Remember: A man is so many times a man as the number of foreign languages he knows.

It may be useful. – Это может быть полезно.

Who speaks what where?

Country	Nationality	Language
Argentina	Argentinian	Spanish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Britain	British	English
China	Chinese	Mandarin (also Cantonese)
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
France	French	French
Germany	German	German
Greece	Greek	Greek
Israel	Israeli	Hebrew
Italy	Italian	Italian
Japan	Japanese	Japanese
Korea	Korean	Korean
Mexico	Mexican	Spanish
Poland	Polish	Polish
Russia	Russian	Russian
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian	Arabic
Spain	Spanish	Spanish
Switzerland	Swiss	Swiss-German, French, Italian
The United States (USA)	American	English
Turkey	Turkish	Turkish

Practice in communication

Read and try to remember:

Approval

1. (That's) a good idea!

2. Wonderful! (Excellent, splendid).

3. Very wise (sensible) of you.

4. Well done!

5. Good for you!

6. I'm all for it!

7. That's it!

Disapproval

1. That's not a (very) good idea.

2. That's silly.

3. I'm all against it.

4. I wouldn't say I like it.

5. Rubbish!

Express your approval or disapproval of the following statement made to you by a close friend.

1. I'm going on a diet.

2. I'm going to learn Japanese.

3. We're going to get engaged.

4. I'm going to telephone the police.

5. I've bought a new car.

6. I've become a student.

Agreement

1. All right

2. OK – Хорошо, ладно

3. Very well

4. I agree (with you) – Согласен

5. Willingly – Охотно

6. With pleasure – С удовольствием

7. Of course

8. Sure – Конечно

9. By all means

10. Agreed! – Решено! По рукам

11. It's a go! – Идет!

12. Quite so – Совершенно верно

Disagreement

1. I'm of a different opinion – Я другого мнения.

2. This is out of the question – Об этом не может быть и речи.

3. I object (to it) – Я возражаю

4. No go! – Ничего не выйдет

5. Nothing doing! – Этот номер не пройдет!

6. Not for the world! – Ни за что на свете!

7. Nothing of the sort – Ничего подобного

8. Why on earth! – С какой стати!

9. I doubt in – Сомневаюсь

Read and try to remember:

Pleasure (excited tone)

1. Good!/That's good.

2. Great!/That's great.

3. Marvellous!/That's marvellous.

4. Terrific!/That's terrific.

5. That's nice./That'll be nice.

6. How exciting!

7. How thrilling!

8. How wonderful!

9. Fantastic!

Displeasure

(dull, displeased tone)

1. Oh, no!

2. Oh, dear!

3. Oh, heavens!

4. What a bore!

5. That's the limit!

Refusal

1. No, thank you. I don't want to.

2. No, certainly not.

3. Why should I?

4. Oh, no!

5. Never!

6. Good heavens, no!

Ways of giving sympathy and encouragement to someone.

A. I've failed my exams.

B. 1. I'm so sorry.

2. I'm sorry to hear that.

3. What a shame!

4. What bad luck!

5. Never mind!

6. Cheer up!

7. You mustn't worry (about it...)

8. It could be worse.

Belief Disbelief

I can quite (well) easily believe it/that. I don't/can't believe it.

It can't be true. (Of course) I believe it.

You can't expect me to believe that. Surely not!

You must be joking.

You are not serious.

A. I (honestly/really) believe/think/feel that...

It's my opinion that...

It my opinion...

Agreement Disagreement

I think so too. I don't (quite) agree (with you).

I agree (with you). I don't think so.

I think you are right. I don't believe that.

(Partial agreement) That's your opinion, not mine.

Well, yes... I don't think you are right (there).

I see what you mean, but...

That may be true, but...

IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle 2	Translation
V1	V2	V3
to be [bi:]	was [wɔz], were [wз:]	been [bi:n]	Быть
to beat [bi:t]	beat [bi:t]	beaten ['bi:tn]	Бить
to become [bi:kʌm]	became [bi:keim]	become[bi:kʌm]	Становиться
to begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gæn]	begun [bi'gʌn]	Начинать
to bleed [bli:d]	bled [bled]	bled [bled]	Кровоточить
to blow [blou]	blew [blu:]	blown [bloun]	Дуть
to break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken ['brouk(e)n]	Ломать
to bring [briŋ]	brought [brɔ:t]	brought [brɔ:t]	Приносить
to build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]	Строить
to burn [bз:n]	burnt [bз:nt]	burnt [bз:nt]	Гореть
to burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]	Разразиться
to buy [bai]	bought [bɔ:t]	bought [bɔ:t]	Покупать
to catch [kætʃ]	caught [kɔ:t]	caught [kɔ:t]	Ловить, хватать, успеть
to choose [tʃu:z]	chose [ʃəuz]	chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]	Выбирать
to come [kʌm]	came [keim]	come [kʌm]	Приходить
to cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]	Стоить
to creep [kri:p]	crept [krept]	crept [krept]	Ползать
to cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	Резать
to do [du:]	did [did]	done [dʌn]	Делать
to draw [drɔ:]	drew [dru:]	drawn [drɔ:n]	Рисовать, тащить
to dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt]	dreamt [dremt]	Мечтать, дремать
to drink [driŋk]	drank [dræŋk]	drunk [drʌŋk]	Пить
to drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drivn]	Водить
to eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten ['i:tn]	Есть
to fall [fɔ:l]	fell [fel]	fallen ['fɔ:lən]	Падать
to feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	Кормить
to feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	Чувствовать
to fight [fait]	fought [fɔ:t]	fought [fɔ:t]	Бороться
to find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]	Находить
to fit [fit]	fit [fit]	fit [fit]	Подходить по размеру
to fly [flai]	flew [flu:]	flown [floun]	Летать
to forget [fə'get]	forgot [fə'gɔt]	forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n]	Забывать
to forgive [fo'giv]	forgave [fo'geiv]	forgiven [fo'givn]	Прощать
to freeze [fri:z]	froze [frouz]	frozen ['frouzn]	Замерзать
to get [ get ]	got [gɔt]	got [gɔt]	Получать
to give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given [givn]	Давать
to go [gou]	went [went]	gone [gɔn]	Идти
to grow [grou]	grew [gru:]	grown [groun]	Расти
to hang [hæŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]	Вешать
to have [hæv]	had [hæd]	had [hæd]	Иметь
to hear [hiə]	heard [hз:d]	heard [hз:d]	Слышать
to hide [haid]	hid [hid]	hidden ['hidn]	Прятать
to hit [hit]	hit [hit]	hit [hit]	Попадать в цель
to hold [hould]	held [held]	held [held]	Держать
to hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]	Ушибить
to keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	Содержать
to kneel [ni:l]	knelt [nelt]	knelt [nelt]	Стоять на коленях
to know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]	Знать
to lay [lei]	laid [leid]	laid [leid]	Класть
to lead [li:d]	led [led]	led [led]	Вести
to lean [li:n]	leant [lent]	leant [lent]	Наклоняться
to learn [lз:n]	learnt [lз:nt]	learnt [lз:nt]	Учить
to leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]	Оставлять
to lend [lend]	lent [lent]	lent [lent]	Занимать
to let [let]	let [let]	let [let]	Позволять
to lie [lai]	lay [lei]	lain [lein]	Лежать
to light [lait]	lit [lit]	lit [lit]	Освещать
to lose [lu:z]	lost [lɔst]	lost [lɔst]	Терять
to make [meik]	made [meid]	made [meid]	Производить
to mean [mi:n]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]	Значить
to meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]	Встречать
to mistake [mis'teik]	mistook [mis'tuk]	mistaken [mis'teik(e)n]	Ошибаться
to pay [pei]	paid [peid]	paid [peid]	Платить
to prove [pru:v]	proved [pru:vd]	proven [pru:vn]	Доказывать
to put [put]	put [put]	put [put]	Положить
to quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]	Выходить
to read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]	Читать
to ride [raid]	rode [roud]	ridden ['ridn]	Ездить верхом
to ring [riŋ]	rang [ræŋ]	rung [rʌŋ]	Звенеть
to rise [raiz]	rose [rouz]	risen ['rizn]	Подниматься
to run [rʌŋ]	ran [ræŋ]	run [rʌŋ]	Бежать
to say [sei]	said [sed]	said [sed]	Говорить
to see [si:]	saw [sɔ:]	seen [si:n]	Видеть
to seek [si:k]	sought [sɔ:t]	sought [sɔ:t]	Искать
to sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]	Продавать
to send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]	Посылать
to set [set]	set [set]	set [set]	Ставить
to sew [sou]	sewed [soud]	sewn [soun]	Шить
to shake [ʃeik]	shook [ʃuk]	shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n]	Встряхивать
to show [ʃəu]	showed [ʃəud]	shown [ʃəun]	Показывать
to shrink [ʃriŋk]	shrank [ʃræŋk]	shrunk [ʃrʌŋk]	Уменьшать
to shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]	Закрывать
to sing [siŋ]	sang [sæŋ]	sung [sʌŋ]	Петь
to sink [siŋk]	sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk]	sunk [sʌŋk]	Тонуть
to sit [sit]	sat [sæt]	sat [sæt]	Сидеть
to sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]	Спать
to slide [slaid]	slid [slid]	slid [slid]	Скользить
to sow [sou]	sowed [soud]	sown [soun]	Сеять
to speak [spi:k]	spoke [spouk]	spoken ['spouk(e)n]	Говорить
to spell [spel]	spelt [spelt]	spelt [spelt]	Произносить по буквам
to spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]	Тратить
to spill [spil]	spilt [spilt]	spilt [spilt]	Проливать
to spoil [spɔil]	spoilt [spɔilt]	spoilt [spɔilt]	Портить
to spread [spred]	spread [spred]	spread [spred]	Расстилать
to spring [spriŋ]	sprang [spræŋ]	sprung [sprʌŋ]	Прыгать
to stand [stænd]	stood [stu:d]	stood [stu:d]	Стоять
to steal [sti:l]	stole [stoul]	stolen ['stəulən]	Красть
to stick [stik]	stuck [stʌk]	stuck [stʌk]	Колоть
to sting [stiŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	Жалить
to sweep [swi:p]	swept [swept]	swept [swept]	Выметать
to swell [swel]	swelled [sweld]	swollen ['swoul(e)n]	Разбухать
to swim [swim]	swam [swem]	swum [swʌm]	Плавать
to swing [swiŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	Качать
to take [teik]	took [tuk]	taken ['teik(ə)n]	Брать, взять
to teach [ti:tʃ]	taught [tɔ:t]	taught [tɔ:t]	Учить
to tear [tɛə]	tore [tɔ:]	torn [tɔ:n]	Рвать
to tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould]	Рассказывать
to think [θiŋk]	thought [θɔ:t]	thought [θɔ:t]	Думать
to throw [θrəu]	threw [θru:]	thrown [θrəun]	Бросать
to understand [ʌndə'stænd]	understood [ʌndə'stud]	understood [ʌndə'stud]	Понимать
to wake [weik]	woke [wouk]	woken ['wouk(e)n]	Просыпаться
to wear [wɛə]	wore [wɔ:]	worn [wɔ:n]	Носить
to weep [wi:p]	wept [wept]	wept [wept]	Плакать
to wet [wet]	wet [wet]	wet [wet]	Мочить
to win [win]	won [wʌn]	won [wʌn]	Выигрывать
to wind [waind]	wound [waund]	wound [waund]	Извиваться
write [rait]	wrote [rout]	written ['ritn]	Писать

