Абсолютный причастный оборот

(The Absolute Participle Construction)

1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. – Когда предмет теряет потенциальную энергию, эта энергия превращается в кинетическую. 2.There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy. – Существуют различные источники энергии, причем солнце – безграничный источник всех форм энергии.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker.

2. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated.

3. The cathode heated, the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode.

4. She hurried along, her heels crunching in the packed snow.

5. He sat on the steps, with his arms crossed upon his knees.

6. Our work having been finished, we went home.

7. The underground station being not far, we walked there.

8. Our efforts to start a car having failed, we spent a night in a nearby village.

9. Substances strongly resisting the flow of current, we call them insulators.

Упражнение 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя независимый причастный оборот.

1. As the storm was arising, the ship entered the harbor.

2. She stood silent and her lips were pressed together.

3. The electrons move with varying velocity and their velocity depends on the temperature and nature of the materials.

4. As the treaty had been signed, trade was at once resumed.

5. As the wind was stirring among the trees and bushes we could hear nothing.

6. In the case electricity passes through a tree or a house we say that they are struck by lightning.

7. When the dinner was over we all gathered in the sitting room.

8. Thoughtful, he finished his meal, his eyes were all the time fixed upon the microscope.

9. As it was very warm children were sleeping in the open air.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения с русского на английский, употребляя все известные вам формы причастия.

1. Так как было очень поздно, аптека была закрыта.

2. Если погода будет хорошей, спортсмены покажут хорошие результаты.

3. Приехав на станцию, мы купили билеты.

4. Прожив много лет в этих краях, он легко нашел дом, который ему был нужен.

5. Ожидая в приемной, он обдумывал все вопросы, которые он хотел обсудить с боссом.

6. Сидя в уютном кресле, я продолжал думать о своих друзьях.

7. Будучи популярным певцом, он объездил с гастролями всю страну.

8. Доктор тщательно обследовал его сломанную ногу.

9. Не так давно она, наконец, нашла хорошо-оплачиваемую работу.

10. После того как собаку накормили, она уже не выглядела такой несчастной.

ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ

(TEST YOURSELF)

1. The professor told the students about the experiments carrying/being carried/having carried/carries out in the laboratory

2. The equipment are loaded/be loaded/having been loaded/have loaded, the workers went straight home.

3. Driving /driven/having driven/being driven a car at night he saw a car accident.

4. She showed us a list of the newly publishing/published /had published/are publishing journals and magazines.

5. The sun having risen/having been risen/risen/is risen they continued the way.

6. (Having been advised, advises, was advised, having advised) by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend summer in Turkey.

7. My brother finished his work, his friend helps/has helped/being helped/having helped him.

8. The work having been finished/having finished/finishing/is finished, the student went home.

9. The teacher praised her well-preparing/well-prepared/well-prepare/well-being prepared report.

10. Having finished/finished/being finished/finishing her work the girl went for a walk.

11. Kerosene is the fuel using/used /having used/having been used in the jet engines.

12. The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken/having taken/taking/took that no correspondent should receive any information.

13. Having been taught/teaching/ being teaching/having taught by a good teacher he knew German well.

14. Refused/refuse/had refused/having refused to unload foreign ships the dockers lost their jobs.

15. Having brought /bringing/brought/being brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to translate the article.

16. The students were translating the article, the teacher watching /being watched/have watched/having been watched them doing it.

17. Reading/having been read/ have read/ read an interesting book he forgot he it was time he went for a walk.

18. Being treated/treating/having treated/ treated kindly by a new family an adopted child gradually calmed down and felt at home.

19. He decided to give up this bad-paid/badly-paid/ badly-paying/badly-pay job.

20. Thinking/being thought/thought/having been thought about all these events he understood that he was not right.

UNIT 10

Герундий и его формы

(The gerund and its forms)

  Active Passive
Indefinite using being used
Perfect having used having been used

-Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive используются для выражения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным сказуемым:

- Introducing new techniques can greatly increase labour productivity.

