Контрольно-тренировочные упражнения
1. Напишите следующие существительные во множественном числе. Укажите, в каких случаях суффикс множественного числа произносится как [s], [z], [iz]. Образец:
map — maps[s] atom — atoms[z] cage — cages [iz].
student, party, chair, ring, glass, face, leaf, fat, time, way, university, language, wing, salt, energy, design, book, problem, dictionary, class, change, subject, speech, rule.
2. Замените существительные с предлогом of существительными в притяжательном падеже:
a meeting of students, the flat of my mother-in-law, the rays of the sun, a distance of two miles, the joys of life, the house of his parents. the theatres of Moscow, the children of my sister Mary, the rights of the women, the name of my friend.
3. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж:
письмо моего друга, рассказы этого писателя, библиотека института,
дочь моей младшей сестры, младшая дочь моей сестры, стены этого старого дома, старые стены этого дома.
4. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий с помощью суффиксов -er, -est:
short, cold, wide, early, big, near, late, fast, small, old, nice, young, large, kind, long, quick, easy.
5. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями, соответствующими личным местоимениям, данным в скобках:
(Не) . . . composition is very interesting.
(We) . . . son goes to school.
(You) . . . sister is young.
(They) . . . knowledge of the subject is very poor.
(He) . . . name is John.
(I)... family lives in Kiev.
(She) . . . friends often visit her.
6. Употребите нужную форму личных местоимений:
I often see (they, them) in the bus.
She lives near (we, us).
(We, us) always walk to school together.
He teaches (we, us) English.
She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.
I always speak to (he, him) in English.
What is thee matter with (he, him) today?
He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.
There are some letters here for you and (I, me).
I know (she, her) and her sister very well.
7. Употребите нужную форму притяжательных местоимений:
Would you like to see some of (her, hers) poems?
(Their, theirs) knowledge of the subject is not much superior to (our, ours)..
You take care of (your, yours) things and I'll take care of (my,mine).
All (our, ours) clothes were dirty, and (my.mine) especially so.
(Their, theirs) boat was faster than (our, ours).
I'm afraid they will take (your, yours) words against (her, hers).
(Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.
8. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной (общий и специальный вопросы) и отрицательной формах:
1. They are in Europe now.; 2. She is a clever girl. 3. It is cold today.
4. He is in his office 5. They are members of the country club. 6. Both sisters are tall. 7. John is angry with you. 8. She is a good tennis player. 9. The stamps are in my desk. 10. She is a good teacher. 11. I am her cousin.
9. Заполните пропуски глаголом to have, употребляя соответствующую форму настоящего, прошедшего времени. Напишите предложения в вопросительной (общий и специальный вопрос) и отрицательной формах:
1. She . . . one sister and two brothers. 2. We ... a large library at school. 3..They ... a new car. 4. She . . green eyes. 5. Helen ... a headache. 6. The secretary . .. a new typewriter» 7. Mr. Smith's office .. . three large windows. 8.We . . . many friends in Moscow. 9. Both brothers ... red hair. l0. Harry's dog . . a long tail. 11. He and I ... many things in common.
10. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной (общий и специальный вопрос) и отрицательной формах:
1. We were pleased to receive your letter. The door of the office was open.
3. The wind last night was very strong. 4. He and his brother were sick two days ago..
5. There were few passengers in the compartment.
6. There was a very interesting lecture last Monday.
7. Ther were two examinations last spring. 8. There was a large picture in her room.
11. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, употребляя соответствующую форму будущего времени. Напишите предложения в вопросительной (общий и специальный вопрос) и отрицательной формах:
She . . . our new teacher.
These exercises ... very difficult for you.
They . . . glad to see their old friends.
There . . . many examinations next term.
There ... a new club in our town next year.
We . . . very tired after the long walk.
I ... happy to be here again.
We . . . interested in his progress.
12. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в вопросительные и отрицательные:
1. There are two reference books on the shelf. 2. There is a lot of discussion about language learning now. 3. There is a set of grammar exercises in this text book. 4. There are some courses for beginners at the University. 5. There are some booklets here. 6. There is some sense in what he proposes.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1. На столе (лежат) книги и тетради. 2. В этой книге несколько интересных рассказов. 3. Есть люди, которые знают более 10 иностранных языков. 4. В учебном году два семестра. 5. В аудитории нет студентов. 6. В его работе несколько ошибок. 7. В этой книге есть иллюстрации?
14. Раскройте скобки, используя необходимую по смыслу форму глаголов to be и to have:
1. My friend (to be) at home now. 2. We (to have) English classes twice a week. 3. Wealth (to be) nothing, happiness (to be) all. 4. She (to be) an economist. 5. A good teacher (to have) some of the gifts of a good actor. 6. Nothing (to be) so rare as complete honesty. 7. A triangle (to have) three sides and three angles. 8. Education (to be) notjust learning facts. 9. Everything children study at school (to have) some practical use in their daily life. 10. School (to be) an institution for educating children. 11. This book (to be) interesting. 12. John (to have got) a problem.
15. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу глаголы to be или to have в нужной форме:
Mr. Brown's father (to be) an old man. His hair (to be) grey but he (to be) still in good health. His house (to be) in the same street as Mr. Brown's.When he (to be) a young man he (to have) a house in London. He (to be) a doctor at a large hospital in London, and his wife (to be) a typist at a factory. Now they (to be) both on pension. Last year they (to be) in France and (to have) a very pleasant holiday.
MAMMALS
A mammal is an endothermic, "warm-blooded", animal whose body is "heated from inside" and stays much the same temperature, no matter how hot or cold the surroundings.
When a mammal's body breaks down food and oxygen in order to build new tissue and to supply energy, heat is produced. Hair, which grows out of the mammal's skin, and fat, which lies under it, help insulate the mammal's body against heat loss.
If the mammal becomes too hot, it cools itself by sleeking down its hair, sweating, panting or moving to a cool place. If the mammal becomes too cold, goosebumps pull its hair erect, it shivers to make extra body heat, and moves to a warmer place.
Monotremes have a normal body temperature of 30°C Marsupials average 35°C, while human body temperature is normally 37°C.
Desert mammals often have big ears and rangy bodies. The large skin area loses heat fast.
Mammals which live in cold places have compact bodies and thick fur. Insulating fat beneath their skins can be used by the body as a food source in very cold weather.
Some animals, like small bats and echidnas, survive cold by going into a short-term resting state called torpor, or a longer "sleep" called hibernation.
SYSTEM OF MATING
The principle of mating the animals is to evolve outstanding and improved types of animals which can render better service to man. The art of mating the animals implies the proper application of principles of heredity for the animal improvement. System of mating can be classified into inbreeding and outbreeding, depending on genetic relationship of the individuals or on phenotypic resemblance of the individuals in order to obtain better type of animals in the next generation.
Inbreeding is a mating system in which individuals mated are more closely related than the average of their breed or population concerned. It means the mating of males and females which are related. Animals seemed to be related only when they have one or more ancestors in common in the first 4 to 6 generations of their pedigree. The intensity of inbreeding depends upon the degree of relationship. Close inbreeding denotes mating of closely related individuals like Dam to Son or Sire to Daughter or Full Brother to Full Sister.
Effects of inbreeding: By this system of inbreeding, the percentage of gene pairs are increasingly made homozygous and the percentage of gene pairs are decreasingly made heterozygous in the population.
Inbreeding is utilized as a tool in livestock breeding to form distinct lines or families within a breed and also it is widely utilized to develop inbred lines that can be used for crossing purposes to exploit hybrid vigor. Yet another use of inbreeding is to uncover deleterious genes in animals used as sires. The usual practice is to mate the sire to 25 or 35 of its own daughter and if none of the resulting progenies exhibit recessive deleterious traits the sire is enrolled for use in the breeding programs.