Think about other examples to the given rule
4. Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:
| 1)biphasic effect | a) |
| 2)mental confusion | b) |
| 3)nameless fears | c) |
| 4)impaired thinking | d) |
| 5)excessive drinking | e) |
| 6)mild euphoria | f) |
| 7)alcohol abuse | g) |
| 8) vitamin deficiencies | h) |
| 9)long-term problem | i) |
| 10) debilitating disease | j) |
5. Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
| 1) сердечнососудистые проблемы | k) |
| 2) серьезный недостаток витамина B1 | l) |
| 3) доброкачественная опухоль | m) |
| 4) вредить зародышу | n) |
| 5) воспаление пищеварительной системы | o) |
| 6) сбои в работе органов | p) |
| 7) внушающий ужас | q) |
| 8) подавляющий; превосходящий (по количеству, качеству, влиянию) | r) |
| 9) сниженная способность к обучению | s) |
| 10) обезвоживание | t) |
Translate the following passage from English into Russian.
Indeed, the effects of alcohol on the body and the effects of alcohol on the brain manifest themselves in an incredible number of diseases, drinking problems, and medical conditions that are suffered by the alcoholic.
In fact, it is almost overwhelming when first looking at the number, variety, and the seriousness of the damaging effects of alcohol related illnesses and ailments that are caused by abusive and hazardous drinking. After the alcohol consumption effects are examined more closely, however, the alcohol health effects, the destructive drinking problems, and the medical consequences of alcoholism become less awe-inspiring and more logical.
More explicitly, over time, alcoholism progressively breaks down the proper functioning of the body's main organs and systems.
In addition, the problem drinker cannot replenish the vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients his or her body requires because of poor eating habits and, perhaps more significantly, because the body's malfunctioning organs and systems prevent the proper absorption, digestion, utilization, and metabolism of the nutrients necessary for growth, repair, and general maintenance.
Thus, over time, the alcoholic, because of the alcohol effects on the body and on the brain, gradually kills himself or herself by his or her alcoholic behavior.
| Over to you |
1. Do a drinking/smoking survey of the students in your group.
2. Drinking alcohol is an accepted social practice in most world countries. But in Libya, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic countries, alcohol is illegal. Make a list of pros and cons about alcohol.
3.
| Writing |
You work for an advertising agency, and you have to create a campaign against Drinking and Driving (driving a car being drunk). In groups, prepare a poster – with a picture and a slogan. Compare your work with other groups and vote for the best campaign.
| Vocabulary |
2. Match the words with their definitions:
| 1) analgesic (adj.) | [ˌænəl'ʤiːzɪk] | a) is used to produce hemp fibre and as a psychotropic drug |
| 2) barbiturate (n.) | [bɑː'bɪtjurət] | b) an infusion of one thing into another |
| 3) remedy | ['remədɪ] | c) the leaves of an Arabian shrub, which are chewed (or drunk as an infusion) as a stimulant |
| 4) rite (n.) | [raɪt] | d) a synthetic, addictive, mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant |
| 5)medicinal (adj.) | [mə'dɪs(ə)n(ə)l] | e)make excessive and habitual use of |
| 6) cannabis (n.) | ['kænəbɪs] | f) a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury |
| 7) solvent (n.) | ['sɔlvənt] | g) having healing properties |
| 8) khat (n.) | [kɑːt] | h) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger |
| 9) amphetamine (n.) | [æm'fetəmiːn] | i) a religious or other solemn ceremony or act |
| 10) injection (n.) | [ɪn'ʤekʃ(ə)n] | j)a liquid, typically one other than water, used for dissolving other substances |
| 11) menace (n.) | ['menɪs ], ['menəs] | k) a drug which people take to make them calm or to help them to sleep |
| 12) abuse (v.) | [ə'bjuːs] | l) acting to relieve pain |
| Listening & Watching |
Watch the clip and say what it is about. Discuss in groups your attitude to what you’ve seen.
