Глава 7 обучение и индивидуальные 8 страница

Исследования в области возраста и личностных качеств позволили получить большое количество сведений, касающихся характерных изменений в эмоциональной, мотивационной и мировоззренческой сферах от младенчества до взрослого возраста. С развитием геронтологии исследователи стали получать все больше данных, связанных с личностными изменениями в период поздней зрелости. Несмотря на снижение интереса к видам деятельности, требующим больших затрат физической энергии, нарушения привычных стереотипов поведения или изменения интересов в пожилом возрасте почти не происходит. «Консерватизм» лиц старшего возраста отражает скорее различия между поколениями, чем индивидуальные возрастные отличия.

Учитывая нестабильность личностных характеристик у детей, прогнозировать будущее развитие личности на основе наблюдений, сделанных в дошкольном и школьном возрасте, рискованно. По крайней мере, в некоторых детях в будущем непременно произойдут резкие эмоциональные, мотивационные или социальные изменения. Однако у индивидов, начиная с возрастного интервала от 20 до 30 лет, большинство личностных качеств, согласно имеющимся данным, .обретают стабильность.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

1. Anastasi, Anne. Psychological testing. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1954.

2. Anastasi, Anne. Age changes in adult test performance. Psychol. Rep., 1956,

2, 509.

Возрастные различия 339

3. Anderson, J. E. The prediction of terminal intelligence from infant and

preschool tests. 39h Yearb., Nat. Soc. Stud. Educ, 1940, Part I, 385-403.

4. Anderson, L. D. The predictive value of infancy tests in relation to

intelligence at five years. Child Develpm., 1939, 10, 203—212. 5 Babcock, Harriet. An experiment in the measurement of mental deterioration. Arch. Psychol., 1930, No. 117.

6. Barnes, M. W. Gains in the ACE Psychologycal Examination during the

freshman-sophomore years. Sch. And Soc, 1943, 57, 250—252.

7. Bayley, Nancy. A study of the crying of infants during mental and physical

tests. /. genet. Psychol., 1932, 40, 306-329.

8. Bayley, Nancy. Mental growth during the first three years: a developmental

study of sixty-one children by repeated tests. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1933, 14, 1-92.

9. Bayley, Nancy. Consistency and variability in the growth of intelligence

from birth to eighteen years. /. genet. Psychol., 1949, 75, 165-196.

10. Bayley, Nancy. On the growth of intelligence. Amer. Psychologist, 1955,

10, 805-818.

11. Bayley, Nancy. Data on the growth of intelligence between 16 and 21

years as measured by the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale. /. genet. Psychol., 1957, 90, 3-15.

12. Bayley, Nancy, and Oden, Melita H. The maintenance of intellectual

ability in gifted adults. /. Geront., 1955, 10, 91 — 107.

13. Bell, R. Q. Convergence: an accelerated longitudinal approach. Child

Developm., 1953, 24, 145-152.

14. Bentz, V. J. A test-retest experiment on the relationship between age and

mental ability. Amer. Psychologist, 1953, 8, 319—320.

15. Bradway, K. P. IQ constancy on the Revised Stanford-Binet from the

preschool to the junior high school level. /. genet. Psychol., 1944, 65, 197-217.

16. Bradway, K. P. An experimental study of factors associated with Stanford-

Binet IQ changes from the preschool to the junior high school. J. genet. Psychol., 1945, 66, 107-128.

17. Brozek, J. Personality changes with age: an item analysis of the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. J. Geront., 1955, 10, 194-206.

18. Chodorkff, В., and Mussen, P. Qualitative aspects of the vocabulary

responses of normals and schizophrenics. J. consult. Psychol., 1952, 16, 43-48.

19. Cornell, Ethel L., and Armstrong, С. М. Forms of mental growth patterns

revealed by reanalysis of the Harvard growth data. Child Develpm., 1955, 26, 169-204.

340 Дифференциальная психология

20. Corsini, R. J., and Fassett, Katherine K. Intelligence and aging. J. genet.

Psychol., 1953, 83, 249-264.

21. Dearborn, W. F., and Rothney, J. Predicting the child's development.

Cambridge, Mass.: Sci-Art Pub., 1941.

22. Deming Jean. Application of the Compertz curve to the observed pattern

of growth in length of 48 individual boys and girls during the adolescent cycle of growth. Hum. Biol., 1957, 29, 83—122.

