Судебное дело, судебный процесс
legal case – судебное дело
Случай, прецедент
to follow the case –следовать прецеденту
Судебная практика
under the cases – в соответствии с судебной практикой
Судебный иск
to bring a case – возбудить иск
The Russian expression СУДЕБНЫЙ ПРОЦЕССhas the following equivalents in English:
Litigation – судебный процесс, спор, тяжба
civil litigation – судебный процесс по гражданскому делу
local litigation – тяжба в местном суде
litigation expenses – судебные издержки
issue in the litigation – предмет судебного спора
Lawsuit – судебный процесс, судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебный спор, судебное разбирательство
to be cast in lawsuit – проиграть судебный процесс
party to a lawsuit – сторона по делу
to file a lawsuit – подать иск
3) suit – судебный процесс, иск, преследование по суду, судебное дело, судебная тяжба, судопроизводство
to win / to lose a suit – выиграть / проиграть судебный процесс
to mount a suit – предъявить иск
to press a suit – оказывать давление на ход судебного процесса
to bring a suit – возбудить дело, тяжбу
Trial – судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство, слушание дела
open (-court) trial – открытый судебный процесс
to conduct / hold a trial – вести судебный процесс
staged trial – инсценированный судебный процесс
trial by jury – рассмотрение дела с участием присяжных
to bring to trial / to put (up)on trial / to place on trial – предать суду
to face trial – предстать перед судом
to stand trial – отвечать перед судом
civil trial – гражданское судопроизводство
criminal trial – уголовное судопроизводство
preliminary trial– предварительное слушание дела
case for trial/ trial case – дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению
case on trial – дело на стадии судебного рассмотрения
delay in trial – задержка судебного разбирательства, отсрочка судебного
разбирательства
trial docket / trial list – список дел к слушанию
investigation at the trial – судебное следствие
party to a trial – сторона в процессе; участник процесса
Cause – судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба
legal cause – судебное дело, законное основание
major / minor cause – дело о тяжком / малозначительном правонарушении
costs in the cause – судебные издержки, издержки в процессе
cause list – список дел к слушанию
side in a cause – сторона по делу
Controversy – гражданский судебный процесс, правовой спор,
Судебный спор
legal controversy – правовой спор; судебный спор
to decide a controversy – решить спор
party in controversy – сторона в судебном споре
7) process – судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы
arrest process — приказ суда об аресте
8) proceeding(s) – судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство
to take criminal proceeding(s) – возбудить уголовное преследование
civil proceeding(s) – гражданское производство
criminal proceeding(s) – уголовное судопроизводство
forfeiture proceeding(s), – процедура конфискации
Language focus
ANotice the construction of the different types of phrase with bind, binding and bound:
| to be bound TO | + infinitive |
| to be bound BY | + noun |
| to be binding ON | + noun |
| to bind | + noun |
Lower courts are bound to follow House of Lords decisions
Lower courts are bound by House of Lords decisions
House of Lords decisions are binding on lower courts
House of Lords decisions bind lower courts
Complete the following sentences correctly using a phrase with bind, bound, or binding. Translate them into Russian.
1Divisional Courts _____ by Court of Appeal decisions on questions of law.
2In general the Court of Appeal _____ follow its own decisions.
3A Court of Appeal decision given per incuriam* _____ on the Court of Appeal in a later case.
4Court of Appeal decisions _____ the House of Lords.
5The Court of Appeal _____ decide which of two conflicting decisions of its own it will follow.
6The Court of Appeal _____ (not) follow a decision of its own if given per incuriam.
7A divisional court _____ byits own previous decisions.
8Divisional Court decisions _____ judges of first instance.
9A decision of an overseas court _____ (not)onan English court.
* per incuriamлат. в результате неосторожности
BComplete the sentences using should, ought to, must, or may.
1An English court _____ to followthe unanimous judgement of the higher Scottish courts.
2The laws of England and Scotland _____ be uniform
3_____ the laws of England and Scotland be uniform?
4It is desirable that interpretations _____ be avoided.
5The decisions of the Court of Appeal upon questions of law _____ be followed by Divisional Courts and courts of first instance.
6A decision of the House of Lords, when founded on principle and not on authority, _____ be regarded as applicable to both countries.
7A decision of an overseas court in a common law country is not of course binding on an English court, but _____ be useful as a guide to the court to which it is cited.
8English courts _____ be in keeping with United States courts on carriage by sea and carriage by air.
9It is desirable that the great common law jurisdictions _____ not differ lightly, particularly on so universal a matter as commercial law.
Vocabulary tasks
AMatch the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.
| shipping disputes | a | гражданско-правовая задолженность | |
| wardship and adoption applications | b | дела о наследовании по завещанию, в которых имеет место спор между сторонами | |
| non-contentious probate | c | дела о наследовании по завещанию, в которых отсутствует спор между сторонами | |
| intestacy laws | d | заявления об установлении опеки / попечительства, об усыновлении | |
| contentious probate | e | иски, связанные с защитой права владения имуществом | |
| actions for the possession of property | f | магистрат или мировой судья – профессионал | |
| concurrent jurisdiction | g | законодательство, регулирующее наследование при отсутствии завещания (наследование по закону) | |
| civil debt | h | рассмотреть дело в порядке упрощённого производства | |
| stipendiary magistrate | i | совпадающая юрисдикция | |
| to try the case summarily | j | споры, связанные с морской перевозкой грузов |
BFind in the text above the English equivalents for the following key words and expressions.
