Эмфатические уступительные предложения

В уступительных эмфатических предложениях на первом месте стоит именная часть сказуемого, выраженная прилагательным или причастием с последующими союзами as, though или с предшествующим however. Переводится уступительным придаточным предложением с союзами хотя, как бы ни …, какой бы … ни, как ни … .

Models:

Hard as it is we must do this work.	Как ни трудно, мы должны сделать эту работу.
Late though it was the sun was still in the sky.	Хотя и было поздно, солнце все еще было на небе.
However cold this winter is, the one of 1941 was still colder.	Как ни холодна эта зима, зима 1941 года была еще холоднее. (Какой бы холодной ни была эта зима...)

Примечание. Глагол may (might) в составе сказуемого уступительного предложения при переводе обычно опускается.

Model:

Erroпeous as these results may be, they аге still valuable.

Хотя эти результаты и ошибочны, они все-таки представляют (могут представлять) ценность; ... они все-таки ценны.

Уступительные придаточные предложения, выражающие дополнительный оттенок возможности, начинаются с местоимения или наречия в сочетании с ever. Они могут употребляться как с глаголом may (might), так и без него. При переводе этот глагол обычно опускается.

Models:

I am right whatever other people may say.	Я прав, что бы ни говорили.
Whoever else may object, I shall approve.	Кто бы ни возражал, а я (все-таки) буду поддерживать.

Запомните значения следующих союзов и наречий, требующих обратного порядка слов:

as however though although	- как ни …; как бы ни; какой бы … ни; хотя; хотя и
whoever	- кто бы ни; всякий, кто; все, кто
whatever	- что бы ни; все, что; какой бы ни; всякий, который
wherever	- где бы ни; всюду, где; куда бы … ни; всюду, куда
whenever	- когда (бы) ни; всякий раз, когда

Запомните значение сочетания:

however that may be – как бы то ни было

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

1. Important as this question is in itself, the debate on the subject went far beyond its original bounds. 2. Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent. 3. Small though it is, the proportion of natural plutonium is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted for. 4. Enormous as this prodigious flow of energy is, we do not know the manner of its coming. 5. Whatever these considerations may appear at first glance they are of great practical importance. 6. Wherever a craze intersects the surface perturbation or discontinuity results. 7. Whoever the author may have been he should have dwelt on this problem. 8. Hard as it was to overcome the difficulties, we still managed to do this. 9. However reasonable the suggestion may be it should get the approval of the specialists. 10. Whenever brought to the place in question, dogs previously, trained persisted in their habit. 11. The observer wherever he may be located, seems always to be at the center of the hemispherical surface. 12. Science teaches us inseparability of matter and motion. However static some things may seem to be, there is in them continual motion. 13. We must admit that Pasteur, as great as he was, must be relegated to the status of stepfather of microbiology since he came after Leeuwenhoek. 14. However little can at present be added to this discussion, a few of the outstanding features may be noted briefly.

Двойное отрицание

Отрицание not в сочетании с отрицательной приставкой прилагательного или наречия усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего или дополнения. Такое сочетание перед прилагательным или наречием обычно переводится довольно, весьма, вполне.

Model:

The case is not improbable.

Этот случай довольно (весьма, вполне) вероятен.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian.

1. Mars and Venus have atmospheres not dissimilar to ours. 2. River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain remains of organisms which inhabited waters. 3. It seems not at all unlikely that many of the lower animal forms also have the power to make a similar distinction. 4. The advances of modern sciences in the production of a wide range of experimental temperatures are thus seen to be not inconsiderable. 5. These algae occur very abundantly in freshwaters and are not uncommon in the sea. 6. It does not seem illogical to treat the two groups as one. 7. In many genera that are normally epiphytic endophytic forms are not unusual. 8. A situation and mechanism not dissimilar to that observed by Leloir was subsequently discovered by Sutherland. 9. The protozoan was found usually to be a uninucleate individual not unlike one of the cells of a larger animal or plant. 10. It does not seem impossible for one or more of the anthocyanidin or sugar hydroxyls to be esterified with an organic acid. 11. It does not appear improbable that the previous observations should represent reversal of amino acyl RNA synthesis.

5. Эмфатическое сочетание it is (was, has been) … that (which, who)

А. Сочетания it is (was, has been) ... that, it is (was, has been) ... which, it is (was, has been) ... who могут выделять любой заключенный между компонентами этого сочетания член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Эмфаза в русском языке передается или словом именно, или порядком слов: то, что выделяется рамочной конструкцией it is ... that, ставится в конец предложения.

Model:

It is these properties of crystals that are the most important.