Remember!

At

at 5 p.m. – указание на время

at present

at the moment – в настоящее время

at the weekend – в конце недели

at night – ночью

at Christmas – на Рождество

In

in 5 days – через 5 дней

in a month – через месяц

in the past – в прошлом

in future – в будущем

in spring – весной

in May/June/July – в…

in 1999 – в 1999

in the morning / evening – утром, вечером, днем

in the afternoon

On

on Monday – указание на день недели

on May 5 – … дату

on Friday morning – в пятницу утром

But: last week

next month

this year

yesterday

tomorrow

yesterday evening

tomorrow night

How to open a letter:

Dear Sirs – to a company Dear Sir – to a man (you don’t know his name) Dear Madam – to a woman (you don’t know her name) Dear Mr. Brown – to a man Dear Mrs. Brown – to a woman (who is married) Dear Miss Brown – to a woman (who is unmarried) Dear Ms Brown – to a woman (either married or unmarried) Dear Jack – to a friend or someone you know well

5 Put the necessary preposition:

1. We have signed our contract ____________ Tuesday morning.

2. The transfer of ownership will take place ____________ weekend.

3. It’s our lunch time ____________ 12 o’clock.

4. I’ve got an appointment ___________ this evening.

5. Come and see us ___________ evening.

6. I’ll send you message ___________ Monday.

7. Our colleagues arrived late ___________ night.

ГЛОССАРИЙ

№ п/п	Новое понятие	Содержание
	a trial	суд; испытание, проба
	a bailiff	судебный исполнитель / судебный пристав
	a bribe	взятка; взятка, подкуп
	a bribe taker	взяточник
	a briber	тот, кто даёт взятку
	a claimant	заявитель / истец (в цивильных делах)
	a convicted	заключённый
	a crime/(an) offence	преступление
	a disorderly conduct	хулиганство / нарушение общественного порядка
	a felony	уголовное преступление; тяжкое уголовное преступление
	a forgery	подлог или подделка документа
	a jury	присяжные
	a petty offence	мелкое преступление
	a prison	тюрьма, темница
	a probation officer	инспектор, наблюдающий за поведением условно осужденных преступников
	a prosecutor	прокурор
	a responsibility	ответственность (за что-л.)
	a sentence; verdict	приговор
	a subpoena	повестка в суд; вызов в суд, повестка о явке в суд (под страхом наказания или штрафа в случае неявки)
	a theft	кража; воровство
	a thief	вор, лох
	abuse of power	злоупотребление властью, полномочиями
	an attorney for defence	адвокат по защите
	an attorney for the plaintiff	адвокат истца
	arson	поджог
	blackmail	шантаж; шантаж; вымогательство
	breaking and entering	взлом с проникновением
	burglary	кража со взломом
	contempt of court	неуважение к суду
	fraud	мошенничество
	guilty (of)	виновный (в чём)
	house-breaking	проникновение в дом
	innocent (of), not guilty (of)	невиновный (в чём)
	kidnapping	похищение человека с целью выкупа
	manslaughter	убийство; человекоубийство
	mugging	грабёж; хулиганство, групповое нападение; уличный грабеж
	murder	убийство; убивать (глагол)
	perjury	ложное показание под присягой
	punishment	кара, наказание
	rape	изнасилование
	slander	злословие, клевета, клеветнические измышления
	speeding	превышение дозволенной скорости
	suicide	самоубийство
	swindling	мошенничество/ жульничество
	to shoplift	красть в магазине с открытых прилавков, выносить товар неоплаченным (например, под одеждой)

* Учебные издания, на основе которых составлен тематический обзор.