Match each person in the list with the description given.

Blackmailer Forger Hooligan

Murderer Shoplifter Vandal

Burglar Hijacker Kidnapper

Pickpocket Smuggler Witness

1. This person takes control of a plane or boat by force.

2. This person sees what happens during a crime or accident.

3. This person brings goods into the country illegally.

4. This person might steal food from a supermarket.

5. This person kills someone on purpose.

6. This person takes people and demands money for their return.

7. This person makes illegal copies of paintings, documents etc.

8. This person damages other people's property.

9. This person might steal your wallet in a crowd.

10. This person steals from houses.

11. This person gets money from others by threatening to tell secrets.

To Unit 9

Choose the right answer.

1. The community was angered by the ..... punishment given their friend.

a) august b) austere c) severe d) vigorous

2. Those acting for the defendant propose to appeal ..... the sentence.

a) against b) for c) out d) to

3. Mr Tipsy was ..... twenty pounds for drinking and driving.

a) charged b) fined c) ordered d) penalized

4. The ringleader was lucky to get ..... a suspended sentence.

a) away b) off with c) through d) through to

5. After considering the case, the judge put the young offender …. for two years.

a) in charge b) in control c) on probation d) on trial

6. Despite the seriousness of his crime he only received a ..... sentence.

a) light b) little c) small d) soft

7. The young offenders were warned never .. ... with the members of any gang.

a) to assign b) to assimilate c) to associate d) to assume

8. As it was her first offence, the judge gave her a ..... sentence.

a) kind b) lenient c) severe d) tolerant

9. The woman ..... for her husband's life when he was found guilty of murder.

a) bid b) debated c) disputed d) pleaded

10. The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was ..... .

a) absolved b) acquitted c) forgiven d) pardoned

11. Jack the Ripper was a hardened criminal without a scrap of …. for his crimes.

a) penance b) pity c) remorse d) reproach

12. His sentence has been commuted to five months on the …… of failing health.

a) bases b) causes c) grounds d) reasons

13. The prisoners had spent almost a month digging a ….... before the guards discovered it.

a) pipe b) pass c) subway d) tunnel

14. He was thrown into prison and …... of his property.

a) confiscated b) denied c) deprived d) removed

To Unit 10

Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the passage below.

accused acquit civil suits counsel court

cross-examinations fault guilty judge jurors jury

legal disputes legislature list money officer

panel sentence swear testimony trial witnesses

Trial by Jury

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the ..... in ..... and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a ..... decides the facts is called a ..... by jury.

Before each ..... term, a jury commissioner or another public ..... prepares a panel, or large initial ..... of qualified jurors. For each trial, ..... are selected by lot from this ..... . Before the trial begins, the jurors ..... to decide the facts fairly. They hear the ..... given by witnesses for both sides, including ..... . Then ..... for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the ..... explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury.

In ..... for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at ..... and must determine the amount of ..... to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ..... is guilty "beyond a reasonable doubt", and then either return a verdict of guilty, or ..... the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is ..... the judge imposes the ..... , or punishment, within limits that have been fixed by the ..... .

To Unit 11

Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

Arthur's Life of Crime   At his last trial, nobody believed in Arthur's (1)............ . He had been accused of the (2) ............ of a valuable Chinese vase, and was also charged with ten other (3) ................ .The value of the (4) ............... goods was said to be over £10,000. Arthur said in his own (5) ............... that the vase had been put into his car (6) ................ . He also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a fake, and was almost (7)............... . The judge did not believe Arthur's story. He told Arthur he was a hardened (8)............... and that he deserved a severe (9)................ . Then the judge sentenced Arthur to five years’ (10)................ . Arthur just smiled. He had spent most of his life in prison and so he was used to it.

INNOCENT THIEF OFFEND STEAL DEFEND ACCIDENT   WORTH CRIME PUNISH PRISON

GLOSSARY

A

abolish – to bring to an end by law.

accuse - to state that someone is guilty of a crime, to charge someone with a crime.

accused - the accused is the person in a criminal trial, who is accused of a crime, the defendant.

Act of Parliament(statute) - a document that sets out legal rules and has(normally) been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form of a Bill and agreed by Crown.

actus reus(Latin: a guilty act) - the essential element of a crime that must be proved to secure a conviction, as opposed to the mental state of the accused.