23. Doppelt, J. E., and Wallace, W. L. Standardization of the Wechsler Adult

Intelligence Scale for older persons. /. abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1955, 51, 312-330.

24. Embree, R. B. A study of the graduates of University High School from

1921 to 1945, with special reference to their subsequent academic careers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. Minn., 1947.

25. Falkner, F. Measurement of somatic growth and development in children.

Courrier (centre International de I'Enfance, Paris), 1954, 4, 169-181.

26. Falkner, F. International studies on growth and development. Children,

1955, 2, 227-229.

27. Feifel, H. Qualitative differences in the vocabulary responses of normals

and abnormals. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1949, 39, 151 - 204.

28. Fisher, M. В., and Birren, J. E. Age and strength. J. appl. Psychol., 1947,

31, 490-497.

29. Foulds, G. A. Variations in the intellectual activities of adults. Amer. J.

Psychol., 1949, 62, 238-246.

30. Foulds, G. A., and Raven, J. C. Normal changes in the mental abilities of

adults as age advances. /. ment. Sci., 1948, 94, 133—142.

31. Fox, Charlotte, and Birren, J. E. The differential decline of subtest scores of

the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence scale in 60-69 year old individuals. J. genet. Psychol., 1950, 77, 313-317.

32. Freeman, F. N., and Flory, С D. Drowth in intellectual ability as measured

by repeated tests. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Develpm., 1937, 2, No. 2.

33. Gilbert, Jean G. Memory loss in senescence. /. abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,

1941, 36, 73-86.

34. Goodenough, Florence L., and Maurer, Katherine M. The mental growth

of children from two to fourteen years. Minneapolis: Univer. Minn. Press, 1942.

35. Gurvitz, M. S. Speed as a factor in the decline of performance with age.

Amer. Psychologist, 1952, 7, 298—299.

36. Heston, J. C, and Connell, C. F. A note on the relation between age and

performance of adult subjects on four familiar psychometric tests. /. appl. Psychol., 1941, 25, 415-419.

37. Hofstaetter, P. R. The changing composition of «intelligence»: a study of T

technique. /. genet. Psychol., 1954, 85, 159—164.

Возрастные различия 3 41

38. Honzik, Marjorie P. The constancy of mental test performance during the

preschool period. /. genet. Psychol., 1938, 52, 285—302.

39. Honzik, Marjorie P., Macfarlane, Jean W., and Allen, Lucile. The stability

of mental test performance between two and eighteen years. J. exp. Educ., 1948, 17, 309-324.

40. Hunter, E. C. Changes in scores of college students on the American

Council Psychological Examination at yearly intervals during the cjllege course. /. educ. Res., 1942, 36, 284—291.

41. Husen, T. The influence of schooling upon IQ. Theoria, 1951, 17,61—88. 42 Jersild, A. T. Emotional development. In L. Carmicyael (Ed.), Manual of

child psychology. N. Y.: Wiley, 1954, 833-917.

43. Jones, H. E., and Conrad, H. S. The growth and decline of intelligence: a

study of a homogeneous group between the ages often and sixty. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1933, 13, 223-298.

44. Jones, H. E., and Conrad, H. S. Mental development in adolescence. 43rd

Yearh., Nat. Soc. Stud. Educ, 1944, Part I, 146-163.

45. Jones, H. E., and Kaplan, O. J. Psychological aspects of mental disorders

in later life. In O. J. Kaplan (Ed.), Mental disorders in later life. Stanford Uniyer., Calif: Stanford Univer. Press, 1945, Ch. 4.

46. Jones, H. E., and Seashore, R. H. The development of fine motor and

mechanical abilities. 43rd Yearb., Nat. Soc. Stud. Educ, 1944, Part I, 123-145.

47. Kelly, E. L. Consistency of the adult personality. Amer. Psychologist, 1955,

10, 659-681.

48. Kinsey, A. C, et al. Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia:

Saunders, 1948.

49. Kinsey, A. C, et al. Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia:

Saunders, 1953.

50. Koch, Helen L. The social distance between certain racial, nationality,

and skin-pigmentation guoups in selected populations of American school children. /. genet. Psychol., 1946, 68, 63—95.

51. Kuhlen, R. G. Age differences in personality during adult years. Psychol.

Bull., 1945, 42, 333-358.