1апелляционная юрисдикция
2иск о возмещении убытков
3гражданский иск
4усыновление детей
5полномочия в отношении назначения наказания
6магистрат или мировой судья (непрофессионал)
7направить дело на рассмотрение в суд
8исполнять судебные функции
9рассматривать апелляции
10подать апелляцию
11рассматривать гражданские споры
12составить завещание
13взыскать долг
14требовать возмещения ущерба
С Consult a legal dictionary and explain the meaning of the following legal terms.
• tort • will
• breach of contract • trust
• libel • bankruptcy
• defamation • intellectual property
• slander • insolvency
• damages • divorce
DMatch the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.
| to argue / plead a case | a | возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело | |
| to decide a case | b | выиграть дело, выиграть процесс | |
| to hear / try a case | c | вынести решение по делу | |
| to lose a case | d | рассматривать судебное дело | |
| to win a case | e | оспаривать обвинение, выступать в защиту обвиняемого | |
| to dismiss a case | f | пересмотреть дело | |
| to file a case | g | подать иск | |
| to initiate a case | h | прекратить дело | |
| to review a case | i | проиграть дело / судебный процесс |
E The English Court System
Every jurisdiction organizes the administration of justice in different ways. In England, the basic division between criminal and civil law is reflected in the court system. Look at the chart below and then complete the description that refers to each court.
1Claims of lesser value will start in a County Court . There are 250 of these around the country. They can also deal with divorce and bankruptcy matters.
2Matters of important legal dispute arising in the Crown Court
may be appealed to the ______.
3From the Court of Appeal, there can be an appeal to the ______ on fact or law, but usually appeal is only allowed on matters of legal importance.
4If the case involves a serious crime, it is heard in the ______ (there is only one ______ but it has about 70 centres around the jurisdiction).
5In less serious criminal cases (which comprise over 90% of criminal cases), the case is sent for trial in one of over 400 ______ .
6More substantial civil claims (over around £25,000) are heard in the ______ .
7The ______ was set up under the Treaty of Rome of 1957, by which the European Community was established. The court can overrule all other courts on matters of Community law.
8Under the system of appeals in civil cases, it is possible to appeal
from a County Court or the High Court to the ______ .
 |
* The judges in the House of Lords are known as Law Lords. They typically sit as a committee to develop and define the law of the land.
F The courts
Link the courts in the left-hand column with their definitions on the right.
| Court | Definition | ||
| small claims court | a | court responsible for settling disputes relating to European Community Law, and also acting as a last Court of Appeal against laws in individual countries | |
| Court of Appeal | b | court presided over by a coroner | |
| County Court | c | court which hears appeals from industrial tribunals | |
| European Court of Human Rights | d | main civil court in England and Wales | |
| industrial tribunal | e | highest court of appeal in both civil and criminal cases in England and Wales | |
| magistrates' court | f | court which decides in disputes involving ships | |
| coroner's court | g | court which hears local civil cases | |
| Crown Court | h | court which deals with disputes over small amounts of money | |
| Lands Tribunal | i | civil or criminal court to which a person may go to ask for an award or a sentence to be changed | |
| Judicial Committee of the Privy Council | j | court considering the rights of citizens of states which are parties to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights | |
| Commercial Court | k | court which can decide in disputes between employers and employees | |
| rent tribunal | l | court presided over by magistrates | |
| High Court | m | court which administers the property of people suffering from disability | |
| European Court of Justice | n | court, formed of a circuit judge and jury, which hears criminal cases | |
| Court of Protection | o | court which adjudicates in disputes about rent, and can award a fair rent | |
| Employment Appeal Tribunal | p | appeal court for appeals from courts outside the UK, such as the courts of some Commonwealth countries | |
| Judicial Committee of the House of Lords | q | court which deals with compensation claims relating to land | |
| Admiralty Court | r | court in the Queen's Bench division which hears cases relating to business disputes | |
| Divisions | s | division of the High Court with civil and criminal jurisdiction which is also responsible for judicial review | |
| Chancery Division | t | division of the High Court with jurisdiction over cases relating to Family Law and the transfer of property or death | |
| Queen’s Bench Division | u | separate sections of the High Court and Court of Appeal | |
| Family Division | v | division of the High Court of Justice, presided over by the Lord Chancellor with the jurisdiction concerning the law of property, trusts, land matters, etc. |
Text D
Courts of England and Wales
Task 1Understanding the general content of the text.
The text describes judicial organization in England and Wales. Quickly skim the text and give each paragraph (А, В, С, etc.) a suitable heading.
Example: suitable headings for paragraph A are: 'Jurisdiction of the House of Lords' or 'The House of Lords'.
