Тема № 7. Согласование времен

7.1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем времени, то в придаточном предложении употребляется любое время, необходимое по смыслу:

I know that he is busy now.

I know that he was busy yesterday.

I know that he will be busy tomorrow.

I know that he has done it already.

I know that he had done it by 7 o'clock the day before.

I know that he is having his dinner now.

I know that he will be making a report on this topic tomorrow at 2 o'clock.

7.2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном предложении употребляется:

7.2.1. Past Indefinite или Past Continuous, если действие является одновременным с действием главного предложения:

He informed us that hestudied at the Institute.

He didn't know that she was preparing for her exam.

It was known that he could speak French.

7.2.2. Past Perfect, если действие в придаточном предложении предшествует действию в главном предложении:

We didn't know that he had already gone.

I heard he had already come back from Italy.

Но:

We didn't know that he lefthis native town yesterday (two days ago; in 1999; when she was in Moscow), так как есть указание определенного времени.

7.2.3. Future in the Past, если действие является будущим по отношению к прошедшему моменту:

He hoped he would be able to help his friends.

He didn't know if the delegation would arrive on Sunday, but if it came we should be ableto meet them.

7.3. Правила согласования времен нарушаются:

1. В определительных придаточных предложениях:

He told me about the book you are reading now.

2. В придаточных обстоятельственных причины:

He didn't translate the text yesterday because he doesn't know English at all.

3. В придаточных обстоятельственных сравнения:

Last year he workedharder than he does this year.

4. В придаточных обстоятельственных уступки:

He didn't give me the book yesterday, though he doesn't need it.

5. В придаточных обстоятельственных результата:

She worked hard and slept badly last week and she looks completely worn-out.

6. В придаточных изъяснительных, если сообщается общеизвестный факт:

Galileo proved that the Earth is round.

Упражнение 37. Проанализируйте текст и объясните употребление времен:

The Dursley family of number four, Privet Drive, was the reason that Harry never enjoyed his summer holidays. Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and their son, Dudley, were Harry's only living relatives. They were Muggles, and they had a very medieval attitude toward magic. Harry's dead parents, who had been a witch and wizard themselves, were never mentioned under the Dursleys' roof For years, Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon had hoped that if they kept Harry as downtrodden as possible, they would be able to squash the magic out of him. To their fury, they had been unsuccessful. These days they lived in terror of anyone finding out that Harry had spent most of the last two years at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The most they could do, however, was to lock away Harry's spell books, wand, cauldron, and broomstick at the start of the summer break, and forbid him to talk to the neighbors.

This separation from his spell books had been a real problem for Harry, because his teachers at Hogwarts had given him a lot of holiday work. One of the essays, a particularly nasty one about shrinking potions, was for Harry's least favorite teacher, Professor Snape, who would be delighted to have an excuse to give Harry detention for a month. Harry had therefore seized his chance in the first week of the holidays. While Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and Dudley had gone out into the front garden to admire Uncle Vernon's new company car (in very loud voices, so that the rest of the street would notice it too), Harry had crept downstairs, picked the lock on the cupboard under the stairs, grabbed some of his books, and hidden them in his bedroom. As long as he didn't leave spots of ink on the sheets, the Dursleys need never know that he was studying magic by night.

Упражнение 38. Перепишите текст, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в нужное время:

Gladys (to be) full of every womanly quality. Some (judge) her to be cold and hard; but such a thought (to be) treason. That delicately bronzed skin, almost oriental in its coloring, that raven hair, the large liquid eyes, the full but exquisite lips, – all the stigmata of passion (to be) there. But I (to be) sadly conscious that up to now I never (find) the secret of drawing it forth. However, (come) what might, I should (do) with suspense and (bring) matters to a head to-night. She (can) but refuse me, and better be a repulsed lover than an accepted brother.

So far my thoughts (carry) me, and I (to be) about to break the long and uneasy silence, when two critical, dark eyes (look) round at me, and the proud head (to be) shaken in smiling reproof. "I (have) a presentiment that you (to go) to propose, Ned. I do wish you wouldn't; for things (to be) so much nicer as they are."