Administrative law - is the area of law relating to the functions and powers of government organizations (not the supreme executive and legislative) and how they operate in practice to administer government policy.

allege - to claim or state(usually in evidence)that something is true.

appeal - is an application to a higher court or body to examine again a case decided by a lower court or body and possibly give a different decision

arrest - to take away the freedom of a person suspected of a crime by legal authority.

assault - to make an unlawful physical attack against another person, or do something which makes them fear immediate physical violence

advocate - one who argues a case for a client in court. In Scotland, a member of the faculty of Advocates, the professional organization of the Scots Bar.

alibi(from Latin: elsewhere) - a defence to a criminal charge alleging that the defendant was not at the place at which the crime was committed and so could not have been responsible for it.

arson - the intentional or reckless destruction or damaging of property by fire without a lawful excuse.

attempt - any act that is more than merely preparatory to the intended commission of a crime; this act is itself a crime.

B

bailiff - an officer of a court (usually a county court) concerned with the service of the court's processes and the enforcement of its orders.

bar - the bar is the profession of barrister, and a collective term for all barristers(in the US all lawyers). Barristers are “called to the Bar” when they are admitted to practice before the court.

barrister - (in Scotland "advocate") is a member of the legal profession who has been "called to the Bar". With certain exceptions a barrister may only act upon the instructions of a solicitor, who is also responsible for the payment of the barrister's fee.

beneficiary - is a person for whose benefit or advantage property is held in trust; also, a person who receives something under a will.

bigamy - you commit the crime of bigamy if you marry another person when you are still lawfully married to someone else.

Bill - is a proposed law - the preliminary version or draft of an Act of Parliament, which is put before the legislature for discussion and approval.

breach - is the act of breaking a law, agreement, etc. a violation.

breach of contract - is an actual failure by a party to a contract to perform his obligations under that contract or an indication of his intention not to do so.

bribery and corruption - offences relating to the improper influencing of people in certain positions of trust. The offences commonly grouped under this expression are now statutory.

brief - a document by which a solicitor instructs a barrister to appear as an advocate in court. Unless the client is receiving legal aid, the brief must be marked with a fee that is paid to counsel whether he is successful or not.

burglary - the offence of either entering a building, ship, or inhabited vehicle as a trespasser with the intention of committing crimes.

С

capital punishment - death imposed as a punishment for crime. Capital punishment for murder was abolished in the UK in 1965, but it still exists for piracy when murder is attempted and for treason, although subject to the royal prerogative of mercy.

case – 1) a court action. 2) a legal dispute. 3) the arguments, collectively, put forward by either side in a court action.

case law - the body of law set out in judicial decisions, as distinct from statute law.

charge – 1) a formal accusation of a crime, usually made by the police after interrogation. 2) instructions given by a judge to a jury.

cheat - a common-law offence, now restricted to defrauding the public revenue(e.g. the tax authorities).

civil defence - an organization established in time of war to afford protection against attack by a foreign power.

civil law - 1) the law of any particular state, now usually called municipal law. 2) roman law. 3) a legal system based on Roman law, as distinct from the English system of common law. 4) private law, as opposed to criminal law, administrative law, military law.

claim - a demand for a remedy or assertion of a right. The term is used in certain court pleadings, such as statement of claim.

common law - the part of English law based on rules developed by the royal courts during the first three centuries after the Norman Conquest(1066) as a system applicable to the whole country, as opposed to local customs.

complainant - a person who alleges that a crime has been committed.

confession - an admission, in whole or in part, made by an accused person of his guilt. At common law, confessions were admissible if made voluntarily, i.e. not obtained as a result of some threat held out by a person in authority.

constitution - the rules and practices that determine the composition of the organs of central and local government in a state and regulate the relationship between the individual and the state. Most states have a written constitution, one of the fundamental provisions of which is that it can itself be amended only in accordance with a special procedure. The constitution of the UK is largely unwritten.

court – 1) a body established by law for the administration of justice by judges or magistrates. 2) a hall or building in which a court is held.

crime - an act (or sometimes a failure to act) that is deemed by statute or by the common law to be a public wrong and therefore punishable by the state in criminal proceedings.

criminal court - a court exercising jurisdiction over criminal rather than civil cases. In England all criminal cases must be initiated in the magistrates' courts.

criminal damage - the offence of intentionally or recklessly destroying or damaging any property belonging to another without a lawful excuse.

cross-examination - the questioning of a witness by a party other than the one who called him to testify.

custody – 1) imprisonment or confinement. 2) legal possession, guardian-ship, or control.

