences also two variants are possible:
1. the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the form of the verb ‘to have’:
I have not anything to do. She had not any pet.
2. the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ and the negative particle ‘not’ are placed after the subject:
He does not have food. We do not have good equipment.
I did not have your article.
As in interrogative sentences in negative ones the second variant is also more common.
In the futurethe verb ‘will’ is placed before the subject in interrogative sentences and the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the verb ‘will’ in negative sentences: Will you have enough time to do this task? I will not have free time tomorrow.
II. Got-forms of “have”.
In conversation and informal writing, the double form “have got” is used in British English.
I’ve got a new boyfriend (Sounds more natural in speech than I have a new boyfriend).
I’ve got a headache.
It is less used to talk about repeated and habitual states:
- I have / I’ve got toothache. – I often have toothache.
In forming questions and negative sentences the auxiliary verb ‘to do’is not used: Has your sister got a car? I haven’t got your keys.
Have you got time to go to London this weekend?
Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in short answers and tags:
‘Have you got a light?’ – ‘No, I haven’t.’ Anne’s got a bike, hasn’t she?
Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in the past tense:
I had flu last week.
The functions of the verb ‘to have’
The verb ‘to have’ can perform the following functions in the sentence:
1. that of a notional verb:
They have three cars. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
2. that of an auxiliary verb (to form perfect tenses in the active and passive voice):
I have lost my key. I realised that I had met him before.
3. that of a modal verb (it expresses obligation):
You have to finish the translation. I had to work last Saturday.
4. Had better + Infinitivewithout to (in the meaning of It would be better)
is used to give strong advice, or to tell people what to do (including ourselves):
You’d better turn this music down before your Dad gets angry.
It’s seven o’clock. I’d better put the meat in the oven.
5. ‘Have’ + object is often used to talk about actions and experiences:
to have breakfast / tea / coffee / a drink;
to have a bath / a shave / a shower;
to have a rest / a sleep / a dream;
to have a good time / a bad day / a holiday / a day off;
to have good journey / flight / trip;
to have a talk / a chat / a word with smb / a conversation / a row / a quarrel / a fight;
to have a swim / a walk / a ride / a dance / a game of tennis;
to have a look
to have difficulty / trouble (in the meaning of “encounter” – неожиданно встретиться с ч-л)
6. ‘Have’ can be followed by object+ infinitive (without to) and object + past participle.
a) ‘Have’ + object+ infinitivecan mean ‘cause somebody to do something’. This is mostly used in American English, to talk about giving instructions or orders.
I’m ready to see Mr Smith. Have him come in,please.
The manager had everybody fill outa form.
b) ‘Have’ + object+ past participle (=have something done) can mean ‘cause something to be done by somebody else’. The past participle has a passive meaning.
I must have my watch repaired. (= I want my watch to be repaired.)
I’m going to have my hair cutthis afternoon.
If you don’t get out of my house I’ll have you arrested.
EXERCISES
TASKS FOR SELF-CONTROL
MODULE I
REVISION
MODULE I
PROGRESS TEST
MODULE I
Choose the right form
1. A tree ….. a plant.
A are
B is
C am
2. ….. trying to open the window
A I’s
B I’m
C I’re
3. “You” ….. the word people use when they are talking or writing to another person.
A are
B am
C is
4. How ….. you today?
A are
B am
C is
5. They ….. hungry.
A wasn’t
B were not
C isn’t
6. They ….. ….. leaving soon.
A shall be
B will be
C will are
7. ….. thinking of what you’ve just said.
A I’s
B I
C I’m
8. They say it ….. raining all day tomorrow.
A is
B shall be
C will be
9. We ….. playing golf at 2 o’clock yesterday.
A were
B are
C shall be
10. Butter ….. made from milk.
A are
B is
C were
11. ….. the news today.
A Is he expecting
B He is expecting
C Expecting is he
12. Many accidents ….. caused by careless driving.
A won’t
B is
C are
13. When ….. America discovered.
A is
B was
C will be
14. Can you wait for me? I ….. very long.
A will be
B am not
C won’t be
15. You ….. stupid. (ты ведешь себя глупо)
A will be
B are being
C are
16. ….. quiet! (восклицание)
A Do be
B will be
C Be you
17. There ….. light in your room.
A aren’t
B isn’t
C won’t
18. He ….. being examined now.
A is
B will be
C will
19. There ….. an interesting film on TV last night.
A will be
B won’t be
C was
20. ….. watching a new film now?