-Perfect Gerund Active and Passive обычно употребляются для обозначения действия, которое предшествует действию, выраженному в предложении сказуемым.

- He admitted having stolen the money.

Следующие глаголы употребляются с герундием:

stop enjoy fancy admit consider miss finish mind imagine deny involve postpone delay suggest regret avoid practice risk

- I don’t fancy eating out tonight.

- Have you ever considered moving to another country?

- I don’t mind being told what to do.

Приведенные ниже структуры требуют после себя герундия:

give up (=stop) put off ( = postpone) keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly) go on (= continue) carry on (= continue)

- She kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking.

- When are you going to give up smoking?

В отличие от отглагольного существительного, за герундием часто идет прямое дополнение.

Запомните следующие выражения, требующие после себя герундия с определенными предлогами:



accuse of apologize for approve of congratulate on dream of feel like insist on look forward to object to prevent from succeed in suspect of thank for think of

На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием и глаголом в личной форме, если перед ним притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже (-‘s):

- The expansion of production largely depends on their investing adequate sum of money in this business.

- I thanked her for being so helpful.

Gerund Participle I
Cooking is my hobby. It’s no use tryingto persuade him. I’m thinking of leaving this job. I remember locking the door. She is cooking at the moment. Here you can see many students readingsomething. Watching TV, he fell asleep.

Герундиальные обороты

(Gerundial Constructions)

N + V1 + prep. + N /Pron. poss. + Ger.

- Do you mind my asking?

- He complained of my walking too slowly.

- They insisted on the son’s returning soon.

Упражнение 1.Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите форму герундия.

1. I don’t mind being told what to do.

2. Tom suggested going to the cinema.

3. Sorry for not having written so long.

4. I don’t fancy going out this evening.

5. He finally admitted having stolen the money.

6. He climbed over the wall without being seen.

7. Does your job involve meeting a lot of people?

8. Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting.

9. They now regret having got married.

10. I considered taking the job but in the end I decided against it.

Упражнение 2.Составьте предложения, используя глаголы из таблицы в правильной форме. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

splash study buy interrupt try be go write smoke close

1. I don’t enjoy ______letters.

2. Are you going to give up _____?

3. They had to postpone ______ away because their son was ill.

4. Would you mind _______ the door?

5. If you use the shower, try and avoid ______ water on the floor.

6. She thanked me for _______so helpful.

7. I don’t feel like ________today.

8. Are you thinking of__________ a house?

9. Jack gave up _________to find a job in Britain and decided to emigrate.

10. Forgive me _________ you but I must ask you a question.

Упражнение 3.Определите в каких предложениях –ing форма является герундием, отглагольным существительным или причастием I. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The using of this method gave really good results.

2. He calculated the company’s income, using a new computer programme.

3. Investing money in high technologies increases production efficiency.

4. We are changing the plan as our boss suggested.

5. Producers using inadequate methods in marketing research can’t obtain high profits.

6. We started producing this new equipment last month.

7. They have much experience in forecasting consumer needs.

8. She ran five miles without stopping.

9. The driving wheel of the machine is broken.

10. I enjoy dancing a lot.

11. Do you know the girl talking to Tom?

12. I was woken by a bell ringing.

13. I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

14. The road joining the two villages is very narrow.

15. She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.

Упражнение 4.Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Мы с нетерпением ждем, когда он снова приедет в Россию.

2. Он вышел из комнаты, ни с кем не попрощавшись.

3. Она настаивала на том, чтобы позвонить в полицию.

4. Вы не возражаете, если я открою окно?

5. Он бросил играть в шахматы.

6. Родители возражают против того, что он так часто ходит в клуб.

7. Шум за окном мешал ей заснуть.

8. Если ты будешь продолжать задавать глупые вопросы, я тебе вообще ничего не расскажу.

ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ

(TEST YOURSELF)

Определите правильный вариант –ing формы:

1. There are different ways of producing/being produced/having produced /having been produced electric current.

2. The child is being looked for/is looking for/having looked for/ had been looked for by his granny.

3. Next Monday we were working/will be working/ have been working/ working only five hours.

4. We know of his starting/having been started/ was starting/ being started some laboratory experiments.

5. We have been speaking /had been speaking/ speaking/ being spoken about the peaceful use of the atomic energy.

6. Having been/ of being/being/ is being a source of heat and electrical energy, atomic energy can also serve us in medicine.

7. He accused her of stealing/having been stolen/having stole/being stolen the money.

8. She entered the room without noticing/being noticed/ was noticing/ having being noticed me.

9. Long time ago people noticed the attracting/having attracted/having been attracted/being attracted ability of the magnet.

10. We heard of the experiment having been made/having made/was being made /making last week.

11. Working/being worked/as working/on working at the new device, the inventor carried out an important research.

12. The students went on being studied/studying/having studied/having been studied the properties of that new substance.

13. The new engine is being tested/was being tested/being tested/testing in the laboratory now.

14. There are a lot of advantages of having had/having have/have having/having a car.

15. The singing/singing/having sung/the having sung of this wonderful folk group impressed me greatly.

16. Your hair needs being cut/cutting/the cutting/the having cut.

17. Are you dressed for having gone out/going out/the going out/being gone out?

18. The building/having built/building/having been built of this house will cost much money.

19. Growing/the growing/ having grown/being grown this exotic fruit takes a lot of care.

20. I don’t mind being asked/asking/the asking/ask to help people.

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1

Неправильные глаголы:

infinitive past past participle перевод
arise arose arisen подниматься, появляться
awake awoke awoken просыпаться
be was/were been быть
bear bore borne нести
beat beat beaten бить, побеждать
become became become становиться
begin began begun начинать(ся)
bend bent bent гнуть, изгибать
bet bet bet держать пари
bind bound bound привязывать, связывать
bite bit bitten кусать
bleed bled bled кровоточить
blow blew blown дуть, выдыхать
break broke broken ломать
bring brought brought приносить
broadcast broadcast broadcast транслировать в эфире
build built built строить
burn burnt burnt гореть, сжигать
burst burst burst взрываться
buy bought bought покупать
cast cast cast бросать, кидать
catch caught caught ловить
choose chose chosen выбирать
cling clung clung цепляться, прилипать
come came come приходить
cost cost cost стоить, иметь цену
creep crept crept ползать, пресмыкаться
cut cut cut резать
deal dealt dealt иметь дела
dig dug dug копать
dive dived dived нырять
do did done делать
draw drew drawn рисовать
dream dreamt dreamt мечтать, видеть сон
drink drank drunk пить
drive drove driven водить
dwell dwelt dwelt жить, обитать
eat ate eaten есть
fall fell fallen падать
feed fed fed кормить
feel felt felt чувствовать
fight fought fought бороться
find found found находить
fit fit fit подгонять по размеру
flee fled fled убегать, спасаться
fling flung flung бросаться, ринуться
fly flew flown летать
forbid forbade forbidden запрещать
forecast forecast forecast прогнозировать
forget forgot forgotten забывать
forgive forgave forgiven прощать
freeze froze frozen замораживать
get got got получать, становиться
give gave given давать
go went gone идти
grow grew grown расти
hang1 hung hung вешать
have had had иметь
hear heard heard слышать
hide hid hidden прятать
hit hit hit ударять(ся), попадать в цель
hold held held держать, удерживать
hurt hurt hurt причинять боль
keep kept kept хранить
kneel knelt knelt преклонять колени
knit knit knit вязать
know knew known знать
lay laid laid лежать
lead led led возглавлять, вести за собой
lean leant leant наклоняться, высовываться
leap leapt leapt прыгать, скакать
learn learnt learnt учить
leave left left покидать
lend lent lent одалживать
let let let позволять
lie lay lain лежать
light lit lit освещаться, загораться
lose lost lost терять
make made made делать
mean meant meant значить
meet met met встречать
mow mowed mown косить
pay paid paid платить
prove proved proven доказывать
put put put класть
quit quit quit покидать
read read5 read5 читать
ride rode ridden ехать верхом
ring rang rung звонить
rise rose risen подниматься
run ran run бежать
saw sawed sawn пилить
say said said сказать
see saw seen видеть
seek sought sought искать
sell sold sold продавать
send sent sent посылать
set set set устанавливать
sew sewed sewn шить
shake shook shaken трясти
shear sheared shorn стричь, срезать
shed shed shed терять, избавляться
shine shone shone светить, сверкать
shoot shot shot стрелять
show showed shown показывать
shrink shrank shrunk сокращаться, сжиматься
shut shut shut закрываться, запираться
sing sang sung петь
sink sank sunk опускаться, погружаться
sit sat sat сидеть
sleep slept slept спать
slide slid slid скользить
sling slung slung швырять, метать
smell smelt smelt пахнуть
sow sowed sown сеять, засеивать
speak spoke spoken говорить
speed sped sped двигаться быстро
spell spelt spelt писать/читать по буквам
spend spent spent тратить
spill spilt spilt проливать
spin spun spun/span вращаться, прясть
spit spat spat плевать, брызгать
split split split расщеплять, разделять
spoil spoilt spoilt портить, баловать
spread spread spread распространять
spring sprang sprung вскакивать
stand stood stood стоять
steal stole stolen красть
stick stuck stuck укалывать
sting stung stung жалить
stink stank stunk вонять
strike struck struck бить, ударять
strive strove striven стараться, бороться
swear swore sworn ругаться, клясться
sweep swept swept сметать, мести
swell3 swelled swept разбухать, увеличиваться
swim swam swum плавать
swing swung swung качаться
take took taken брать
teach taught taught учить
tear tore torn рвать
tell told told сказать
think thought thought думать
throw threw thrown бросить
thrust thrust thrust пронзить, пропихивать
tread trod trodden ступать, топтать
understand understood understood понимать
wake woke woken просыпаться, будить
wear wore worn носить одежду
weave wove woven ткать
weep wept wept плакать, рыдать
wet wet wet мочить, смачивать
win won won побеждать
wind wound wound наматывать, накручивать
wring wrung wrung выкручивать, выламывать
write wrote written писать