D

damage - loss or harm. Not all forms of damage give rise to a right of action.

damages - a sum of money awarded by a court as compensation for a tort or a breach of contract.

deceit - a tort that is committed when someone knowingly or recklessly makes a false statement of fact intending that it should be acted on by someone else and that person does act on the false statement and thereby suffers damage.

deception - a false representation, by words or conduct, of a matter of fact(including the existence of an intention) or law that is made deliberately or recklessly to another person.

de facto(Latin: in fact) – existing as a matter of fact rather than of right. The government may, for example, recognize a foreign government de facto if it is actually in control of a country even though it has no legal right to rule.

default - failure to do something required by law, usually failure to comply with mandatory rules of procedure. If a defendant in civil proceeding is in default (e.g. by failing to give notice of intention to defend),the plaintiff may obtain judgement in default. If the plaintiff is in default the defendant may apply to the court to dismiss the action.

defence - a pleading served by the defendant in answer to the plaintiff statement of claim. If the defendant fails to serve a defence within the prescribed time, the plaintiff may obtain judgement in default.

defendant - a person against whom court proceedings are brought.

defrauding - any act that deprives someone of something that is his or to which he might be entitled or that injures someone in relation to any proprietary right.

de jure - (Latin) as a matter of legal right.

detention - depriving a person of his liberty against his will following arrest. Detention of adults without charge is allowed only when it is necessary to secure or preserve evidence or to obtain it by questioning; it should only continue beyond 24 hours in respect of serious arrestable offences.

devil - a junior member of the Bar who does work(usually settling pleadings or writing opinions) for a more senior barrister under an informal arrangement between them and without reference to the senior's instructing solicitor.

discharge - release from an obligation, debt, or liability, particularly the following. 1) discharge of contract. 2) to release of a debtor from all provable debts at the end of bankruptcy proceedings.

duress - pressure, especially actual or threatened physical force, put on a person to act in a particular way. Acts carried out under duress usually have no legal effect.

E

entrapment - deliberately trapping a person into committing a crime in order to secure his conviction, as by offering to buy drugs. English courts do not recognize a defence of entrapment as such, since the defendant is still considered to have a free choice in his acts.

equity - that part of English law originally administered by the Lord Chancellor and later by the Court of Chancery, as distinct from that administered by the courts of common law.

error - a mistake of law in a judgement or order of a court or in some procedural step in legal proceedings.

evidence - that which tends to prove the existence or nonexistence of some fact. It may consist of testimony, documentary evidence, real evidence, and, when admissible, hearsay evidence.

examination - the questioning of a witness on oath or affirmation. In court a witness is subject to examination-in chief, cross-examination, and re-examination.

examination-in-chief(direct examination) - the questioning of a witness by the party who called him to give evidence.

execution – 1) the process of carrying out a sentence of death imposed by a court. 2) the enforcement of the rights of a judgement creditor.
3) the completion of the formalities necessary for a written document to become legally valid.

F

fact - an event or state of affairs known to have happened or existed. It may be distinguished from law (as in trier of fact)or, in the law of evidence, from opinion.

final judgement - the judgement in civil proceedings that ends the action, usually the judgement of the court at trial. Appeal against a final judgement may be made without leave of the court.

fine – 1) a sum of money that an offender is ordered to pay on conviction. Most summary offences are punishable by a fine with a fixed maximum.

forgery - the offence of making a "false instrument" in order that it may be accepted as genuine, thereby causing harm to others.

fraud - a false representation by means of a statement or conduct made knowingly or recklessly in order to gain a material advantage.

G

general defences - common-law defences to any common-law or statutory crimes; with one exception(insanity),these defences relate to involuntary conduct. A defendant should be acquitted when the magistrates or jury have a reasonable doubt as to whether he was entitled to a general defence.

H

hijacking - seizing or exercising control of an aircraft in flight by the use or threat of force. Hijacking is prohibited in international law by the Tokyo Convention 1963, which defines the conditions under which jurisdiction may be assumed over hijackers, but does not oblige states to exercise such jurisdiction and does not create an obligation to extradite hijackers.

human rights - rights and freedom to which every human being is entitled. Protection against breaches of these rights committed by a state (including the state of which the victim is a national) may in some cases be enforced in international law. It is sometimes suggested that human rights (or some of them) are so fundamental that they form part of natural law, but most of them are best regarded as forming part of treaty law.

