Ex. 20. Make up a short summary of the text.

Ex. 21. Speak on the topic “Shipbuilding in Belarus”

UNIT VIII

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF SHIP-BUILDING

Ex. 1. Read and remember the words:

rudder containerize interdependent

maintenance wear from prospective

tossing define excessive

preconditions reduce windage height

Ex.2. Insert the right word:

(Technical training, engine room, pilot’s cabin, bridge, maintenance, computer)

1. Neither a staff of engineers no a crew of the ship will do ship …, but the qualified workers in port.

2. The plane engines can be run from the … .

3. There is no necessity for a crew or a staff of engineers of future ships to stand

watch in the … .

4. The engine of a future ship can be managed from the … .

5. In the ships of future all data, control and further operations will be determined by a … .

6. The staff of a future ship need more qualified … .

Ex. 3. Change the words of italic type with their synonyms from your active vocabulary:

1. Essential reduction of volumes of the hull in case of emergency will improve

storm maneuvering.

2. The plane engines will be put into action from the pilot’s cabin.

3. Placing of the basic volumes in a stern part of the hull that takes into consideration the storming navigation is one of preconditions for safe storming.

4. Changing of the center of gravity to a bow will provide horizontal tail- planning of tossing at the moment on excitement.

5. Substantial cutting down of crew will be the result of efficient development of a future ship.

6. The prospective projects of future ships contribute to the safety of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation.

Ex. 4. Define in one word:

- Load or cargo packed in different volumes (special tanks, cans etc.);

- special arrangements/structures put up on the top deck above the deck- level;

- some things (lows, rules) , which are dependent on each other;

- going up and down of a ship on the waves at the moment on excitement;

- lows and rules of “sea traffic”;

- capacity of a ship to preserve fastness in any conditions of real ocean navigation;

- capacity of a ship to swing in any proper direction, to change speed if needed, to balance perfectly even in storm conditions.

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian:

1. Electronic equipment will determine a ship’s course and, by sending information to machinery regulate the rudder, steer the vessel.

2. There are six interdependent rules, received from historical analysis of properties of ship architecture.

3. Aluminium is corrosion- resistant and can prevent wear from the chemicals in seawater.

4. Displacement of the center of gravity to a bow advancing the dynamic center of lateral resistance will provide stabilization and assure fastness in conditions of storm roughness.

5. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck as also inclination forward of surface part of the stem will remove a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves during storm.

6. Essential reduction of the area of inertia of a waterline surface, volumes of the hull and windage height of superstructures will contribute to preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the text:

TEXT 8A

SHIPS OF THE FUTURE

Future ships will be even more efficient than those of today and so will cost less to operate. More and more ships will carry containerized cargo, and all ships will be larger. Ships will become increasingly automated. A staff of engineers will no longer need to stand watch in the engine room. Instead, ship engines will be operated from the bridge, just as plane engines are run from the pilot's cabin. Electronic equipment will navigate tomorrow's ships automatically. A computer will determine a ship's course and, by sending the information to machinery that regulates the rudder, steer the vessel.

As a result of these developments, ship officers will receive increased technical training. Crews will become smaller. Ship maintenance will no longer be done at sea by the crew, but in port by specialized workers. To avoid such maintenance work as painting, the bridge, cabins, and other structures on the main deck will be built of alumi­num and other materials that do not rust and that resist wear from the chemicals in seawater. The officers and crew of a ship work as a team to see that the passengers, the cargo, and the ship itself arrives at their destination safely and on time.

Speaking on shipbuilding principles of the coming century, in the prospective project of a future ship the following six interdependent rules, received from the historical analysis of properties of ship architecture, should be included:

1. Displacement of the center of gravity to a bow, advancing the dynamic center of lateral resistance. It will provide stabilization of tossing at a movement on excitement and create the preconditions for safe storming;

2. Essential reduction of the area, and also cross and longitudinal moments of inertia of a waterline surface, and sharpening of stem and stern posts it in extremities. (For reduction the influence of moderate excitement and preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation);

3. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck (and also inclination forward of surface part of the stem). During storm navigation it will remove a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves both on the hull, and on a deck, and also will create conditions for active management of a course of a vessel;

4. Essential reduction of volumes of the hull in extremities, that will improve storm maneuvering;

Pic. 40. In the project of a universal vessel is shown, that the realization of the form of the hull satisfying to all set forth above requirements to seaworthiness, is possible even for the most complex universal vessel.

5. Allocation of the basic surface volumes in a stern part of the hull that takes into account properties of real storm roughness and does not prevent preservation of a course and maneuvering;

6. Essential reduction of windage height of superstructures, remembering that the beauty of the ship is defined by absence of unnecessary things on board.

Ex.7. Answer the questions:

1. Does the prospective project of a future ship require any changes of technical facilities and personel?

2. What materials can be more preferable to build the bridge, cabins and other structures on the main deck?

3. What arrangements must be done for reduction the influence of moderate excitement and preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation?

4. What can create conditions for active management of a course of a vessel?

5. What is the beauty of a ship defined by?

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer:

1. Substantial minimization of the area, cross and longitudinal moments of inertia of a waterline surface, sharpening of stem and stern posts reduce the impacts of waves in extremities.

2. Essential reduction windage height of superstructures defines the beauty of a ship.

3. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck and inclination forward of surface part of the stem will solve a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves on the hull and on the deck.

4. Placing on the basic surface volumes in a stern part of the hull envisages (предусматривает) the real storm roughness and good maneuvering during storm navigation.

5. One of the several rules received from the historical analysis of properties of ship architecture is essential reduction of the hull.

Ex. 9. Translate into English:

1. Корабли будущего будут более эффективны, чем в настоящее время и намного более автоматизированы.

2. Технические работы на корабле будут производиться не командой в море, а специалистами на берегу.

3. Значительное сокращение высоты надпалубных сооружений также поможет улучшить маневрирование судна во время шторма.

4. Исключение бортовых выступов, широкой и длинной верхней палубы, как и наклон передней части носа корабля позволит решить некоторые проблемы навигации в штормовой ситуации.

5. Перенос центра тяжести на нос корабля и перемещение центра динамики горизонтального сопротивления обеспечит стабилизацию движения корабля при волнении на море.