Before you listen, think about heroin. It is derived from opium and is in the same family of drugs as morphine. What is the medical use of these drugs? Do you know anything about heroin addiction?
Now listen to Mike talking about being a heroin addict, and answer these questions.
a) How does Mike take the drug?
b) How did he use to take it?
c) How long has he been taking it?
Why did he start taking heroin? The words in brackets will help you.
a) (social)
b) (attitude to adults)
c) (school/job)
d) feeling about himself
Why is it hard for Mike to give up?
a) (physical)
b) (social)
c) ( daily life)
| Before you read |
1. You are going to read an article written by a mental health consultant. He was former Regional Adviser in Mental Health for WHO (World Health Organization) in Alexandria. What do you know you about drugs?
Discuss with your partner the following questions.
· Does the problem of narcotics exist in your country?
· What must be done (measures, policy) not to make the situation worse?
· What do you feel towards the drug-takers: hate, sympathy, fear, irritation, admiration?
Skim the text to check your ideas.
| Reading C |
PROBLEMS WITH DRUGS
by Dr Taha Baasher
For centuries men and women have been seeking not only the euphoric, but also the analgesic effects of narcotics. In the last century, Sir William Osler described this situation so well when he said, "The desire to take medicine is, perhaps, the greatest feature which distinguishes man from animals".
Throughout the history of mankind, nearly all countries and cultures have had problems with the use and abuse of drugs. Since the earliest recorded times, drugs have been used for different reasons – mainly religious, medicinal and pleasure. For example, alcohol and opium were both well known in ancient Egyptian culture. Cannabis was commonly used in Hindu ceremonial rites as well as in Indian and Chinese medicine. Drug related problems, therefore, are not new.
Today, drug problems have become more varied, becoming both more complicated and more global in character. Natural drugs – such as cannabis, cocaine, khat (qat) and opium – which had previously only been used in certain cultures and within traditional ways of life, have been increasingly exploited and their use now reaches epidemic level. Also, manufactured drugs such as amphetamine, barbiturates and a wide range of sedatives and tranquillizers have become more easily available, both through legal and illegal markets.
Added to these is the growing habit among young people in some countries of sniffing solvents in paints and glues. Levels of drug abuse are rising in most countries. Drugs are taken more often and in greater quantities. There is also a trend towards using a mixture of different drugs or combining drugs with alcohol. Cocaine misuse needs special attention. It is the most dependence-producing drug available. Currently its misuse is reaching epidemic levels in some parts of the world and it is rapidly spreading to other areas. Traditional coca chewing in the Andes is being replaced by coca paste smoking in cities in South America. Opium eating among rural cultures in South Asia has developed into the much more dangerous use of heroin in the form of smoking or by injection. Drugs are supposed to do wonderful things but all they really do is ruin the person.
The drug scene brings with it a wide range of social and economic problems, including crime, violence and neglect of family life. Concern is growing in many countries over levels of drug abuse.
In order to prevent drug abuse it is important to identify the main reasons for using a drug. Next, practical efforts should be made to overcome this motivation. The reasons for using drugs are very varied within each culture. Even within the same country, preventative programmes may need to vary according to local problems.
In north east Afghanistan and in some areas of Pakistan, India, Myanmar and Thailand where rural health services are lacking, opium is used as a household remedy and for overcoming pain and discomfort caused by cold weather and the hardships of life. Emphasis must therefore be given to these priority needs before the drug problem can be dealt with.
What should be prevented? Who should do the preventing? On an official level there are international agreements to control the movement and export of drugs. On a national level, control depends on the police and customs and government measures. On the whole, the best preventative measures are those which are developed by people within their own culture and social life. Religious groups can play an effective preventative role against the abuse of alcohol and tobacco through their teaching about moral values and self discipline.
Drug abuse problems are among the most damaging menacesof modern life. Their effective prevention calls for huge efforts from government authorities, widespread education and awareness raising campaigns and active community participation.
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| Reading Comprehension |