I

immunity - freedom or exemption from legal proceedings. Examples include the immunity from the jurisdiction of national courts enjoyed by members of diplomatic missions and by foreign sovereigns.

imputation - an allegation of misconduct or bad character made by an accused against the prosecutor or one of his witnesses.

incriminate – 1) to charge with a criminal offence. 2) to indicate involvement in the commission of a criminal offence. A witness in court need not answer a question if, in the judge's opinion, the answer might expose him to the danger of criminal prosecution. A witness does not have this protection when his answer might lead only to civil action against him.

inducement - the promise of some advantage held out by a person in authority in relation to a prosecution to a person suspected of having committed a criminal offence.

insanity (in criminal law) - a defect of reason, arising from mental disease, that is severe enough to prevent a defendant from knowing what he did(or what he did was wrong).A person accused of a crime is presumed sane and therefore responsible for his acts, but he can rebut this presumption and escape a conviction if he can prove that at the time of committing the crime he was insane.

intention - the state of mind of one who aims to bring about a particular consequence. Intention is one of the main forms of mens rea, and for some crimes the only form. Intention is often contrasted with recklessness and should not be confused with motive.

International Court of Justice - a court at The Hague, consisting of 15 judges elected for 9-year terms of office that has power to determine disputes relating to international law.

International Law Commission - a body established in 1947 by General Assembly Resolution and acting under Article 13 of the United Nations Charter. The Commission consists of 25 members of recognized competence in international law who are elected for five-year periods by the General Assembly from a list of candidates nominated by the member states of the UN. The mission of the International Law Commission is to promote the progressive development of international law by preparing draft conventions on subjects that have not yet been regulated by international law and by codifying the law.

interpretation (construction) - the process of determining the true meaning of a written document. It is a judicial process, effected in accordance with a number of rules and presumptions.

interrogation - the questioning of suspects by the police. Suspects are not obliged to answer such questions, and the right of the police to question suspects is governed by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Codes of Practice made under it.

intoxication - the condition of someone who is drunk or under the influence of drugs. Although intoxication itself is not an offence, it is an element in a number of offences. These include drunken driving, being found drunk in a public place, being drunk and disorderly in a public place while possessing a loaded firearm.

J

judge - a state official with power to adjudicate on disputes and other matters brought before the courts for decision.

judge advocate - a barrister who advises a court martial on questions of law.

judgement – 1) a decision made by a court in respect of the matter before it. Judgements may be interlocutory, deciding a particular issue prior to the trial of the case; or final, finally disposing of the case. 2) the process of reasoning by which the court’s decision was arrived at.

jurisdiction – 1) the power of a court to hear and describe a case or make a certain order. 2) the territorial limits within which the jurisdiction of a court may be exercised.

jury - a group of jurors /usually 12/ selected at random to decide the facts of a case and give a verdict. Most juries are selected to try crimes but juries are also used in coroner’s inquests and in some civil cases.

justice - a moral ideal that the law seeks to uphold in the protection of rights and punishment of wrongs.

justification - the defence to an action for defamation that the defamatory statement made was true.

juvenile offender - a person between the ages of 10 to 17 who has committed a crime, an offender between the ages of 14 and 17 is known as a young offender.

K

kidnapping - carrying a person away, without his consent, by means of force, threats, or fraud • Kidnapping is a common-law offence punishable with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

kleptomania - a mental disorder leading to the irresistible impulse to steal.

L

law – 1) the enforceable body of rules that govern any society. 2) one of the rules making up the body of law, such as an Act of Parliament.

lease - a contract under which an owner of property (the landlord grants another person ( the tenant ) exclusive possession of the property for an agreed period, usually (but not necessarily) in return for rent and sometimes for a capital sum known as a premium.

legal rights – 1) rights recognized by the common law courts, as distinct from equitable rights or interests recognized by the Court of Chancery.
2) generally, all rights recognized by the law (both common law and equity) as having legal existence and effect.

legislation – 1) the whole or any part of a country's written law. 2) the process of making written law.

legislature - the body having primary power to make written law. In the UK it consists of Parliament, i.e. the Crown, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords.

legitimacy - the legal status of a child born to parents who were married at the time of his conception or birth (or both).

life imprisonment - punishment of a criminal by imprisonment for the rest of his life. The only crime that always carries a sentence of life imprisonment is murder, but there are many crimes (e.g. arson, manslaughter, wounding with intent, and rape) that carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment, which is imposed in serious cases. In practice the imprisonment may often not be for life: the Home Secretary may order the release of a life prisoner on license, on the advice of the Parole Board and after consulting the Lord Chief Justice (and, if possible, the trial judge).

litigant - a person who is a party to a court action.

loss of amenity - loss or reduction of a plaintiff's mental or physical capacity to do the things he used to do, suffered as a result of personal injuries.

