A) Read the text and answer the following questions

Are diesel engines as reliable as gas engines?

Is a diesel engine more reliable than a gas engine?

Does a diesel engine get better gas mileage than a gasoline engine? Why?

What does the author recommend to avoid fuel gelling?

1. Diesel engines get better fuel economy simply because they do not need to burn as much fuel as a gas engine to get the same power. Diesel engines are also built heavier than a gas engine to sustain the added stress of the higher compression ratio. Diesel engines do not have an ignition system so you will never have to tune them up. Exhaust systems last longer because diesel fuel exhaust is not as corrosive a gasoline engine exhaust. It is not unusual to see a diesel engine with 400,000, 500,000 and I have even seen them go as much as 600,000 miles.

2. The down side is they are fairly noisy. You will get the typical diesel clatter at idle, but that goes away off idle. At normal driving speeds they are as quiet as a gasoline engine. You won't get the same acceleration that you get from a gasoline engine. But a turbo diesel will get up and go fairly quickly. You will need to adjust your driving habits somewhat also.

3. As for maintenance, 3,000 mile oil changes are a must! Diesel fuel is not as refined as gasoline and the oil will get dirtier than a gasoline engine. I recommend replacing air and fuel filters once a year. If you live in a cold climate, you will need to switch to a winter blend fuel to prevent fuel gelling. There are additives you can put in the fuel to help prevent this as well. I also recommend replacing glow plugs every two years as well. If temperatures drop below 10 degrees F, I would also recommend a block heater. This will insure cold weather starts, especially with the heavier grade oil that diesel engines require.

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B) Complete the table.

Characteristics Gasoline Diesel causes / results
fuel economy   better  
weight      
service life(exhaust system)     to sustain the added stress of the higher compression ratio
maintenance      
Mileage      
start and acceleration      
fuel      

Text 1C. Engines and Exhaust after Treatment Systems

For Future Automotive Applications

Render the following information according to this pattern:

1. The title of this text (information) is …

2. The text deals with … .

3. At the beginning the author explains (describes, introduces) …. .

4. Then the author pays attention to the issue of ( focuses on ) …

5. The author givesdetails concerning the ….

6. The advantages and disadvantages of …. are described and analyzed.

7. The improvements are proposed for …

8. The improved version of … is compared with (the conventional or analogue design).

9. The explanation is supported by (examples, results of experiments, pictures, graphs and diagrams).

10.In the end the author makes a conclusion that ….. .

Emission control systems with chemical and physical sensors

1. In order to meet the more and more stringent emission regulations gasoline as well as diesel engines will need continuously improved exhaust after treatment systems. The options for the various applications are highlighted in the following. Today exhaust gas of gasoline engines is typically treated with “Three Way Catalysts” (TWC). The catalyst converts the pollutants CO, NOX and Hydrocarbons into harmless compounds like CO2, H2O and N2 by chemical reactions. Lambda-Sensors control the air fuel ratio of the engine and catalyst performance in order to get the best possible conversion of the pollutants.

2. Modern lean burn engines have other options. Here the pollutants in the exhaust gases are only partially converted by a TWC function i.e. CO and Hydrocarbons. For the remaining NOX a so called NOX Storage Catalyst (NSC) is employed, which chemically stores NO and NO2 during lean burn phase. For the conversion of stored NOX the engine is periodically shifted to fuel rich operation. This more complex system is controlled with the help of mathematical catalyst models and by Lambda-, Temperature- and optionally NOX-Sensors as well.

3. Diesel engine exhaust of heavy duty vehicles will be treated with ammonia by Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to reduce NOX additionally to the catalytic oxidation of CO and Hydrocarbons. The ammonia is generated on board of the vehicle using harmless precursors like for example urea. For the control of this system Lambda-, Temperature- NOX- and optionally NH3-Sensors are employed.

4. In addition to gaseous pollutants the particulate emissions from diesel engines will be removed by Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). The system of oxidation catalyst and DPF is controlled by Temperature-, Pressure- and Particulate-Sensors. The mentioned highlights show that all three goals safe, clean and efficient can be met in the future by both gasoline and diesel engines combined with modern exhaust after treatment systems.

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Unit 2

New Words

Nouns

Cam Кулачок
Torque Крутящий момент
Bulkhead Перегородка
connecting rod Шатун
Throttle Дроссельная заслонка
bore and stroke диаметр цилиндра и длина хода
knock детонационный стук в двигателе
crankshaft коленчатый вал
capacity емкость
reliability надежность

Verbs

evolve развивать
explore исследовать
mate with соединять с чем-л.
be biased toward быть рассчитанным на что-л.
feature иметь особенность
employ использовать
Pressurize повышать давление
incorporate включить

Adjectives

Direct Прямой
Variable изменяемый
homogenous Однородный
smooth гладкий/плавный
forged Кованый
Liquefied cжиженный /жидкий
conventional Обычный
secure Безопасный
unique to присущийтолько

Adverbs

approximately приблизительно
Internally между собой
Infinitely непрерывно
Steadily постоянно
continuously непрерывно
Initially первоначально

Word Combinations

GM's North American engine volume объем продаж двигателя, выпускаемого GM( GeneralMotors), рассчитанный на рынок Северной Америки
EPA fuel economy regulations требования AOOC, предъявляемые к расходу топлива (агентством по охране окружающей среды )
the automakers global inline-four-cylinder range целая серия рядных 4-х цилиндровых двигателей
to have their eyes on следить зачем-либо
to put signifi­cant focus on уделять особое внимание
twin-port heads головки блока цилиндров с двумя отверстиями
the Chevrolet Volt's series-hybrid generator генератор последовательного возбуждения
two-step valve lift подъем двухступенчатого клапана
infi­nitely variable cam phasing бесступенчатое регулированиекулачка
smooth, low-rpm torque delivery плавная работа двигателя на малых оборотах
premium-octane fuel бензин с высоким октановым числом
variable valve timing (VVT) Изменяемаяфазагазораспределения
higher boost pressure Давлениенаддува
a freer flowing exhaust system. система выпуска с низким противодавлением
wide open throttle режим работы при полностью открытой дроссельной заслонке
high –capacity coolant passages каналы системы охлаждения большого объема
sodium-cooled exhaust valves выпускные клапаны с натриевым охлаждением
twin-scroll turbocharger турбокомпрессор с двойной спиралью (двойной улиткой)
a camshaft –driven pump топливный насос с кулачковым валом
a grey-iron casting отливка из серого чугуна
a cast –aluminum oil pan литой алюминиевый масляный поддон
a variable-dis­placement oil pump насос переменного объема
a conventional fixed –flow pump обычный насос с постоянным расходом

Glossary

Euro 6 is the latest diesel engine emission legislation being driven by the European Commission
GM Family Zero the new power plant for the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with three-cylinder versions on lithium-ion batteries
The Family II is a straight-4piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in the early 1980s.
The Ecotec brand is a new engine family and compatible with most vehicles made after 2005.
CNG compressed natural gas (Methane stored at high pressure) that can be used in place of gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel and propane/LPG
octane number determines the resistance of a motor fuel to knock.

Exercise 1. Match the pairs of synonyms:

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