A Are your parents
B Your parents are
C Will your parents
21. Some families ….. a pet.
A have
B has
C are having
22. How many friends have you got? – …..
A I has got few friends.
B I’ve got friends.
C I have few friends.
23. Each family ….. its own flat.
A have
B has
C are having
24. ….. lunch at 10 o’clock?
A Do you have
B Have you got
C Have you
25. Peter ….. a baby brother.
A doesn’t have
B don’t have
C have not got
26. ….. a nice new car?
A Do they have got
B They have got
C Have they got
27. She ….. blue eyes.
A is not having
B hasn’t
C haven’t
28. She ….. her laundry done.
A has
B is having
C has got
29. We ….. much to do yesterday.
A have got
B have
C had
30. We ….. a party tonight.
A have got
B are having
C had
31. Have you got a garage? – Yes, ….. .
A I have
B I have got
C I’ve got
32. I’m afraid he ….. a bath now.
A has got
B is having
C hasn’t got
33. Alligators ….. long jaws and sharp teeth.
A have
B has
C are having
34. ….. a bath every day?
A Have he
B Does he have
C Has he got
35. He ….. his room papered.
A have
B was
C has
36. ….. the party last week?
A Have you enjoyed
B Have you got enjoyed
C Did you enjoy
37. You are hungry. ….. to go to the canteen.
A You have got
B You had better
C You would rather
38. ….. your tooth filled yesterday?
A Did you have
B Has you had
C Have you got
39. ….. to go to school yesterday?
A Did you have
B Have you had
C Have you got
40. They ….. cut the bread yet.
A did not
B have not got
C have not
Define the function of the verb
41. A unicorn (единорог) is a make-believe animal.
A link verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
42. Zippers (застежка-молния) are made of small pieces of metal or plastic held together by a piece of cloth.
A link verb
B auxiliary verb
C modal verb
43. There are about 790,000 words in English.
A link verb
B modal verb
C notional verb
44. People use it when they are talking or writing to another person.
A link verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
45. My sister is to lay the table.
A auxiliary verb
B modal verb
C notional verb
46. We’re at home.
A link verb
B modal verb
C notional verb
47. An ocean is also called a sea.
A link verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
48. They are working on the computer now.
A modal verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
49. They are to come in half an hour.
A modal verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
50. The order will be delivered.
A modal verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
51. They are at the disco now.
A notional verb
B modal verb
C auxiliary verb
52. All my money was stolen at the hotel.
A auxiliary verb
B modal verb
C notional verb
53. My brother was here yesterday.
A auxiliary verb
B modal verb
C notional verb
54. I am sorry.
A auxiliary verb
B link verb
C notional verb
55. It’s time we went home, darling!
A modal verb
B link verb
C notional verb
56. I am to answer this call immediately.
A modal verb
B link verb
C notional verb
57. It is ten o’clock now.
A link verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
58. The children are sitting and playing in their room.
A notional verb
B modal verb
C auxiliary verb
59. There aren’t people here.
A notional verb
B modal verb
C auxiliary verb
60. I wish I were five years younger.
A auxiliary verb
B link verb
C notional verb
61. They have not arrived yet.
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C modal verb
62. I’ve got a headache.
A notional verb
B part of a construction
C auxiliary verb
63. We are having breakfast.
A auxiliary verb
B have+object
C notional verb
64. Now he has a small business and feels quite happy.
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C have+object
65. We have to help our group-mates.
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C modal verb
66. When Lucy is hungry she has bread and cheese.
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C have+object
67. He had his watch repaired.
A have+object
B modal verb
C part of a construction
68. When I came, my mother had gone.
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C part of a construction
69. Tomorrow I’ll have much free time.
A modal verb
B auxiliary verb
C notional verb
70. He has a shower every morning.
A have+object
B modal verb
C notional verb
71. I have to get up early to catch the bus.
A have+object
B modal verb
C notional verb
72. I had the letters posted yesterday.
A auxiliary verb
B have+object
C part of a construction
73. He has returned to Moscow.
A auxiliary verb
B part of a construction
C modal verb
74. He has no books on this subject.
A auxiliary verb
B notional verb
C modal verb
75. Has he got a good dictionary?
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C have+object
76. When do you have dinner?
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C have+object
77. They won’t have to read the whole book.
A have+object
B modal verb
C notional verb
78. Have you bought that beautiful car?
A notional verb
B auxiliary verb
C have+object
79. He had his shoes cleaned this morning.
A part of a construction
B have+object
C modal verb
80. She will have to do it once more.
A auxiliary verb
B notional verb
C modal verb
TOTAL: 80 MARKS
WEB SUPPORT:http://www.incampus.ru/campus.aspx?id=10749510&tab=3
MODULE II
THE CONSTRUCTION “THERE + TO BE”.