M

malice n. – 1) (in criminal law) a state of mind usually taken to be equivalent to intention or recklessness: it does not require any hostile attitude.

malice aforethought - the mens rea ( state of mind ) required for a person to be guilty of murder. It is unnecessary for there to be any element of hostility or for the intention to kill to be "forethought".

malicious falsehood (injurious falsehood) - a false statement, made maliciously, that causes damage to another.

malicious prosecution - the malicious institution of legal proceedings against a person. Malicious prosecution is only actionable in tort if the proceedings were initiated both maliciously and without reasonable and probable cause and they were unsuccessful. No one who has been convicted of a criminal charge can sue for malicious prosecution.

manslaughter - homicide that does not amount to the crime of murder but is nevertheless neither lawful nor accidental.

mens rea ( Latin: a guilty mind ) - the state of mind that the prosecution must prove a defendant to have had at time of committing a crime in order to secure a conviction. Mens rea varies from crime to crime; it is either defined in the statute creating the crime or established by precedent.

mispleading - the omission in a pleading of an essential allegation. In modern practice, it can usually be rectified by amendment.

mitigation – 1) reduction in the severity of some penalty. 2) reduction in the loss or injury resulting from a tort or a breach of contract.

murder - homicide that is neither accidental nor lawful and does not fall into the categories of manslaughter or infanticide. The means rea for murder is traditionally known as malice aforethought and the punishment is life imprisonment.

O

offence - a crime. The modern tendency is to refer to crimes as offences. Offences may be classified as indictable or summary and as arrestable or nonarrestable.

offender - one who has committed a crime.

P

pardon - the withdrawal of a sentence or punishment by the sovereign under the prerogative of mercy.

parole (release on license) - the conditional release of a prisoner from prison.

penalty – 1) a punishment for a crime. A penalty must be clearly stated before it can be enforced.

perjury - the offence of giving false evidence or evidence that one does not believe to be true ( even if it is in fact the truth). It is punishable by up to seven years imprisonment and/or a fine.

plaint - a statement in writing of a cause of action, used to initiate actions in the county courts.

plea – 1) a formal statement in court by or on behalf of an accused person as a response to the charge made against him. 2) a defendant's answer to a plaintiff’s declaration in an action at common law.

precedent - a judgment or decision of a court, normally recorded in a law report, used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.

presumption - a supposition that the law allows or requires to be made. Some presumptions relate to people, e.g. the presumption of innocence and of sanity.

presumption of innocence - the legal presumption that every person charged with a criminal offence is innocent until proved guilty.

presumption of sanity - the legal presumption that every person charged with a criminal offence was sane (and therefore responsible in law) at the time he is alleged to have committed the crime.

primary evidence - evidence, such as the original of a document, that by its nature does not suggest that better evidence is available.

principal - (in criminal law) the person who actually carries out a crime.

private law - the part of law that deals with such aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state. It includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, the law of contract, mercantile law, and the law of tort.

procedure (in court proceedings) - the formal manner in which legal proceedings are conducted. See also adjective law; practice; rules of court.

process (in court procedure) - a document issued by a court to require the attendance of the parties or the performance of some initial step in the proceedings by a defendant.

proof – 1) the means by which the existence or nonexistence of a fact is established to the satisfaction of the court including testimony, documentary evidence, presumption and judicial notice.

prosecution - the pursuit of legal proceedings, particularly criminal proceedings.

prosecutor - the person who institutes criminal proceedings on behalf of the Crown.

R

recklessness - a form of mens rea that amounts to less than intention but more than negligence.

recognition (in international law) – 1) the process by which one state declares that another political entity fulfills the conditions of statehood and that it is willing to deal with it as a member of the international community.

release – 1) .the renunciation of a right of legal action against another. 2) any document by which one person discharges another from any claim with respect to a particular matter. 3) the freeing of a person formerly detained, either upon discharge, when sentencing him or at the end of a prison sentence.

riot - an offence committed when 12 or more persons, present together, intentionally use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose.

robbery - the offence of using force against any person, or putting them in fear of being subjected to force, in order to commit a theft, either before the theft or during the course of it.

S

sedition - the speaking or writing of words that are likely to incite ordinary people to public disorder or insurrection.

self-defence - a defence at common law to charges of offences against the person (including homicide) when reasonable force is used to defend oneself, or one’s family, or anyone else against attack or threatened attack.

sentence – the judgment of a court stating the punishment to be imposed on a defendant who has pleaded guilty to a crime or been found guilty by the jury. Before the sentence is imposed, the prosecution must present the judge with the accused’s antecedents and the defence may then make a plea in mitigation of the sentence.

summons - a court order to an individual to appear in court at a specified place and time.

