II. Особенности употребления
а) Глагол to be (is, are, was, were, will be) согласуется с последующим именем
существительным;
б) в отрицательных предложениях перед much и many и числительным вместо “nо” употребляется “not”.
2.6. ОСНОВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА (НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ)
Наиболее типичные способы образования Past Indefinite и Participle II
Таблица 2.8
Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | Participle I | |
to meet | met | met | meeting | |
to get | got | got | getting | |
to begin | began | begun | beginning | |
to write | wrote | written | writing | |
to take | took | taken | taking | |
to speak | spoke | spoken | speaking | |
to sell | sold | sold | selling | |
to tell | told | told | telling | |
to keep | kept | kept | keeping | |
to build | built | built | building | |
to spend | spent | spent | spending | |
to send | sent | sent | sending | |
to let | let | let | letting | |
to put | put | put | putting | |
to cost | cost | cost | costing | |
to go | went | gone | going | |
to be | was, were | been | being | |
to have | had | had | having | |
to make | made | made | making | |
to do | did | done | doing | |
to show | showed | shown | showing | |
to say | said | said | saying | |
to pay | paid | paid | paying | |
2.7. ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS (ACTIVE VOICE)
to be + Participle I
Таблица 2.9.
Present (действия, происходящие в данный момент) | Past (действия, происходящие в определенный момент в прошлом) | Future (действия, которые будут происходить в определенный момент в будущем) | |
now, at the time, at this moment | at 6 o’clock yesterday, at that time, the whole day yesterday, while, then, when he came | at 6 o’clock tomorrow, at this time tomorrow, the whole day tomorrow, when he comes | |
Утвердительная форма | I am translating a text on computers now. He/she is translating a text on computers now. We/you/they are translating a text on computers now. Я перевожу ... сейчас. | I/he/she was translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday. We/you/they were translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday. Я переводил ... в 6 часов вчера. | I/we/ he/she/you/they will be translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock tomorrow. Я буду переводить ... в 6 часов завтра. |
Вопросительная форма | Am I translating a text on computers now? Is he/she translating a text on computers now? Are we/you/they translating a text on computers now? | Was I/he/she translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday? Were we/you/they translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday? | Will he/she/you/they/ I/we be translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock tomorrow? |
Отрицательная форма | I am not translating a text on computers now. He/she is not translating a text on computers now. We/you/they are not translating a text on computers now. | I/he/she was not translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday. We/you/they were not translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock yesterday. | He/she/you/they/ I/we will not be translating a text on computers at 6 o’clock tomorrow. |
2.9. ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT (ACTIVE VOICE)
Have + Participle II
Таблица 2.10.
Present (законченные действия) | Past (действия, которые начались в прошлом и завершились до определенного момента в прошлом) | Future (действия, которые завершатся к определенному моменту в будущем) | |
already, just, ever, never, yet, today, lately, this week/year, for, since | by 6 o’clock yesterday, by that time, by the end of last year, before he came | by 6 o’clock tomorrow, by this time tomorrow, by the end of next year, before he comes | |
Утвердительная форма | I/we/you/they have translated a text on space research already. He/she has translated a text on space research already. Я перевел ... уже | I/he/she/ we/you/they had translated a text on space research before the lesson began. Я перевел ... до того, как начался урок. | He/she/you/they/ I/we will have translated a text on space research by 6 o’clock tomorrow. Я переведу ... к 6 часам |
Вопросительная форма | Have I/we/you/they translated a text on space research already? Has he/she translated a text on space research already? | HadI/he/she/ we/you/they translated a text on space research before the lesson began? | Will I/we/ he/she/you/they have translated a text on space research by 6 o’clock tomorrow? |
Отрицательная форма | I/we/you/they have not translated a text on space research yet. He/she has not translated a text on space research yet. | I/he/she/we/you/they had not translated a text on before the lesson began. | He/she/you/they/ I/we will not have translated a text on space research by 6 o’clock tomorrow. |
2.10. УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ И ПЕРЕВОД ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ PERFECT И PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Таблица 2.11.
Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
Present | has risen Russia has now risen to first place in the world in mineral fertilizer production. Производство минеральных удобрений в России так выросло,что страна вышла на первое место в мире. | have been rising For several years now the wages have been rising continually in our country. В течение последних лет заработная плата в нашей стране неуклонно растет. |
Past | had risen It was officially stated that the living standards of Belarusian people had risen as a result of „the fulfillment of the five-year-plan targets. Как официально сообщалось, жизненный уровень белорусского народа возросв результате выполнения заданий пятилетнего плана. | had been rising Since the beginning of the GPW the guerilla movement had been rising on the occupied territories numbering hundreds of thousands by December, 1942. С самого начала Великой Отечественной войны рослопартизанское движение на оккупированной территории, к декабрю 1942 года в нем участвовали сотни тысяч человек. |
2.11. ГЛАГОЛ - TO DO-
Таблица 2.12.
ГЛАГОЛ ТО DO
смысловой глагол
The teaching staff at Belarusian higher school establishments does lot of research work. Преподаватели белорусских высших учебных заведений ведут большую исследовательскую работу.
вспомогательный глагол
Post-graduate students do not receive state allowances in the West.
Аспиранты не получают государственную стипендию на Западе.
слово - заместитель
The United States plays a considerably smaller role industrially than it did after World War II. Соединенные Штаты играют ныне значительно меньшую роль в промышленном отношений, чем в период сразу после 2-ой мировой войны.
выполняет эмоционально-усилительную функцию
The report pointed out that CIS countries do in fact work together on a number of projects. В докладе указывалось, что страны СНГ весьма успешно ведут совместную работу по ряду проектов.
2.12. ГЛАГОЛ-TO HAVE –
Таблица 2.13.
ГЛАГОЛ ТО HAVE
Смысловой глагол
to have + существительное
Our plant has modern equipment. Наш завод имеетновое оборудование.
вспомогательный глагол
to have + 3-я форма глагола (Perfect Tenses)
They have concluded a long-term contract. Они заключилидолгосрочное соглашение.
Модальный глагол
to have + инфинитив с to
Extra-mural students have to combine study and work. Студенты-заочники должнысочетать учебу с работой.
2.13. ГЛАГОЛTO BE
Таблица 2.14.
ГЛАГОЛ ТО BE
Смысловой глагол
to be + предлог + существительное
а) находиться, приходиться
The bulk of Belarusian foreign trade is with CIS countries. Основная часть белорусской внешней торговли приходится на страны СНГ.
б) иметь, представлять
The development of foreign trade is of great economic significance for Belarus. Развитие внешней торговли имеет огромное экономическое значение для Беларуси.
вспомогательный глагол
а) to be + ing-форма (Continuous Tenses)
Russia is givingeconomic assistance to its neighbours. Россия оказывает
экономическую помощь своим соседям.
б) to be + 3-я форма глагола (Passive Voice)
Our trade with CIS countries is based on long-term agreements. Наша торговля со странами СНГ базируется на долгосрочных соглашениях.