Find the words in the article that have similar meaning to the following.

Nouns

Suffering; state of mind in which something takes up all thoughts; long life; careful planning; trick or device to deceive; legal documents indicating conditions under which patient can be permitted to die.

Adjectives

still in existence; continual; causing death; able to exist; relying on observation and experiment; likely to cause interest or argument; without the power to feel or experience; coming on gradually; stopped.

Verbs

causes severe suffering; granting money for; conspire or plot; orders or requires.

3. Do you think the author would agree with the following statements?

1. Families should have the ultimate power to decide the fate of a family member in a per­sistent vegetative state.

2. Extraordinary measures should be taken if it means keeping a person alive.

3. Modern medicine can be torture.

4. Euthanasia may be the least cruel treatment for a patient.

5. We need to set limits to viable lifetimes, especially in an aging society.

6. "Living wills" are a good solution to the problems posed by modern technology.

7. It is costing society too much money to keep people alive at all costs.

Express your own opinions on the above statements.

For discussion.

1. Do you have the same opinions now, or have you changed your opinions in any way after examining the views of others?

2. In your opinion, what role should doctors take in advising patients and/or their families in these cases? What is their responsibility?

3. Derek Humphry is the executive director of the Hemlock Society, an organiza­tion that promotes public awareness and acceptance of euthanasia. He predict­ed that active euthanasia will be a standard part of American medicine within a decade. If this is true, what effect will it have on society?

■ 2.5 B. Back to the Nest[18]

By Sherry Joe

Just as parents kick back and relax, their adult children return. How do families make the best of the new circumstances?

Short of bolting the door or moving with­out a forwarding address, how do parents get rid of children they thought were fully grown and gone?

David Heath, 45, just had to wait it out. His daughters waited until they were 20 and 23 to trade the four-bedroom home they shared with Heath and their grandparents for their own quarters in Oxnard.

"They felt it was time for a little bit more independence," says Heath, a counselor and ad­vocate for the physically disabled at the Indepen­dent Living Resource Center in Oxnard. "I'm glad they're out, but I miss having them around."

"Boomerang children"—adults largely in their 20s and 30s who either return home tem­porarily or postpone leaving because of eco­nomic pressures, emotional upheavals and their parents' longer life expectancy—are finding it takes longer and longer to duplicate Mom's and Dad's standard of living.

The number of boomerang children totals about 5 million and increases each year by 1%, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In 1983, 54% of adults ages 18 to 24 lived at home. Now, 57% live with their parents, experts say.

As a result, a growing number of middle-aged parents who expected an empty nest are confronting parenthood again—or still.

Robert Sheehan, 54, of McLean, Va., whose 25-year-old daughter and 24-year-old son returned home this year, says he misses the peace he and his wife enjoyed.

"We have the space for them, but we both lose the privacy we gained when they were both at school," Sheehan says.

And Sandi Carstensen, 49, of Oakland, says she's looking forward to the day when her two sons, ages 19 and 22, move out so she and her husband can retire.

"I would probably like a smaller house with a half-acre of land—something flat, so I could have a garden," Carstensen says.

Parents can help boomerang kids move out quickly by setting a time limit, charging them rent or drawing up a contract, says Phyllis Jackson Stegall, co-author of the 1987 book "Boomerang Kids: How to Live With Adult Children Who Return Home."

"Parents ask me, 'How do we set a time limit?' The child is becoming all too comfort­able [at home]," says Stegall, a Seattle psycho­therapist.

For parents facing the return of a grown child, Stegall and others offer these tips:

• Establish ground rules before allowing your child to come home. "Parents should expect that the child become a fully functional fam­ily member, that the child come here and pull his own weight," she says.

• Parents should duplicate conditions in the real world as much as possible at home. If the "boomeranger" has no money, demand household chores in lieu of rent.

At various times, David Heath says, he charged his daughters rent. "When there were problems with money, I let them slide," he re­calls. "It was more principle than the money. I had just decided, when you're 18 years old and not going to school, you have to pay your own way."

• Parents and children should draw up an agreement or contract that stipulates how the family will function together—for example, '"I agree to mow the lawn twice or three times a week.' 'You are expected to have a job in two months,'" Stegall says. Contracts help prevent many conflicts between parents and children.

• Once your children have jobs, they should be expected to pay rent on a gradually in­creasing scale. If they are flipping hamburg­ers, rent could be $2 5 a week until a more lu­crative job is found.

Karl Carstensen, 22, didn't begin paying rent until he had a full-time job as a police ser­vices technician in Oakland. Now he pays his parents $325 a month.

• Shared housing remains the best alternative to living at home, says Sheehan, a consulting economist with the National Apartment Assn. "Rent a house and double up with roommates," Sheehan advises young adults. "Be willing to accept something less than they're used to. For generations, that's the way you became a homeowner."

Many young adults say they are reluctant to share housing because it doesn't reflect true independence. "They had a room of their own. When you have shared housing, that's not true," Stegall says. "You have a shelf in the refrigerator, a curfew on TV.

Karl Carstensen agrees.

"You know it's not yours," he says. "There's no sense that you belong to an apartment."

• Just as important as allowing children to re­turn home is being able to lock them out, Stegall says. Refuse to admit "boomerangers" who are addicted to drugs or alcohol or who abuse family members.

• Do not permit your child to live at home when there is not enough money or space.

• Say no to children who repeatedly ask to come home. Instead, offer advice over the telephone. "You're really doing something loving for them," Stegall says.

According to Stegall, many young adults are reluctant to sacrifice material comfort for fi­nancial independence because they were spoiled as children.

"Because they were raised with so, much, they feel they were entitled to have whatever they wanted without any real effort," she says.

But some stay-at-homes have a different opinion.