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES
THE CONSTRUCTION “THERE + TO BE”
1. In sentences, which say that something exists or does not exist somewhere, we usually use ‘there’ as a kind of introductory subject and put the real subject after the verb:
There is ice on the lake. There is a lot of noise in the street.
There is a long historical tradition in this process.
2. ‘There are’ is used with plural subjects:
I don’t know how many people there are in the waiting room.
Mind! If there are somesubjects in the sentence the choice of the form of the verb ‘to be’ depends on the number of the first one:
There is a table, six chairs, a TV set and a bookcase in the room.
There are six chairs, a table, a TV set and a bookcase in the room.
3. ‘There’ can be used with all tenses of the verb ‘to be’:
Once upon a time there were three wicked brothers.
There has never been anybody like you.
There will be snow in the mountains.
4. ‘There’ can be used with modal verbs + be and with some other verbs (seem, appear, happen), verbs which refer to states or arrivals:
There must be somebody at home – ring again.
There seem to be some problems.
Could you be quiet? There happens to be a lecture.
In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker.
There remains nothing more to be done.
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.
There followed an uncomfortable silence.
5. Note also the structure: there is certain/sure/likely/bound to be.
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter.
Do you think there’s likely to be snow?
6. Infinitives (there to be) and –ing forms (there being) are also used.
I don’t want there to be any more trouble.
What’s the chance of there being an election this year?
7. Introductory “there” is often used with ‘gerunds’ and ‘infinitives’ in the negative form:
There was no stopping him. — Его было невозможно остановить.
There was never any telling when he would turn up. — Никак нельзя было предугадать, когда он появится.
8. Set expressionswith‘sense’, ‘point’, ‘use’ and ‘need’ have some modal meaning and speak about ‘possibility/impossibility’, ‘willingness/unwillingness’ to perform the action expressed by the gerund.
There is no sense in making him angry.-He нужно/Нет смысла сердить его.
Is there any point in talking about it again? — Нужно ли опять об этом говорить?
Do you think there is any use trying to explain? — Вы считаете, что нужно попытаться как-то это объяснить?
There is по need to hurry — we’ve got plenty of time. — Нет необходимости торопиться, у нас много времени.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Agree with the following statements using «there is/are».
Models: You’ve got three members in your family. — Yes, there are three members in my family.
You can see a boy in the picture. — Yes, there is a boy in the picture.
1. You’ve got a book in front of you. 2. She’s got many foreign books in her library. 3. They’ve got many pets at home. 4. She’s got three mistakes in her test. 5. You’ve got no laboratory on the first floor. 6. You can see a farm near the forest. 7. You can see a lot of interesting pictures in this book. 8. You can see a TV set in the hall. 9. You can see a large family in this picture. 10. You can see many difficult words in this text. 11. You can see many countries on this map. 12. You can see two sentences on the blackboard.
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES
Impersonal sentencesbegin with the pronoun‘it’.They are used to talk about time, day (months, season), distance, weather, states: (nice, easy, hard, good, necessary, difficult, interesting, cool, exciting, wonderful, thrilling, awful, terrible, important).
It’s half past ten.
It’s Monday. It’s the 16th of December.
It’s three miles from our house to the centre of the city.
It’s a long way from here to the station.
It’s raining.
Does it snow very often?
It’s warm / cold / windy / sunny.
It is – There is
We use ‘it’ as a meaningless subject with expressions referring to time, weather, temperature or distance.
It is + adjective - It is foggy today. It will be hot in Rome tomorrow.
We use ‘there’ as a kind of preparatory subject in sentences which say that something exists.
There is + noun – There is fog today. There will be heavy rain in Madrid today.
Note! Don’t confuse «it’s» and «its».
«It’s» = it is (a personal pronoun and the verb “to be”):
It’s (it is) very nice here.
«Its» is a possessive pronoun followed by a noun:
I bought a new skirt. Its colour is blue.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Use «it» or «there».
