Тема № 6. Страдательный залог
Временные формы страдательного залога
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени действительного залога и причастия прошедшего времени основного глагола. В страдательном залоге, в отличие от действительного, имеется не четыре, а три группы времен: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect; времена Perfect Continuous, а также Future Continuous и Future Continuous in the Past в страдательном залоге не употребляются.
Формы страдательного залога имеют не все глаголы, а в основном глаголы переходные, которые обозначают действие, направленное на какой-либо объект, и принимают прямое, косвенное или предложное дополнение.
Формы страдательного залога
BE + V3
Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | |
Present | am / is / +V3 аre | am / is / +being + V3 are | have / has been+V3 |
Past | was / were + V3 | was / were + being + V3 | had been V3 |
Future | shall / will be + V3 | ______ | shall / will have been + V3 |
Future in the Past | should / would + be + V3 | ______ | should / would have been +V3 |
6.2. Место послелога в предложении
В страдательном залоге послелог сохраняет свое место после глагола:
Активный залог | Пассивный залог | Перевод |
to account for | to be accounted for | объяснять |
to agree to / with | to be agreed to | соглашаться с |
to agree upon / on | to be agreed upon / on | договориться о |
to arrive at | to be arrived at | достигать |
to call for / on | to be called for / at | зайти за |
to comment on | to be commented on | комментировать |
to count on | to be counted on | надеяться на кого-либо |
to deal with | to be dealt with | иметь дело с |
to depend on | to be depended on | полагаться на |
to hear of | to be heard of | слышать о |
to insist on | to be insisted on | настаивать на |
to interfere with | to be interfered with | вмешиваться, мешать |
to laugh at | to be laughted at | смеяться над |
to listen to | to be listened to | слушать |
to look after | to be looked after | ухаживать |
to look at | to be looked at | смотреть на |
to look down upon | to be looked down upon | смотреть сверху вниз |
to look up to | to be looked up to | смотреть снизу вверх |
to put on with | to be put on with | примириться с |
to put up at | to be put up at | остановиться |
to refer to | to be referred to | ссылаться на |
to rely on | to be relied on | полагаться на |
to send for | to be sent for | посылать за |
to speak about | to be spoken about | говорить о |
to write about | to be written about | писать о |
Active Voice | Passive Voice |
This is certainly a great inconvenience, but you must put up with it. | This is certainly a great inconvenience, but it must be put up with. |
In our country we did away with this fact many years ago. | In our country this fact was done away with many years ago. |
We look upon him as a remarkable poet. | He is looked upon as a remarkable poet. |
6.3. Особые случаи образования страдательного глагола
6.3.1. Ряд словосочетаний считается неделимыми, так как в их составе уже есть существительное, и поэтому действие над этим существительным не может быть совершено. Обратите внимание на образование страдательного залога в данном случае:
Действительный залог | Страдательный залог | Перевод |
to find fault with | to be found fault with | придираться |
to lose sight of | to be lost sight of | терять из виду |
to make a fool of | to be made fool of | дурачить |
to make fun of | to be made fun of | насмехаться над |
to pay attention to | to be paid attention to | уделять внимание |
to put an end to | to be put an end to | положить конец |
to take care of | to be taken care of | заботиться |
to take notice of | to be taken notice of | замечать |
Active Voice | Passive Voice |
He always took care of his nails. | His nails were always taken care of. |
Young men always payattention to Monica. | Monica is always paid attention to by all the young men. |
We lost sight of Mr. Green. | Mr. Green was lost sight of. |
6.3.2. ЗАПОМНИ:
эти предложения употребляются в действительном залоге, хотя по значению пассивны.
The newspaper sells well.
The novel reads easily.
This dress irons well.
Glass breaks easily.
The hall was filling up.
6.3.3. Некоторые глаголы могут образовывать две формы страдательного залога:
My father gave me this watch (active).
1. I was given this watch by my father (passive).
2. This watch was given to me by my father (passive).
It was believed he had never met her before (active).
1. He was not believed to have met her before (passive).
2. It was believed she had never been met before (passive).