Именно эти свойства кристаллов наиболее важны. Наиболее важны эти свойства кристаллов.

Примечание 1. Отрицательная форма этой конструкции передается словами совсем не, вовсе не.

Model:

It was not in this field that cytology has received a notable contribution.

Совсем не в этой области был внесен значительный вклад в цитологию.

Примечание 2. Если в этой конструкции употреблено еще какое-нибудь усилительное слово, то при переводе именно опускается.

Model:

It is only by careful study of the cell structure that these forms can be distinguished.

Только путем тщательного изучения клеточной структуры можно различить эти формы.

Б. Одним из вариантов эмфатической конструкции с сочетанием it is … that является выделение обстоятельства времени, которому предшествует эмфатическое сочетание not until (not till). Сочетание it was not until … that не переводится, а перед выделяемым обстоятельством времени добавляются слова только в, только тогда, когда.

Model:

It was not until 1953 that this book was published.

Эта книга была опубликована только в 1953 году.

Примечание 3. Сочетание not + until (till) + after переводится только после.

Model:

The Congress was not held until after the death of the great physiologist.

Конгресс состоялся только после смерти великого физиолога.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian.

1. In Russia it was Lodygin who invented the electric lamp. 2. It is the computer that makes a machine a robot. 3. It is silver that is the best conducting metal. 4. It is electronics that produced radar. 5. It was Popov who invented the radio. 6. It was in the laboratory that I found him. 7. It is automation that improves working conditions. 8. It was in 1944 that the first relay machine was completed. 9. It is the program that ensures the execution of all operation assigned to the computers. 10. At present, it is germanium and its properties that have been most thoroughly investigated and are best understood. 11. It is this feature which enables us to use valves in a great variety of electronic devices, as well as for simple amplification. 12. It is the root that absorbs water from the soil. 13. It is the root hairs that come into close contact with the soil particles. 14. It is just back of the root cap that the lengthening of the root is found to take place. 15. It was at our laboratory that this method was tried for the first time. 16. In medical practice it is mainly the leaves, taken in May and June during the blossoming period, that are used. 17. It is by means of its roots that the plant is anchored and supported in one place. 18. While the kinds of gases that are present in the atmosphere are present in the soil air, it is the oxygen that is of particular importance. 19. It is to this end that several products have been introduced on the market to be used on the soil for conditioning and maintaining such balance. 20. It was only by means of electron microscopy that the structure of cytoplasm was elucidated. 21. In seed plants it is the pollen grains that are mobile and so light that they are spread for hundreds of miles. 22. It was the Russian scientist Mendeleev who compiled the world-famous Periodic Table of Elements. 23. It is this effect that we will discuss more fully in the next section. 24. It was largely upon this fact that the theory of chromosome individuality was originally based. 25. It was not a mere number of chromosomes that was of importance but the volume of karyotin. 26. It is the rapid and recent climatic changes that are undoubtedly attributed to the major features of plant distribution today. 27. It was the principle of repetition which enabled us to explore the morphology of molecular structure. 28. It is not a certain chemical composition, but activity, that makes a substance as a part of the living system, for life is a process. 29. It was not until he mastered English that he started studying French. 30. It was not until many years later that the behaviour of the nucleus in cell division became known in detail. 31. It was not until many years later that the cell was investigated with reference to the problem of heredity. 32. It was not until after the discovery of Bernhard that these elements attracted the attention of many scientists. 33. It was not until after the fundamental work of Pasteur in 1865 that the role of the fungi in fermentation was established.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