A. 1. ... is winter. ... is a lot of snow. 2. ... was Christmas. ... were a lot of presents for the children under the Christmas tree. 3. ...were a lot of clouds in the morning. Now... is clear again. 4. I think ... is time to begin. 5. What is ... ? 6. ... is wonderful music in this film. 7. Our class went to a concert. ... was a success. 8. ... is a student from Britain in our group. ... is a swimming pool near my house, but ... is no water in it. 10. ... were a lot of rains last autumn.
B. 1. What is ... you wanted to tell me? 2. Since ... was nothing much to see, we left. 3. Where ... is life, ... is hope. 4. ... is no use telling him the truth. ... is nothing to him. 5. ... is important to keep in mind that ... is left-side traffic in Britain. 6. Is ... any I news? 7. Is ... enough food in the house? — ... is enough to feed the whole group. 8. ... is nothing like walking about the countryside when ... is warm and ... is sunshine and ... isn’t a single cloud in the sky and ... is not going to rain and ... is someone to make you happy. 9. Along time ago ... used to be a fortress on that hill. 10. ... is nothing but the result of her nervous disorder. 11. ... is nothing I can do to help you. 12. ... a medieval castle in the woods. ... has existed since the 14th I century. 13. ... comes my bus. ... is number 17. 14. ... no time to waste. ... is high time we take some steps. 15. ... was here that we met Ethel. 16. «I like ... when I’m alone», she said. 17. ... was something extremely civilized about her so that … surprised you to see her in those surroundings. 18. Let ... be so. 19. Let ... always be sunshine. 19. ... is no smoke without fire. 20. ... never rains but ... pours.
Exercise 2. Say what you keep:
a)in the draw of your desk;
b)in your safe;
c)in you pocket, bag, wallet/purse.
TASKS FOR SELF-CONTROL
MODULE II
REVISION
MODULE II
PROGRESS TEST
MODULE II
Choose the right form
1. There ….. some fair people in my family.
A is
B are
C is being
2. There ….. a small table and two chairs in the kitchen.
A are
B were
C - is
3. How many students ….. there in your group?
A are
B is
C was
4. There ….. a mistake in your test.
A is
B are
C is being
5. There ….. any apples in the kitchen.
A aren’t
B isn’t
C wasn’t
6. ….. there any ice-cream in my fridge?
A are
B aren’t
C is
7. There ….. any money in the cupboard.
A aren’t
B isn’t
C is
8. The road is very dangerous. There ….. been many accidents.
A have
B has
C is being
9. There ….. a magazine and two photos on my table.
A are
B were
C is
10. There ….. much cheese on the plate.
A is
B are
C is being
11. I have to go back home. ….. there an intercity traffic here? (междугородное сообщение)
A is
B are
C is being
12. ….. there any point in talking about it again?
A are
B were
C is
13. There ….. no butter, milk and cheese in the fridge.
A are
B aren’t
C is
14. The traffic ….. very heavy in big cities.
A are
B is
C were
15. Do you think there ….. any use trying to explain?
A are
B aren’t
C is
16. How many fruit trees ….. there in your garden?
A are
B is
C aren’t
17. There ….. a theater, shops and many offices in this part of the city.
A is
B are
C were
18. There ….. no stopping here.
A are
B is
C were
19. There ….. sure to be a lot of joy when she gets his letter.
A is being
B are
C is
20. There ….. no sense in your going there alone.
A is
B are
C is being
21. There ….. any butter or jam on the plate.
A aren’t
B isn’t
C won’t
22. There will ….. no concert tomorrow.
A is
B was
C - be
23. There ….. some flowers on the window sill.
A is being
B are
C is
24. There ….. a dog and two cats in the room.
A is being
B are
C is
25. There ….. much snow in Moscow last winter.
A was
B were
C is
26. There ….. a lot of people at the bus-stop.
A are
B is
C were
27. In a fortnight there ….. two weeks.
A was
B were
C are
28. There ..... much bread on the table.
A are
B is being
C is
29. The room seemed empty. There ..... hardly any furniture.
A is
B was
C were
30. There ..... little I can do to help you.
A are
B is
C is being
31. There ….. plenty of employees in the room.
A is
B was
C are
32. There ….. no sense doing all these exercises.
A be
B is
C were
33. There ….. a plate and some forks on the table.
A is
B are
C were
34. How many guests will ….. there at dinner?
A being
B be
C are
35. ….. there many tickets left?
