Exercise 1. Choose the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).

1. She gave/had given me the book that she read/had read. 2. She threw/had thrown away the article that she wrote/had written. 3. We visited/had visited the museum that our friend told/had told.4. In the evening, the child told/had told their grandparents what they saw/had seen at the zoo. 5. The boy was/had been very sorry for what he had said. 6. When James went/had gone out to play, he already did/had already done his homework. 7. Anna came/had come home, sat/had sat down and switched/had switched on the TV. 8. Before that day in winter, the African boy never saw/had never seen snow in his life. 9. The wind blew/had blown away the leaves that we gathered/had gathered. 10. They showed/had shown me the pictures, they took/had taken during their trip.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the correct tense.

1. The teacher (to correct) the tests we (to write). 2. My sister (not to see) the note that I (to lay) on the kitchen table for her.3. We (to want) to watch a film that we (not to see) before. 4. I (to go) to London in 2002. 5. I (to buy) some souvenirs for my relatives before I (to leave) the Park. 6. When he (to wake up), his wife (already / to prepare) breakfast. 7. By the time he (to arrive) at the pub, they (to run) out of beer. 8. When she (to start) to learn English, she (already / to learn) French. 9. Jane (already / to type) ten pages when her computer (to crash). 10. She (to hear) the news, (to go) to the telephone and (to call) a friend. 11. He (to feel) very tired because he (not to sleep not) very well the night before. 12. It (to be) six o'clock and Bob (to get) up and (to go) to the bathroom where he (to have) a cold shower to wake up. 13. I (to know) him for a long time before I (to meet) his family. 14. By 6 o’clock he (to do) everything he (to plan), and (to go) to his friend.

FUTURE PERFECT

Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
I You He She It We You They	would have played	I you he Would she have played? it we they	I You He She It would not have played We (wouldn’t) You They

SHORT ANSWERS

Affirmative form	Negative form
I he she Yes, it would we you they	I he she No, it would not we (wouldn’t) you they

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the correct tense.

1. I don't know what he thinks about it, but I (to ask) him. 2. According to the weather forecast it (to rain) tomorrow all day long. 3. The windows in my flat are dirty. I haven't cleaned them yet. I (to do) it this Saturday. 4. I (to come) to London tomorrow; I will phone you when I arrive. 5. Don't wait for him, he won’t come for supper; he (to come) by midnight. 7. This time next year I (to do) exactly what I'm doing now. 8. On the 1st March we (to bemarried), for a whole year. 9. Don't phone now. It's only 7 o'clock in New York and nobody (to work). 10. The builders (to finish) the work on the house by the weekend. 11. Give me a ring on Thursday.I (to hear) the results by then. 12. I can't believe it! This time next week, we (to swim) in the Indian Ocean. 13. When I arrive at the airport, my whole family (to wait) for me. 14. John won't be home at 11 o'clock. He (to do) his aerobics class. 15. By the year 2500, a lot of animals (to become) extinct.

Study the following words and word combinations

abundant, adj –рясний, багатий

arrange, v –улагоджувати, пристосовувати

available, adj –дійсний, доступний

capacity, n –навантаження, дієздатність, потужність

circuit, n –схема, кругообіг

containment, n –герметичність, локалізація

convey, v –транспортувати, передавати

core, n –ядро

emitter, n –випромінювач

fission, n –розщеплення, ділення

fret, v –розмивати,підточувати, роз'їдати

fuel, n –паливо

impede, v –затримати, перешкоджати

insert, v –вставити, помістити

intrusion, n –вторгнення, втручання

leak, v –давати течу, протікати

mature, adj– досконалий, дорослий

pellet, n – осад

plug, v –закупорювати

pressure vessel, n –корпус реактора

propulsion, n –просування, поштовх

release, n –випуск, скидання

robust, adj –міцний, сильний

rod, n –стержень

split, v –розщепити

supply, n –постачання

sustainable, adj –що підтримується

withdraw, v –вилучати, забирати

Read the following text

Text 1

NUCLEAR REACTORS

Nuclear power is a mature, proven technology which is strongly regulated and controlled, making it among the safest available. It is also the lowest cost while its fuel supply is abundant, sustainable, secure, clean and reliable. Over 16% of the world's electricity is produced from nuclear energy, more than from all sources worldwide.

Most nuclear electricity is generated using just two kinds of reactors which were developed in the 1950s and improved since. New designs are coming forward and some are in operation as the first generation reactors come to the end of their operating lives.

A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements. In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate electricity. (In a research reactor the main purpose is to utilise the actual neutrons produced in the core. In most naval reactors, steam drives a turbine directly for propulsion.)

There are several components common to most types of reactors: fuel, moderator, control rods, coolant, pressure vessel or pressure tubes, steam generator, and containment. The basic fuel for reactors is uranium. Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) are arranged in tubes to form fuel rods. In a new reactor with new fuel a neutron source is needed to get the reaction going. Usually this is beryllium mixed with polonium, radium or other alpha-emitter.

Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they cause more fission is the moderator. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite. Control rods are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of reaction, or to halt it. The coolant is a fluid circulating through the core to transfer the heat from it. Pressure vessel or pressure tubes are constructed from

a robust steel vessel containing the reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the coolant through the surrounding moderator.

The steam generator represents (not in BWR) a part of the cooling system where the high-pressure primary coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make steam for the turbine, in a secondary circuit. Essentially a heat exchanger is like a motor car radiator. These are large heat exchangers for transferring heat from one fluid to another – here from high-pressure primary circuit in PWR to secondary circuit where water turns to steam. Each structure weighs up to 800 tonnes and contains from 300 to 16,000 tubes about 2 cm diameter for the primary coolant, which is radioactive due to nitrogen-16. The secondary water must flow through the support structures for the tubes. The whole thing needs to be designed so that the tubes don't vibrate and fret, operated so that deposits do not build up to impede the flow, and maintained chemically to avoid corrosion. Tubes which fail and leak are plugged, and surplus capacity is designed to allow for this.

Containment is the structure around the reactor which is designed to

protect it from outside intrusion and to protect those outside from the effects of radiation in case of any serious malfunction inside. It is typically a metre-thick concrete and steel structure.