1. Incomplete though these figures are, they give more information in several respects than has before been available. 2. Satisfactory as this theory may be in many respects it is far from being probable. 3. Not all substances separate from solution in the crystalline state: for instance, wax dissolves in petrol, but on evaporating the solvent we do not get crystals of wax, nor is glass crystalline. 4. It can only have been the close chemical similarity of circonium and hafnium which prevented the isolation of the latter by chemical means at a much earlier date. 5. It is from experiments on solubility of gases in liquids that Dalton appears first to have derived direct evidence in favour of this view. 6. The particles of water grow larger as condensation continues and ultimately become rain drops. Not until then do they fall earthward with an appreciable velocity. 7. So slight are the differences between the members of division A and B in the Periodic Table that the division into subgroups is scarcely necessary except for convenience. 8. At first it is only the molecules which terminate the longer paths that are ionized by collisions. 9. The values so estimated were not so high as we now know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but recognition of the polymeric nature of proteins is as old as the peptide theory. 10. Whatever their cause, or causes, the symptoms are the following. 11. Not only are perfect crystals an unattainable ideal, but they would be completely useless for most research studies. 12. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by orientating themselves in the earth’s magnetic field, neither apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part. 13. It was not until 1873 that the way was opened for a better understanding of the matter. 14. But because plants are alive they do spend energy and are sensitive to stimuli. 15. Certain forms of chondriosomes do, however, tend to predominate in certain tissues. 16. However important this anatomical information may be, it seems to me lacking in certain details. 17. Not until then do the nuclei unite by pairs. 18. It is perhaps the type of character which is best dealt with by means of numerical taxonomy. 19. It is the capture and storage of energy from the sun that makes green plants unique among living things. 20. For the time being there is no proof that the double helices of DNA do in fact divide in the same manner as the helical chromosomes. 21. In neither case was growth affected by the addition of threonine or homoserine. 22. It was not until the seventeenth century that the first industry, the jute trade, developed 23. Some investigators think it is not improbable that the origin of polarity in the animal egg cell is in some way carried over from the preceding generation. 24. Special notice should be taken of the fact that it was cellular tissue, and not the individual cell, that was regarded as fundamental. 25. The boundary between the cells disappeared and only later did the nuclei disappear. 26. Nowhere is the need for such biochemical data becoming greater than in the field of taxonomy. 27. It is here that the view of Schleiden and Schwann differed from those of their French predecessors. 28. A gene does occupy a definite position within a chromosome. This is referred to as its locus. 29. A closer study of many macrophages has revealed that they do not indiscriminately swallow the bottom sediments.

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian.

1. It was not until the 19^th century that heat was proved to be form of energy. 2. It is only the water that appears to be decomposed. 3. Never has a better oscillator been designed. 4. Unfortunately, this idea, attractive as it is by its very simplicity, appears incapable of being sustained. 5. Wax is not a crystal. Nor is glass crystalline. 6. It is with the cyclotron that this book is concerned. 7. It was not until Roentgen discovered his mysterious rays that many diseases could be easily diagnosed. 8. No sooner did he replace the first valve than the second ceased to conduct. 9. But, admirable as were his (Huyghens’s) labours, they did not command universal assent. 10. It was Rutherford and Soddy who first proposed a general theory of radioactive transformation. 11. If u is a wave function, so also is du/dt since the wave equation is a linear equation with constant coefficients. 12. The survey does not appear to have been published nor did Dr. Ulrich indicate in his recent lecture how expensive was the analysis to which he referred. 13. In this work clear proof was given that penetrating showers do contain ionising penetrating particles. 14. It is from such crystal measurements that all early values of X-ray wavelengths were determined. 15. In liquid alloys there will always be some decomposition however large the energy of dissociation may be.16. There was no general argument as to the nature of radiation; neither was there any convincing evidence as to the energy associated with the radiation. 17. Notice that in this case it would be green rays which would be doing the work of blackening the plate. 18. Small as the stars appear to us, there are many of them much larger and hotter than the sun. 19. The point of view to which the number of objections is minimum is the assumption that the electron, exhibiting, as it does both wave and corpuscular properties, consists of a fortuitous conglomeration or concentration of waves of different frequency. 20. Actually this theory, attractive as it in its simplicity, leads to a model of the photon having, so to put it, only half the symmetry of the real photon. 21. It was only after Rutherford’s discovery in 1911 that an atom consists of a small, massive, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons, that the theory could be applied to quantitative description of atoms. 22. All too brief as this survey is, it will have shown that laboratory research during the last few years has led to results of the utmost interest almost each day. 23. It is the property of electrons to radiate energy when accelerated that accounts for many of the properties of the layer in the upper atmosphere. 24. Finally one must remark that, whatever validity .an application of the principle of equipartition may possess, it must be applied with caution to a rotating system. 25. This hypothesis, startling as it may seem at first sight, appears, none the less, to contain a considerable element of truth. 26. Included in this group are atmospheres containing gasoline and other gases of similar hazard. 27. No complete and quantitative theory of photoconductivity has yet been developed, nor, from the very complexity of the problem, is an early solution to be expected. 28. By 1910 Planck’s quantum theory and Einstein’s photoelectric equation together with various lines of experimental evidence had made it clear that, impossible as it then seemed, physicists would perhaps have to accept the hypothesis that light itself possesses corpuscular characteristics. 29. Daring as at first sight this hypothesis appears to be, there is nevertheless a whole series of experiments which seem scarcely possible to explain on the wave theory, but which can be understood at once if we accept the hypothesis of the light quantum. 30. It is only through the general law of averages that we can expect the effect of these fortuitous but systematic errors to be completely eliminated. 31. Different as they may appear at first sight, the two forms of the new Mechanics are found to coincide in the last analysis.