I (draw) my chair a little nearer. "Now, how you (know) that I (to go) to propose?" I (ask) in genuine wonder.

Упражнение 39. Перепишите текст, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в нужное время:

I (draw) my chair a little nearer. "Now, how you (know) that I (to go) to propose?" I (ask) in genuine wonder.

Упражнение 40. Выполните тест:

1. It ... since early morning.

A. snows

D. has been snowing

C. snow

D. have been snowing

2. The war broke out in 1914. The European ruling class ... for it for 20 years.

A. had been preparing

B. had preparing

C. prepared

D. were preparing

3. Sir Walter will be executed unless he ... to the tyrant lord.

A. will submit

B not submit

C. submits

D. will not submit

4. Bу July, 15 we ... all the credits.

A. pass

B. will pass

C. will be going to pass

D. will have passed

5. When I came home my parents ... TV and my elder brother had gone to the cinema.

A. have been watched

B. had been watching

C. used to watch

D. were watching

6. As your leader I'll tell you about our future excursions. We ... by tram at 9 in the morning and coming back at about 7.

A. are leaving

B. shall leave

C. will have been leaving

D. shall be leaving

7. It is conceivable, that the water supply in the city of Mexico ... by next century.

A. will be going to get exhausted

B. will have been exhausted

C. shall be exhausting

D. will be exhausting

8. The European experts ... long ... that the arms race would lead to war.

A. – ... warned

B. were ... warning

C. had ... been warning

D. had ... been being warned

9. By the 16th century a new economic system ... feudalism.

A. replaced

B. was replacing

C. has replaced

D. had been replaced

10. John came to Britain from the US nearly 3 years ago. Next Monday he ... there exactly for 3 years.

A. will be

B. has been

C. will have been

D. will have been being

11. We ... the tickets by 5 o' clock.

A. will buy

B. shall be buying

C. shall have bought

D. shall buy

12. By 7 о' clock I ... this article.

A. was read

B. had read

C. read

D. was reading

13. It was raining when I ... through the newspapers.

A. have watched

B. were looking

C. was looking

D. have been watching

14. My brother ... music lessons for 3 years now.

A. took

B. have taken

C. has been taking

D. is taking

15. It was pointed out that the patient ... treatment for heart problems for a year.

A. had

B. was having

C. had had having

D. had been having

16. When Jim ran out of petrol he … what to do.

A. has been wondering

B. was wondering

C. is wondering

D. has wondered

17. Julia ... a flu for the last few days.

A. has

B. has been having

С. has had

D. have had

18. Now I ... how the industry began to expand.

A. shall be illustrating

B. shall have illustrated

C. will have illustrated

D. will be illustrating

19. I ... to go to Japan since I was a child.

A. have wanted

B. want

C. have been wanting

D. wanted

20. Scientists fear that more and more holes in the ozone layer ... by the year 2100.

A. will appear

B. shall be appearing

C. will be appearing

D. will have appeared

21. No wonder she was so fat. She ... these last few weeks.

A. overate

B. had been overeating

C. has been overeating

D. used to overeat

22. I ... a letter while be was reading a book.

A. am writing

В. was writing

C. had been writing

D. have written

23. They ... a movie today from 3 till 5.

A. watches

B. will have been watching

C. will be watching

D. will have watched

24. When he ... my translation, he'll go to the theatre to watch "The Swan Lake".

A. will finish

B. has finished

C. will finished

D. will have been finishing

25. .... they ... in the mountains for a month by July?

