The Prescription on the Door.

A man fell ill, and the doctor was sent for. The doctor came; and when he had found out what the matter was, he asked for a pen, ink and paper, so that he might write a prescription. But there were no such things in the house; so the man’s wife went out to try to borrow them from somebody. She was a long time gone, and the doctor grew tired of waiting. He took a piece of coal, wrote the prescription with it on the door and went away. The thing was that nobody in the house could read or write Latin. So they took the door off its hinges, and carried it to the chemist’s shop, and got the medicine.

The Law of Gravity.

One day while Newton was sitting in the garden under an apple tree he saw an apple fall to the ground. Of course the fall of an apple is a very common thing. A great many people before Newton had seen an apple fall to the ground, but they had never taken the trouble to investigate such an everyday occurrence. Newton was the first man to ask: “Why does an apple fall to the ground? “

He thought the matter over for a long time. It took him many years to solve the problem. At last he found out that the earth pulls all the things towards its centre, and that was the reason why the apple had fallen towards the earth and not away from it. Newton also found out that the sun attracts the earth and all the planets, and that each planet attracts other planets, just in the same way as the earth attracts apples.

* * *

Once Mark Twain and a friend of his were going abroad together. It happened that an American editor, who knew them both, was going abroad on the same ship. When the ship was a few days out, the editor invited some people to his cabin for drinks. Mark Twain and his friend were the first to be invited. The editor knew that they were both very witty, so he told them, before the party, that he hoped they would each make a speech before the guests left the cabin.

When the time for speeches came, Mark Twain was the first to speak. He spoke for about a quarter of an hour and everybody laughed a lot. Then the editor asked Twain’s friend to make a speech. He stood up and said, “Ladies and Gentlemen, before this party we prepared our speeches together and we decided, just for fun, that Mark Twain would say what I had prepared and I was to say what he had. Well, you’ve just heard my speech and I thank you for laughing so much. However, I’m afraid I’ve quite forgotten what he was to say.”

Then Twain’s friend sat down and this made everybody laugh again.

Unit 11. Conditionals

A. Zero Conditional

B. First Conditional

C. Second Conditional

D. Third Conditional

E. Mixed Conditionals

A. Zero Conditional

Условные предложения нулевого типа (Zero Conditional) выражают действия, относящиеся к настоящему времени. Этот тип предложений описывает то, что происходит всегда. Придаточное предложение начинается с ifили when.

Examples:

· If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.

· When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.

· If the weather is nice, she walks to work.

· Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.

· I read if there is nothing on TV.

· A: What do you do when it rains?
B: I stay at home.

·

A: Where do you stayif yougo to Sydney?
B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.

NB!!! If / When

Examples:

· When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach. (I regularly have days off from work)

· If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach. (I rarely have days off from work)

Exercise 1: Put in If or When in the Zero Conditional sentences.

1. ________I am late to work, my boss gets very angry. That is why I am always on time.
2. ________I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
3. ________ he eats, he tries to choose healthy foods.
4. His car is very reliable, and he rarely has any trouble with it. But he has had a couple of difficulties in the past. ________ his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto club.
5. His car is terrible! It always breaks down. ___________his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto club.
6. Mary gets a six-week paid vacation a year. She loves to travel. _______ she goes on vacation, she always goes somewhere exotic.
7. Diane works harder than anyone I know. I don't think she has taken a day off in three years. But she does really love to travel. ________ she goes on vacation, she goes somewhere exotic.
8. He loves going to the movies. _________he goes to the movies, he always gets a large popcorn with tons of butter.
9. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. _________she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
10. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. _______I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.

Exercise 2: Match the items in column A with those in column B in order to make Zero Conditional sentences.

A B

1. If you water your plants regularly, a) the tea tastes sweeter.

2. If you read newspapers, b) I get red spots on my skin.

3. If the sun shines, c) the game starts.

4. If you lie in the sun for a long time, d) you learn a lot.

5. If you add sugar to a cup of tea, e) she always phones me every evening.

6. When you do morning exercises every day, f) your skin turns red. 7. If you put a nail in a bowl of water, g) they die very quickly.