A Is
B Was
C Are
36. There seems ….. no hope.
A to be
B being
C ―
37. Do you think there ….. likely to be snow?
A be
B is
C was
38. There ….. no point in asking him questions.
A be
B are
C is
39. There ….. a wonderful park next to our house.
A will be
B be
C is being
40. There ….. lots of shops in our town.
A are
B is
C is being
41. ….. is a tourist here. He wants to ask you a question.
A it
B there
42. ….. was a peak hour.
A it
B there
43. Every city has ….. own face.
A its
B it’s
44. ….. is necessary to solve this question as soon as possible.
A it
B there
45. . ….. is much snow outside.
A it
B there
46. ….. a great painting.
A its
B it’s
47. ….. is time to begin.
A it
B there
48. ….. is no wind today.
A it
B there
49. The baby elephant called ….. mother.
A its
B it’s
50. ….. is a secret file.
A it
B there
51. ….. is very important information in it.
A it
B there
52. ….. is something I’d like to tell you.
A it
B there
53. ….. not bad.
A it’s
B its
54. ….. is a difficult question.
A it
B there
55. ….. are twelve months in the year.
A it
B there
56. ….. is a fact.
A it
B there
57. ….. such a surprise for me!
A it’s
B its
58. ….. a complete waste of time.
A its
B it’s
59. ….. is a message for you on the display.
A it
B there
60. ….. is not windy now.
A it
B there
61. ….. is a long way from here to the airport
A it
B there
62. But ….. is a taxi at the door.
A it
B there
63. ….. very important.
A it’s
B its
64. ….. is no fool like an old fool.
A it
B there
65. The baby lay in ….. carrycot.
A its
B it’s
66. ….. was such a pity!
A it
B there
67. The group had ….. last exam yesterday.
A its
B it’s
68. ….. was a hard year.
A it
B there
69. What is ….. in that nice building?
A it
B there
70. ….. is our pedagogical institute.
A it
B there
71. The cat was playing with ….. tail.
A its
B it’s
72. .….. is no medicine like hope.
A it
B there
73. Every city has ….. own face.
A its
B it’s
74. When you go to the shop …. is good to know what you want.
A it
B there
75. ….. are a lot of shop assistants who can help you with your choice.
A it
B there
76. ….. me! Open the door!
A it’s
B its
77. ….. is never late to learn.
A it
B there
78. ….. is no smoke without fire.
A it
B there
79. ….. is a black sheep in every flock.
A it
B there
80. ….. is a small world.
A it
B there
TOTAL: 80 MARKS
WEB SUPPORT:http://www.incampus.ru/campus.aspx?id=10749510&tab=3
MODULE III
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Imperatives are used to tell or ask people to do things, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to encourage and offer, and to express wishes for people’s welfare.
Affirmative imperatives have the same form as the infinitive without ‘to’:
Come here. Be quiet. Speak louder. Stop talking!
Try again – you nearly did it. Have some more tea.
Enjoy your holiday. Look in the mirror before you drive off.
Negative imperatives are constructed with ‘do not (don’t):
Don’t worry about it. Don’t cross the street here.
Please do not lean out of the window. Don’t be silly.
Commands are generally spoken with a falling tone. They can be softened and made into requests with the help of the word “please”, a rising tone, a tag question or a question beginning with the words will, would, could:
Come here, please. Repeat the last word, will you?
Will (would, could) you open the window?
We can make an emphatic imperative with ‘do’:
Do sit down. Do be more careful. Do forgive me. Do be quiet!
English does not have first-person imperative (used to suggest that ‘I’ or ‘we’ should do something) or a third-person imperative (for other people, not the hearer). These ideas are often expressed by a structure with ‘let’:
Let him try again. Let me see. Let them come in. Let him wait.
Let us (let’s) have some tea. Let me do the room myself.
There are two negative constructions with “let” for the first person:
Let’s not speak about it.
Don’t let’s speak about it.
A third person command admits only one negative construction:
Don’t let him watch TV in the evening.
EXERCISES
Exercise 4.
A. Read the following:
How to Be Fit
Don’t stay in bed in the morning too long.
Don’t forget to do morning exercises.
Don’t eat your breakfast.
Don’t be late for classes.
Don’t take lunch to school.
Don’t eat sandwiches in class.
Don’t sit in one place during the breaks.
Don’t drink too much water and other drinks.
Don’t say you are hungry when you are.
Don’t eat chocolates or cakes.
Don’t take a bus when you can walk.
Don’t go to parties where they serve good food.
Don’t smoke or drink alcohol.
Don’t use drugs.
