| 1. Должествование, обязанность, необходимость а. Сильная степень b. Более слабая степень, совет c. По расписанию или по договоренности 2. Запрет 3. Отсутствие необходимости 4. Способность 5. Разрешение, позволение 6. Вероятность событий: a. Абсолютная уверенность b. Наиболее логичная интерпретация ситуации на основе имеющихся фактов, несколько менее определенная, чем в предыдущем случае c. Обоснованное ожидание того, что что-то случиться при условии, что все произойдет по плану d. Невысокая вероятность события e. Еще меньшая уверенность в предположении 7. Просьба 8. Предложение 9. Намерение, цель 10. Упрек 11. Удивление 12. Уступка 13. Приглашение 14. Указание 15. Угроза, обещание | Must (в случае личной необходимости что-либо сделать): I must work harder. Have to (в силу общих норм и правил): To become Doctor of Medicine every post graduate has to defend his thesis. Should, shouldn’t, ought to, (had better): You should avoid doing some things contradicting common sense. Is (am, are) to: The train is to arrive at 7 a.m. Must, can, to be to, may: You mustn't tell somebody the news. It’s a secret. You can't smoke here. It’s not allowed. You are not to tell anybody about it. You may not go swimming. Don't have to, needn't: Students don't have to learn any tables by heart. I needn't go out tonight. Can, can't: She can read English quickly but she can't speak English fluently. Can, may, could: When you've finished you can go home. May I ask you a question? Could I use your dictionary for a moment? Will, won't: Is that the phone? It'll be John. He said he'd ring around now. Don't take the cake out of the oven. It won’t be ready yet. Must, can't, couldn't: You must be joking. I don't believe you. She can't be well today. She had a sore throat and high temperature yesterday. Should, shouldn't: We should be moving into our new house soon (as long as all the arrangements go smoothly). May, may not: We may go to Greece for our holidays, but we may not have enough money to go abroad this summer. Might, might not, could: You could (might) be right but I doubt it. The American film could be worth seeing but it might not be admirable. Could, can, would, will: Can you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow? Will you give me a lift? Could (would) you explain this rule for me? Will, would, shall, can, could, may: - What shall I do for you? - I want someone to do a lot of typing for me. - Will I do? Can you put the meet in salted water? Could you come again tomorrow? May I visit him? Would you mind working all the time? Will, won't: I'll pay back tomorrow. The car won't start. Might, could, may, shall (2nd and 3d person), will: I wrote down the phone number so that I could remember it. Sit here so that I may see your face more clearly. It shall be down as you wish. I will wash the dishes. He could be more industrious. You might at least offer her help. Can, could: Can he be so old? Could she be a pianist? May: Try as he may he will never be top of his class. Must: You must come and have dinner with us. Should, to be to: Mary should buy it. He is to return home tomorrow. Shall (2nd and 3d person): You shall have a scandal! | Had to: I had to work hard to pass the 1st Certificate English exam. Why did you have to resit your exam in economics? Should, ought to + have done: You should have listened to my advice. Was (were) to: He was to come but he failed. –––––––– Didn't have to: There is no queue in the bank this morning so I didn't have to wait. Needn’t + have done (действие было совершено, хотя в этом не было необходимости): You needn't have bought the book. We have got enough copies in the library. Didn't need to (do) (действие не было необходимым, но мы не знаем, было оно фактически совершено или нет): I didn't need to do any shopping because I was invited to a dinner that night. Could: She could play the piano when she was three. Was (were) able to, managed to (для выражения того, что однажды удалось в прошлом): A.S. Griboedov was able to enter Moscow University when he was 13. Was (were) allowed to: I was allowed to do whatever I wanted when I was young. Will (would), won’t (wouldn’t) + have done: You say you stayed in a hotel near the lake? That would have been my parent’s hotel! What a coincidence! It won't have been Peter you met at the party last night. He was ill in bed. Must, can't + have done: He must have got lost. He can’t have known the way. Should + have done: Where's Henry? He should have been here ages ago! May, may not + have done: Where is Ann? She may have overslept. Might, might not, could + have done: She might have decided not to come. She might not have forgotten. ––––––– –––––––– –––––––– Could (might) + have done: You could (might) have done it yesterday. He could not (might not) have sent this cable. Can, could + have done: Can he have said the truth? Could he have gone there? –––––––– –––––––– –––––––– –––––––– |