Appendix 2

Сложное подлежащее

I. S + be V-ed + to V

1. say, report, inform

2. see, hear, feel, watch, notice

3. know, think, believe, consider, find, mean, suppose, understand

4. make

II. S + V + to V

seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen

III. S + be + adj. + toV

be likely, be unlikely, be sure, be certain

Cложное дополнение

I. S + P + smb/smth + V, V-ing, V-ed

see, observe, notice, hear, smell, watch, look, feel, listen

II. S + P + smb/smth + toV, V-ed

want, like, wish, dislike, prefer, would like, desire, intend, love, hate

III. S + P + smb/smth + toV, V-ed

know, find, think, guess, consider, expect, believe, rely, suppose, understand

IV. S + P + smb. + toV

order, command, allow, tell, ask, beg

V. S + P + V-ing

keep, leave, set

VI. S + P + smb/smth + V-ing, V-ed

have, get

VII. S + P + smb + V

make, let

Appendix 3

Герундий и инфинитив

1. Глагол + Герундий.

stop, finish, delay, go on, put off, keep, give up, enjoy, mind, suggest, dislike, imagine, regret, admit, deny, avoid, consider, involve, practice, miss, postpone.

После слов deny, suggest, regret, admit может употребляться не герундий, а придаточное предложение с союзом "что".

He suggested that we should run away.
Он предложил бежать.

2. Глагол + инфинитив.

agree, refuse, promise, threaten, offer, attempt, manage, fail, decide, plan, arrange, hope, appear, seem, pretend, afford, forget, learn, dare, tend, need, mean

После слов ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand перед инфинитивом могут следовать вопросительные местоимения "что", "куда", "как" и др.

I asked him how to get to the station.
Я спросил его, как добраться до станции.

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