Judicial organization
A Superior courts. The highest court is the House of Lords, which exercises the judicial function of Parliament. In theory appeal to the House of Lords is an appeal to the whole House but in practice, particularly since the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876, created a group of salaried life peers, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or 'law lords', there is an established convention dating from 1844 that lay peers do not participate in judicial sittings of the House. Appeals are referred to an Appellate Committee of the House. By that Act an appeal must be heard by at least three of the Lord Chancellor, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, and such peers as hold or have held high judicial office. The House has almost entirely appellate jurisdiction only, in civil and criminal cases from the Courts of Appeal in England and in Northern Ireland and in civil cases only from the Court of Session in Scotland.
В The Court of Appeal sits in both civil and criminal divisions. The Civil division hears appeals from the High Court, county courts, the Restrictive Practices court, certain special courts, and certain tribunals, such as the Lands Tribunal. The Criminal division hears appeals by persons convicted on indictment in the Crown Courts.
С The High Court in its civil jurisdiction is divided into three Divisions (Queen's Bench, Chancery, and Family (formerly Probate, Divorce and Admiralty)) to each of which certain kinds of cases are assigned. Divisional courts of each of the divisions, consisting of two or more judges, have limited appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. The main civil jurisdiction is exercised by single judges hearing cases of the kind appropriate to the divisions to which the judges belong.
DThe criminal jurisdiction of the High Court is exercised exclusively by the Queen's Bench Division. A divisional court of two or three judges of that Division deals with appeals from a Crown Court and magistrates' courts, and also exercises the supervisory jurisdiction of the court, issuing the prerogative writ of habeas corpus1 and to ensure that magistrates’ courts and inferior tribunals exercise their power properly, by granting orders of mandamus, prohibition and certiorari2.
EThe Crown Court, created in 1972, replaces the former assizes and quarter sessions. It exercises criminal jurisdiction and sittings are held regularly at major towns throughout England and Wales. It comprises judges of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court, circuit judges and Recorders (part-time judges). They sit singly with juries trying persons charged on indictment with crimes. A judge of the Crown Court sits with two to four justices of the peace to hear appeals from magistrates’ courts and proceedings on committal by magistrates to the Crown Court for sentence.
FThe Central Criminal Court, known as the Old Bailey, is a sitting of the Crown Court, having criminal jurisdiction only, over indictable offences committed in Greater London or on the high seas. The court consists of ex officio judges and in practice consists of judges of the Queen’s Bench Division, the Recorder of London, the Common Serjeant, and certain additional judges of the Central Criminal Court.
GInferior courts. County courts have exclusively civil jurisdiction, which is limited in extent and in area, and which is entirely statutory. The judges are persons who also hold office as Circuit judges of the Crown Court.
HMagistrates’ courts consist of a stipendiary magistrate or of from two to seven (usually two or three) lay justices of the peace; a single lay justice has a very limited jurisdiction. Magistrates’ courts have civil jurisdiction in relation to certain debts, licenses, and domestic proceedings. In the exercise of criminal jurisdiction one or more justices may sit as examining magistrates to conduct a preliminary investigation into an indictable offence. A magistrates’ court may try summarily many minor statutory offences and also certain offences if the prosecutor applies for the case to be heard summarily, the court agrees it is a suitable mode of trial and the defendant does not elect jury trial. Cases may be appealed to the Crown Court or defendants remitted for sentence to the Crown Court.
1 habeas corpusлат. судебный приказ о доставке в суд лица, содержащегося под стражей, для выяснения правомерности содержания его под стражей; writ of habeas corpusбукв. “ты можешь иметь тело (неприкосновенным)”
2 certiorariлат. “to be informed” направление обвинительного акта в Высокий суд.
Task 2Completing a diagram.
Read the text in more detail and complete the diagram, which shows the hierarchy and jurisdiction of the Courts in England and Wales. Write the name of each court in the correct box as in the example and indicate which are inferior and superior courts.
A Specify which court deals with the following cases:
1actions for damages
2actions for the possession of property
3bankruptcy matters
4civil disputes involving large sums of money
5civil proceedings
6company matters
7contentious probate
8criminal cases
9defamation
10disputes arising from trade and commerce
11family matters
12intellectual property disputes
13judicial review matters
14land matters
15matrimonial matters
16minor criminal offences
17minor family matters
18non-contentious probate
19partnership matters
20recovering small debts
21shipping disputes
22trusts
BComplete the following sentences with a suitable word from the box.
|
1Thecourts with original civil _____ are chiefly the High Court and county courts.
2_____ of the law is no defence.
3The designer immediately applied for a _____ for the new model he had created.
4The court ____ that the defendant was in breach of his obligations.
5The _____ remedy for breach of contract is often an order of specific performance.
6The judge _____ the murderer to life imprisonment.
7Theparty who appeals is the _____ .
8His _____ for the post of senior legal adviser was not accepted.
Over to you
Use your completed diagram to describe the organization of the courts and judiciary in England and Wales. Include the following points:
• Courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction
• The hierarchy of courts
• The role and jurisdiction of each court