Pros and cons of tram systems

	Unlike buses, trams give off no exhaust emissions at point of use. Compared to motorbuses the noise of trams is generally perceived to be less disturbing. However, the use of solid axles with wheels fixed to them produces a characteristic loud, high frequency noise often referred to as a "squeal."
	Trams can cause speed reduction for other transport modes (buses, cars) when stops in the middle of the road do not have pedestrian refuges, as in such configurations other traffic cannot pass whilst passengers alight or board the tram.
	The trams' stops in the street are easily accessible
	They can use overhead wire set to be shared with trolleybuses (a three wire system).
	Tram infrastructure occupies urban space at ground-level, sometimes to the exclusion of other users, including cars.
	The opening of new tram and light rail systems has sometimes been accompanied by a marked increase in car accidents, as a result of drivers' unfamiliarity with the physics and geometry of trams.
	Trams can adapt to the number of passengers by adding more cars during rush hour (and removing them during off-peak hours). No additional driver is then required for the trip in comparison to buses.
	The capital cost is higher than for buses, even if a tramcar usually has a much higher lifetime than a bus.
	Trams can run on renewable electricity without the need for very expensive and short life batteries.
	In the event of a breakdown or accident, or even road works and maintenance, a whole section of the tram network can be blocked.
	Passenger comfort is normally superior to buses because of controlled acceleration and braking and curve easement. Rail transport such as used by trams provides a smoother ride than road use by buses.
	Because the tracks are visible, it is easy for potential riders to know where the routes are.
	Light rail vehicles are often heavier per passenger carried than heavy rail and monorail cars, as they are designed with higher durability (which means more mass) to survive collisions, since they cannot swerve to avoid oncoming objects in emergencies.

Grammar tables.

To be

Simple Active

\

Present	Past	Future
(I) am (he, she, it) is (we, you, they) are	was (ед. ч.) were (мн. ч.)	shall be (1-е л.) will be

To have

Simple Active

Present	Past	Future
have (got) has (got)	had	shall have will have

Сводная таблица модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов

	Present	Past	Future
Долженствование	I must meet him.
I have to meet him.	I hadto meet him.	I shall have tomeet him.
I am to meet him.	I wasto meet him.	I’ll be to meet him.
I shouldmeet him.
Способность или возможность совершения действия	He canhelp you.	He couldhelp you.
He is able to help you.	He was able to help you.	He will be able tohelp you.
Разрешение или возможность	I may use this device.	I might use this device
I am allowed to use the device.	I was allowed to use the device.	I shall be allowed touse the device.

Simple Active Tenses

Форма	Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
Утвердительная	My friends study French. He speaks English.	My friends studied French at school. He spoke English at the conference.	My friends will studyFrench at the Institute. The teacher will speak about our English exam.
Вопросительная	Do your friends study French?   Does he speak English?	Didyour friends study French at school? Did he speak English at the conference?	Willyour friends study French at the Institute?   Will the teacher speak about our English exam?
Отрицательная	My friends don'tstudy French. He doesn'tspeak English.	My friends did not study French. He didn't speak English at the conference.	My friends won't studyFrench at the Institute. The teacher won't speak about our English exam.

Progressive Active Tenses

Форма	Present Progressive	Past Progressive	Future Progressive
Утвердительная	The are havingan English class.     He is still writingan exercise.	They were havingan English class when I came to see them. He was writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock.	They will be havingan English class tomorrow at 9 o'clock.   He will be writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock tomorrow.
Вопросительная	Are they havingan English class?   Is he still writingan exercise?	Werethey havingan English class when I came to see them? Was he writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock.	Willthey be havingan English class tomorrow at 9 o'clock?   Will he be writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock tomorrow?
Отрицательная	They aren't havingan English class, they are having a Russian class.   He isn't writingan exercise, he is reading a book.	They weren't having an English class when 1 came to see them, they were having a Russian class. He wasn't writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock, he was reading a book.	They will not be having an English class tomor­row at 9 o'clock, they will be having a Russian class.   He won't be writingan exercise from 6 till 8 o'clock tomorrow, he'll be reading a book.

Perfect Active Tenses