8. If you don’t look after tomato plants, h) snow melts.

9. When she travels abroad on business, i) nylon melts.

10. If I eat dairy products, j) the plants grow.

11. If you use a very hot iron on nylon, k) the nail sinks.

12. When you press this key, l) you feel healthy.

B. First Conditional (Real)

Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional (Real) выражают вполне реальные, осуществимые предположения и соответствуют в русском языке условным предложениям с глаголом в изъявительном наклонении. Этот тип предложений иногда называется реальным условным. Оно описывает то, что произойдёт в реальной ситуации; действие относится к будущему времени.

Examples:

· If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

· I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

· If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

· If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

Exercise 1: Complete the First Conditional Sentences.

1. If you (eat) an ice-cream, I (have) a hot chocolate.

2. If she (need) a computer, her brother (give) her his computer.

3. If we (not have) time this afternoon, we (meet) tomorrow.

4. He (talk) to her if you (not want) to do it.

5. You (not win) the game if you (not know) the rules.

6. If you (wash) the dishes, I (cook) dinner tonight.

7. If my dad (have) time next week, we (paint) my room.

8. You (learn) a lot about American history if you (visit) the exhibition.

9. If the weather (not be) too bad tomorrow, we (play) golf.

10. We (not get) there on time if we (not catch) the bus.

Exercise 2: Match the items in column A with those in column B in order to make First Conditional Sentences.

A B

1. If you send her your letter now, a) if she has time in the afternoon.

2. If I do this test, b) if you watch this scary film.

3. If I find your ring, c) if she doesn’t close the window.

4. Peggy will go shopping d) she will receive it tomorrow.

5. Simon will go to London next week e) she will leave him.

6. If her boyfriend doesn’t phone today, f) if he gets a cheap flight.

7. If they don’t study harder, g) they won’t pass their exams.

8. If it rains tomorrow, h) I won’t have to water the plants.

9. You will not be able to sleep i) I will improve my English.

10.Susan will catch a severe cold j) I will give it back to you.

Exercise 3: Complete the First Conditional Sentences by putting the verbs into the correct form.

Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to the party, but nobody's really keen on preparing and organising the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions, just to make sure that the others will also do something.

1. If Caroline and Sue (prepare) the salad, Phil (decorate) the house.

2. If Sue (cut) the onions for the salad, Caroline (peel) the mushrooms.

3. Jane (hover) the sitting room if Aaron and Tim (move) the furniture.

4. If Bob (tidy up) the kitchen, Anita (clean) the toilet.

5. Elaine (buy) the drinks if somebody (help) her carry the bottles.

6. If Alan and Rebecca (organise) the food, Mary and Conor (make) the sandwiches.

7. If Bob (look after) the barbecue, Sue (let) the guests in.

8. Frank (play) the DJ if the others (bring) along their CDs.

9. Alan (mix) the drinks if Jane (give) him some of her cocktail recipes.

10. If they all (do) their best, the party (be) great.

Exercise 4: Answer the following questions using the words suggested.

Student A: Student B:

1. What shall we do if the weather is fine? (go skating)

2. What will the boy do if you take away his toys? (cry)

3. Where will you take your watch if it stops? (to a watchmaker)

4. What will happen if you lose your gloves? (buy a new pair)

5. What will you do if you feel hungry? (go to the canteen)

6. What will you do if you have a high temperature? (send for a doctor)

7. What will you do if you are late? (take a taxi)

8. What will you do if it rains? (take an umbrella)

9. What will you do if you cough? (take some tablets)

10. What will you do if it is very cold? (stay at home)

Exercise 5: Choose the right variant:

1. If I lose my job now, I ...

a) start a business of my own.

b) will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later.

2. If he calls me 'lazy' again, I ...

a) won’t ever help him again if he's in trouble.

b) go and tell his parents.

3. Philippa won't ever speak to me again if I …

a) let her down now.

b) will let her down now.

4. If the demand increases, prices ...

a) rise.

b) will rise.

5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if you ...

a) pat him on the back.

b) will give it a cuddle.

6. Don't be offended. If Jane is annoyed, she ...

a) will start yelling at people.

b) starts yelling at people.

7. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time, I ...

a) won't call again.

b) don't call again.

C. Second Conditional (Unreal)

Условные предложения второго типа (нереальные) (Second Conditional (Unreal) выражают невероятные или маловероятные предположения. Действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени.

Examples:

·

If I owneda car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.

· A: What would you do if you won the lottery?
B: I would buy a house.