A. Will ... be going to travel

B. Will ... be travelling

C. Will ... have been travelling

D. Will ... travel

26. I will speak to your parents, when ... an opportunity.

A. I will have had

B. I have

C. I shall have

D. I will have

27. The passenger was nervous during the flight because he ... in a plane before.

A. did not fly

B. not flew

C. had not flown.

D. was not flying

28. Don't take any steps to change the situation until I ... you to.

A. will have asked

B. ask

C. will ask

D. will be asking

29. What are his plans for this coming month? – He ... his entrance exams to the university.

A. took

B. will have taken

C. will be taking

D. takes

30. The Treaty of Paris was signed in September 1783. The colonies were now free but they ... yet ... a united nation.

A. had not ... formed

B. did not ... formed

C. did not ... form

D. were not ... formed

31. In 2020 the agreement ... in force for 50 years.

A. was

B. will be

C. will have been

D. has been

32. While James was telling jokes, Tim ... a cigar quietly.

A. has been smoking

B. was smoking

C. had been smoking

D. will be smoking

33. It ... for 2 hours.

A. has been raining

B. rains

C. were raining

D. is raining

34. What ... he ... at 4: 30 tomorrow?

A. has ... done

B. will ... doing

C. will ... be doing

D. were ... doing

35. By 2 o' clock the students will ... the test for 2 hours.

A. use to do

B. do

C. be doing

D. have been doing

36. My friend ... on the ship for 15 years by next year.

A. will have been going serving

B. have served

C. was serving

D. will have been serving

37. Meanwhile in the settlement most men ... to go away and take their families along.

A. were preparing

B. was going to prepare

C. was preparing

D. used to

38. At this time yesterday I ... a diploma – paper in the library.

A. had been writing

B. have been writing

C. used to write

D. was writing

39. Before the murder took place, I ... and ... home.

A. left ... had driven

B. had left ... driven

C. have left ... have driven

D. left ... drove

40. You are a good footballer. How long ...?

A. you have been playing

B. has you been playing

C. did you play

D. have you been playing

41. Julian came in, took off her coat, sat down by the fire - place then ... at the
flame all night through.

A. looked

B. had looked

C. had been looking
D. was looking

Тема № 8. Косвенная речь

При преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную следует помнить ряд правил.

8.1. Изменения при преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную

8.1.1. Происходит сдвиг времени, если глагол, вводящий прямую речь, стоит в одном из прошедших времен:

Present Indefinite > Past Indefinite

Present Continuous > Past Continuous

Present Perfect > Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous > Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite > Past Perfect

Past Continuous > Past Perfect Continuous или остается без изменений

Past Perfect – не изменяется

Past Perfect Continuous – не изменяется

Future Indefinite > Future Indefinite in the Past

Future Continuous > Future Continuous in the Past

Future Perfect > Future Perfect in the Past

Future Perfect Continuous > Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

Но:

сдвиг времени отсутствует, если:

· есть указание на время:

She said, "I met him when I was crossing the street".

She said (that) she met him when she was crossing the street;

· после слов since и before, если глагол-сказуемое после одного из этих слов стоит в Past Indefinite:

a) She said, "I had left home before the telegram came"

She said (that) she had left home before the telegram came.

b) She said, "I have been writing since I came"

She said (that) she had been writing since she came;

· В условных предложениях второго типа:

She usually said, "If I had a garden I should grow flowers."

She usually said (that) if she had a garden she would grow flowers.

8.1.2. Происходит изменение местоимений и наречий времени и места:

this > that

these > those

here > there

now > then, at that time

today > that day

this week > that week

yesterday > the day before, the previous day

last week > the week before

tomorrow > the next day

ago > before

last night > the previous night

so, such > very, exceedingly (в восклицательных предложениях)

He said, "Whose play did we watch last night?" – He wanted to know whose play we had watched the previous day.

8.2. Преобразование вопросительных предложений в косвенной речи

8.2.1. В косвенной речи специальные и общие вопросы имеют прямой порядок слов, при этом общие вопросы вводятся с помощью if, whether, а специальные – с помощью вопросительного слова, стоящего в начале предложения:

He asked, "Were you ill yesterday?"

He wanted to know if he had been ill the day before.

We asked, "What was the weather like some days ago?"

We asked what the weather had been like some days before.

В косвенной речи в разделительных вопросах опускается хвостик (часть предложения после запятой):

"She is still watching TV, isn't she?" he asked.

He wanted to know if she was still watching TV.

8.2.2. Слова для введения косвенной речи:

to admit – допускать, соглашаться, признавать

to announce (to sb) – объявлять, заявлять, сообщать

to answer – отвечать

to assure – уверять, заверять