Connie, a 23-year-old USC graduate who declined to give her last name, supported herself for six months before returning to her parents' Northridge home to save money.

"I felt I was wasting money," says Connie, who was spending more than $1,000 a month on rent, bills and dining out at trendy eateries.

Now that she's at home, Connie plans to save about $500 a month—from the money she spent on rent—for a down payment on a town-house.

Even more important, she says, living con­ditions have improved. "My house happens to be much nicer than my apartment," says Connie, who shared a duplex with three roommates. "It's always clean. Even if you have the best room­mates in the world, you have to worry about who's going to do the dishes."

Jeffrey Kim, 24, also chose to live at home until he graduates from Cal State Los Angeles next year. In the meantime, he provides a valu­able service for his parents, Korean immigrants who do not speak English fluently. ^:" "I do a lot of paperwork for them," Kim says. "I talk to lawyers, the phone company...."

Others didn't have a choice.

According to Korean tradition, 23-year-old Ann Choi is expected to stay at home until she marries—or can afford a down payment on a house.

"It's 50-50," Choi says of the chances of realizing either option. "It could go either way."

The former USC sociology major earns about $21,000 annually as a customer service representative for a thread manufacturer. Choi saves about $200 a month but doesn't know when she will move out.

Right now, she says, she enjoys spending time with her close-knit family.

"Even if I wanted to [move], I'm used to my parents," Choi says, "As far as major deci­sions, I made them on my own, but I'm so used to a big family, I knew I would get homesick."

But tension blossoms in even the best of families.

"I like to drink more than [my sisters] do and stay out late and go in pubs and cafes," says Choi, who says her parents "trust me 100%."

That doesn't stop Joon Choi, 53, from worrying about her daughter.

"I get heart palpitations," Choi says. "You know L.A.—there's too many crazy drivers. I worry about them until they come home."

Rules about the shower and kitchen are the most common conflict in the Carstensen household.

"Karl doesn't stay with the family chores," Sandi Carstensen says. "Even if he is paying rent, we shouldn't have to tell him, 'You're supposed to clean the shower.'"

Some parents actually may have difficulty in letting their children leave.

For example, divorced parents who raised their children on a family battleground may feel guilty and want to atone by inviting them back home during hard times, says Stegall, who ad­vises parents to concentrate on the future.

"You can't say mea culpa, mea culpa for­ever," she says.

Some parents also are reluctant to aban­don the care-giver role that has become their source of identity, she adds.

"This was my identity. I was a parent, a mom," Stegall says of those who refuse to cut the cord. "When this opportunity presents itself, I'm all for it."

Whatever the reason for delayed indepen­dence, the phenomenon has caught many par­ents off guard.

David Heath, whose daughters recently moved to a two-bedroom beachfront apartment, remembers when financial independence was synonymous with high school graduation.

"When I was 17,18,19 years old, a couple of guys could rent a real decent apartment on Seal Beach for $150 a month," Heath says. "Now, even if you spend one-quarter of your in­come [on housing], you still live in a depressed neighborhood."

As a result, parents and children alike may need to alter their expectations of independence, Stegall says.

"Everything is geared toward leaving home," she says. "In our culture, we raise chil­dren to be independent. [Parents and children] need to reorder their expectations."

But changing times have not dissuaded Sandi Carstensen from her principles.

"I don't believe in letting them freeload," she declares. "That's not teaching them to be re­sponsible."

Culture

boomerang – if a plan boomerangs on sb it affects them instead of the person who it was intended to affect.

pull one’s own weight – to do your full share of work.

in lieu of – instead of.

curfew – the time after which everyone must stay indoors.

catch sb off guard– to surprise sb by doing sth that they are not ready to deal with.

close-knit –having strong friendly relationships.

Vocabulary

chore – a job that you have to do regularly, especially work that you do to keep a house clean: household chores: something you have to do that is very boring and unpleasant.

stipulate – to say that something must be done, when you are making an agreement or offer: stipulate payment in advance; stipulate that sth be done; stipulation – a specific condition that is stated as part of an agreement: stipulation that.

reluctant – slow and unwilling: reluctant to do sth; reluctance (n); reluctantly (adv).

sacrifice – to willingly stop having sth you want or doing something you like in order to get something more important: sacrifice sth for; sacrifice sth to do sth; sacrifice (n): make sacrifices; human sacrifice; sacrificial (adj); sacred ( adj): sacred cow – a belief that is so important to some people that they will not let anyone criticize it.

trendy – influence by the most fashionable styles and ideas; trendy (n) – someone who is trendy because they want other people to think they are very modern; trendsetter – someone who starts a fashion; trend (n): trend in/towards; reverse a trend (= makes a trend go in the opposite direction); underlying trend; set the trend.

atone– to do sth to show that you are very sorry for having done something wrong: atone for; atonement.

tension– nervous feeling; lack of trust; tense (adj): tense moment/atmosphere; tense up (v); tensed up.

blossom – to produce flowers (about trees): blossom out– to become happier, more beautiful; blossom (n): in full blossom.

dissuade– persuade sb not to do sth: dissuade sb from doing sth; dissuasion.

1. Answer the following questions.

- Why does the writer provide such a great number of examples?

- What does the author advise to head off potential trouble in families?

- What is a recommended alternative to living in your parents' home?

2. Brainstorm ideas.

1. Professional writers and journalists have certain readers in mind—their "au­dience"—when they write. In your opinion, was this article aimed at parents of adult children or at the adult children themselves? Is it biased toward either group? Use evidence from the article to support your view.

2. Which parents or adult children do you personally identify with? Describe and explain.

3. In the article the psychotherapist Stegall says that today's economy forces U.S. citizens to "alter their expectations of independence." This is a tall social order. Do you think this "reordering" can occur? Is it already occurring?

■ 2.5 C. The Migration Fallacy[19]