Don’t visit doctors unnecessarily.
Don’t lie on the sofa when you watch TV or listen to music.
Don’t go to bed during the day.
B. Give similar recommendations to your friend about:
a) how to make a good career;
b) how to become a famous scientist;
c) how to marry successfully.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
There are four main types of questions:
1. General questions (Yes/No questions) require the answer «yes» or «no». They are spoken with a rising intonation.
a) They open with an auxiliary, modal or link verb.
With the verbs “to be”, “to have (got)” and modal verbs the question is formed by inverting the subject and the verb:
She has got a car. – Has she got a car?
They are having lunch. – Are they having lunch?
I can speak English. – Can you speak English?
b) With other verbs we use Do/Does/Did + subject + infinitive without the particle “to”.
We like fish. – Do you like fish?
He knows Andrew. – Does he know Andrew?
They enjoyed the picnic. – Did they enjoy the picnic?
Negative general questions.
These questions express astonishment or doubt. In Russian the particles разве, неужели are used in such questions. They are formed by placing an auxiliary, modal or link verb + the particle not before the subject.
Aren’t you Carmen’s sister?
Hasn’t he told you yet?
Don’t you spend the summer in the country?
2. Special questions (Wh – questions) begin with an interrogative word. They are spoken with a falling intonation.
a. The order of words is the same as in general questions, but the interrogative word precedes the auxiliary verb. (Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb (notional verb).
Where do they live? Why are they laughing?
b. When special questions contain prepositions they are placedat the end of the sentence except a very formal writing and the speech where “whom” is used after the preposition:
Who did you buy these flowers for?
For whom did you buy these flowers? (very formal)
What are you talking about?
Who did you buy the tickets from?
c. When the interrogative word (who, what) is the subject of the sentence or an attribute to the subject, the order of words is that of a statement, no inversion is used.
Who phoned ?(‘Who’ is the subject)
Who did you phone?(‘Who’ is the object)
What happened? (‘What’ is the subject)
What did she say? (’What” is the object)
Who knows the answer?
Which costs more – the blue one or the grey one?
d. When the interrogative word (which, whose) is an attribute to the subject, the order of words is
Wh-word + noun + main verb:
Which type of battery lastslonger?
Whose pen is on the table?
3. Alternative questions indicate choice. They are spoken with a rising intonation in the first part and a falling intonation in the second part.
There are two types of alternative questions.
One type is like a general question:
Do you live in the town or in the country?
Is it your CD or is it mine?
Are they in or are they out?
The other is like a special question:
What do you want to do this weekend, stay at home or go to the cinema?
4.Disjunctive questions (Tag questions) require the answer “yes” or “no”.
They consist of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question (positive answer is expected), or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question (negative answer is expected). They correspond to such Russian questions as «Не так ли? Не правда ли? Ведь так?»
The first part of these questions is spoken with a falling intonation and the second part is spoken with a falling intonation if the speaker is sure that his information is correct. The second part can also be spoken with a rising intonation if the speaker is not very sure if the information is correct or not.
You knew that before, didn’t you? – Yes, I did.
You are not tired, are you? – No, I am not.
There is a piano in the hall, isn’t there?
I’m right, aren’t I? (the short form in the singular is not used here)
I’m not your boss, am I? (a politically correct question)
Everybody is her, aren’t they? (a politically correct question)
There is one more pattern with a tag question which is less frequently used (mostly when the speaker comes to a conclusion about some event):
Positive statement + positive tag
You knew about it before, did you?
Negative statement + negative tag
You didn’t know about it before, didn’t you?
5.There are some other types of questions in spoken English.
a) Indeclarative questionswe do not always use ‘interrogative’ word order:
You’re working late tonight?
These questions are used when the speaker thinks he/she knows or has understood smth, but wants to make sure or express surprise. A rising intonation is common.
This is your car? (= I suppose this is your car, isn’t it?)
That’s the boss? I thought he was the cleaner.
b) Rhetorical questions do not expect an answer. We use them as a way of drawing attention to something.
Do you know what time it is? (= You are late.)
Who’s a lovely baby? (= You’re a lovely baby)
What’s the use of asking her? (=There’s no use asking her)
c) Why/How should …?Can be used aggressively to reject suggestions, requests and instructions.
Ann’s very unhappy. ~ Why should I care?
What time does the film start? ~ How should I know?
EXERCISES
TASKS FOR SELFCONTROL
MODULE III
Task 1. A. Make up rule