T

theft - the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it permanently.

threat - the expression of an intention to harm someone with the object of forcing them to do something. A threat (or menace), or the action of threatening someone, is an ingredient of many crimes.

tort [Old French: harm, wrong; from Latin “tortus”, twisted or crooked] - a wrongful act or omission for which damages can be obtained in a civil court by the person wronged, other than a wrong that is only a breach of contract. The law of tort is mainly concerned with providing compensation for personal injury and property damage caused by negligence. It also protects other interests, however, such as reputation, personal freedom, title to property.

trespass - a wrongful direct interference with another person or with his possession of land or goods.

trial - the hearing of a civil or criminal case before a court of competent jurisdiction. Trials must, with rare exceptions, be held in public. At the trial all issues of law and fact arising in the case will be determined.

V

vandalism - defacing or damaging property. There is no offence of vandalism as such, but it will usually constitute an offence of criminal damage.

verdict - a jury’s finding on the matters referred to it in a criminal or civil trial. The jury is asked to give its decision to the court separately for each of the questions it was asked to consider (for example, when there are several charges on the indictment).

veto (in international law) - the power given to any permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations to refuse to agree to any non-procedural proposal (there is no such power in relation to procedural matters) and thereby defeat it.

W

warrant - a document authorizing some action, especially the payment of money. A warehouse warrant is issued when goods are taken into a public warehouse and must be produced when they are removed. This document is negotiable and transferable by endorsement.

witness - a person who observes the signing of a legal document in case it is subsequently necessary to verify the authenticity of the signature. He adds his own signature to the document as a witness. Many legal documents are only valid of properly witnessed.

wrong - an illegal or immoral act. A distinction must be drawn between moral wrongs and legal wrongs. Some moral wrongs, such as murder or theft, are also crimes punishable by law.

KEY

To Unit 1

I. Crime violates the laws of a community, STATE, or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these LAWS. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most COUNTRIES consider as crimes such OFFENCES as arson, BIGAMY, burglary, FORGERY, murder, and TREASON.

Not all offences against the law are CRIMES. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the CRIMINAL LAW. This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the COMMUNITY. On the other hand, a PERSON may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the CIVIL law.

The common law recognizes three CLASSES of crime: treason, FELONY, and misdemeanour. Death or LIFE

IMPRISONMENT is the usual PENALTY for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a TERM of one year or more in a state or federal PRISON. A person who commits a MISDEMEANOR may be punished by a FINE Or a jail term of less than one year.

II. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. d 14. b 15. c

To Unit 2

1. f 2. g 3. k 4. d 5. j 6. b 7. l 8. e 9. i 10. c 11. h 12. a

To Unit 3

1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. c

To Unit 4

1. d 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. d 11. c 12. b 13. c

14. a 15. b

To Unit 5

1. c 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. c 9. a 10. a 11. b 12. c 13. a

14. d 15. b

To Unit 6

1. c 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. c

To Unit 7

a) broken b) banned c) license d) order e) let

f) illegally g) rules h) commit i) court j) prohibited

To Unit 8

a) hijacker b) witness c) smuggler d)shoplifter

e) murderer f) kidnapper g) forger h) vandal

i) pickpocker j) burglar k) blackmailer l) hooligan

To Unit 9

1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. c 9. d 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. d 14. c

To Unit 10

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the WITNESSES in LEGAL DISPUTES and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a JURY decides the facts is called a TRIAL by jury.

Before each COURT term, a jury commissioner or another public OFFICER prepares a panel, or large initial LIST, of qualified jurors. For each trial, JURORS are selected by lot from this PANEL.

Before the trial begins, the jurors SWEAR to decide the facts fairly. They hear the TESTIMONY given by witnesses for both sides, including CROSS-EXAMINATIONS. Then COUNSEL for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the JUDGE explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury.

In CIVIL SUITS for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at FAULT and must determine the amount of MONEY to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ACCUSED is guilty „beyond a reasonable doubt”, and then either return a verdict of guilty, or ACQUIT the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is GUILTY, the judge imposes the SENTENCE, Or punishment, within limits that have been fixed by LEGISLATURE.

To Unit 11

1. innocence; 2. theft; 3. jffences; 4. stolen; 5. defence; 6) accidentally;

7) worthless; 8) criminal; 9) punishment; 10) imprisonment