According to the writer, the aim of re-branding tourism is to

A ensure the skills of travellers match the needs of the area they go to.

В deceive travellers about the purpose of their trip to foreign countries.

С make travellers aware of the harmful effects of traditional tourism.

D offer types of holidays that bring benefits to poor communities.

28 In paragraph four, the writer suggests that 'un-tourists' are

A more concerned with environmental issues than other tourists.

В unwilling to pay for the experience of helping people.

С able to take holidays without a sense of guilt.

D pressing for the introduction of laws to ban mass tourism.

The writer states that third world cultures

A are unlikely to be disturbed by the presence of foreigners.

В cannot always comprehend other cultural traditions.

С risk losing their identity by exposure to tourism.

D can only be encountered through careful integration.

30 According to the writer, the belief that mass tourism is bad has resulted in
A more tourists deciding to take holidays in their own country instead.
В the increasing construction of environmentally friendly tourist resorts.
С certain people being hypocritical about their reasons for travelling.

D the possibility of charging different prices for identical holidays.

Part 4 Task 2 Reading

You are going to read an extract from a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (7-12). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Elephant Intelligence

Should elephants be moved to near the top of the animal intelligence list?

For the first time, remote-control cameras have infiltrated the elephant herds of Africa. The result has been made into a documentary film shown in many countries around the world. On watching the footage, you start to believe that elephants may indeed be as intelligent as the great apes. As film-maker John Downer says, 'When you see the immense co-operation and sensitivity between these animals, you realise that they must be extremely clever.'
		This communication and understanding is impressive,' says Downer. I know of no other species, apart from ourselves, who gather to greet a newborn.' Iain Douglas-Hamilton, chairman of the organisation Save the Elephants, voices similar sentiments. 'The behaviour suggests that the same emotions exist between one elephant and another as exist between humans. I believe elephants, like ourselves, have a sense of humour, of play and of mischievousness.'
		So what evidence for elephant intelligence can be found? Self-awareness is a key ability of conscious beings. And just as a person looking into their mirror and seeing a dirty face will try to wipe it, it has been found that an elephant studying its reflection will try to rub smudges off its forehead with its trunk.
		The same might be said of the way in which elephants choose to gather in particular groups of different sizes and at different times. Sometimes they are in an intimate family group, at other times they join other families to make a bond group. For a long time it was a mystery as to how these groups co-ordinated themselves.
		Cameraman Michael Roberts noticed this:’ I recorded elephants freezing for long periods, their trunks close to the ground, listening to things the human ear could not detect. But perhaps the most amazing thing was seeing them using sticks to remove flies from their bodies. Imagine that -elephants actually using tools, and, what's more, passing down their skills to their young.'
		Iain Douglas-Hamilton is convinced that elephants plan their moves between 'safe areas', sprinting from one protected reserve to another under cover of darkness, and avoiding the danger areas in between. 'How the elephants can tell the two apart is unclear,' he says. 'It's not as if there are any fences. And it's unlikely that any single elephant's experience of encounters with hunters would be extensive enough to equip it with an accurate mental map of protected reserve boundaries.'
		But this store of social knowledge may be at risk. Families with older matriarchs tend to have healthier babies. Unfortunately, the oldest individuals are also the largest, and these tend to be prime targets for hunters. If groups rely on these individuals for social knowledge, then a whole family's survival may be affected by the removal of a few key individuals.
А		The footage from the cameras gives us an answer, backing up the theory that elephants communicate through seismic-evoking sounds that are transmitted through the earth, like mini eartliquakes. These allow the elephants to assess where they are in relation to one another and to alert others to their physical or emotional state.
B		So however clever elephants are, they are still at the mercy of humans, who have been the perpetrators of most of the species' problems of survival. With evidence mounting of elephant intelligence and wide-ranging communication between one another, there is a need for a rise in their status on the intelligence spectrum.
C		For example, they have the capacity to appreciate the needs of others. At one point a group of female elephants gathers around a baby elephant. The baby is struggling to get to his feet, and all the females get involved in trying to help him up. When a male arrives and tries to interfere, female reinforcements are quickly called in to prevent him from trampling the baby.
D		If individuals cannot acquire sufficient knowledge, this suggests that the animals may also be learning from the experiences of others. 'The precision with which they act,' he continues, 'suggests their exchange of information is more sophisticated than anyone had previously believed.'
E		This discovery, when it occurred some years ago, was a startling one for scientists, who had assumed that only humans and higher apes were smart enough to achieve self-recognition. Many behavioural researchers consider that ability to be a hallmark of complex intelligence.
F		Learning what to fear is also acquired from their elders. In the Amboseli region, where Masai tribesmen occasionally hunt elephants, the elephants learn to run from the sight and smell of the Masai. Even tapes of Masai voices will cause the elephants to flee, while they ignore the sight, smell and sound of tourists.
G		Similarities are also evident in the tendency of elephants to be jealous and crochety, as shown in the shot of a female lashing out with her back foot to kick a troublesome young elephant.