52. Kuhlen, R. G., and Thompson, G. G. Psychological studies of human

development. N. Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1952.

53. Lehman, H. C. Age and achievement. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Univer.

Press, 1953.

54. Lehman, H. C, and Witty, P. A. The psychology of play activities. N. Y.:

Barnes, 1927.

55. Livesay, Т. М. Does test intelligence increase at the college level? /. educ.

Psychol., 1939, 30, 63-68.

56. Lorge, I. The influence of the test upon the nature of mental decline as a

function of age. /. educ. Psychol., 1939, 27, 100-110.

342 Дифференциальная психология

57. Lorge, I. Gerontology (later maturity). Ann. Rev. Psychol., 1956, 7, 349—

364.

58. Macfarlane, Jean W., Allen, Lucile, and Honzik, Marjorie P. A

developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years. Univer. Calif. Publ. Child Develpm., 1954, 2, 1-122.

59. Marple, С. Н. The comparative susceptibility of three age levels to suggestion

of group versus expert opinion. /. soc. Psychol., 1933, 4, 176— 186.

60. Miles, Catharine C. Influence of speed and age on intelligence scores of

adults. /. gen. Psychol., 1934, 10, 208-210.

61. Miles, Catharine C, and Miles, W. R. The correlation of intelligence

scores and chronological age from early to late maturity. Amer. J. Psychol., 1932, 44, 44-78.

62. Miles, W. R. Psychological aspects of aging. In E. V. Cowdry (Ed.), Problems

of ageing. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1942, 756—784.

63. Miner, J.B. Intelligence in the United States: a survey—with conclusions for

manpower utilization in education and employment. N. Y.: Springer, 1956.

64. Munn, N. L. The evolution and growth of human behavior. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, 1955.

65. Nelson, E. N. P. Persistence of attitudes of college students fourteen years

later. Psychol. Monogr., 1954, 68, No. 2.

66. Nelson, E. N. P. Patterns of religious attitude shifts from college to fourteen

years later. Psychol. Monogr., 1956, 70, No. 17.

67. Nelson, V. L., and Richards, T. W. Studies in mental development: I.

Performance on Gesell items at six months and its predictive value for performance at two and three years. J. genet. Psychol., 1938, 52, 303-325.

68. Nyssen, R., and Delys, L. Contribution a l'etude du probleme du

declin intellectuei en fonction de l'ge. Arch. Psychol., 1952, 33, 295-310.

69. Owens, W. A., Jr. Age and mental abilities: a longitudinal study. Genet.

Psychol. Monogr., 1953, 48, 3-54.

70. Pressey, S. L., and Jones, A. W. 1923—1953 and 20—60 age changes in

moral codes, anxieties, and interests, as shown by the «X-0 Tests». /. Psychol., 1955, 39, 485-502.

71. Pressey, S. L., and Kuhlen, R. G. Psychological development through the

lifespan. N. Y.: Harper, 1957.

72. Radke-Yarrow, Marian, Trager, Helen G., and Davis, Hadassah. Social

perceptions and attitudes of children. Genet. Psychol. Monogr.,1949, 40, 327-447.

73. Raven, J. C. The comparative assessment of intellectual ability. Brit. J.

Psychol., 1948, 39, 12-19.

Возрастные различия 3 43

74 Roff, M. A statistical study of intelligence test performance. /. Psychol

1941, 11, 371-386.

75 Ruch, F. M. The differentiative effects of age upon human learning. J. gen

Psychol., 1934, 11, 261-286.

76. Schaie, K. W., Rosenthal, F., and Perlman, R. M. Differential mental

deterioration of factouially «pure» functions in later maturity. J. Geront., 1953, 8, 191-196.

77. Shakow, D., Dolkart, M. В., and Goldman, R. The memory function in

psychoses of the aged. Dis. Nerv. Syst., 1941, 2, 43—48.

78. Shakow, D., and Goldman, R. The effect of age on the Stanford-Binet

vocabulary score of adults. /. educ. Psychol., 1938, 31, 241—256.

79. Shock, N. W. Growth curves. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental

psychology. N. Y.: Wiley, 1951, 330-346.

80. Shock, N. W. Aging and psychological adjustment. Rev. Educ. Res., 1952,

22, 439-458.

81. Shuey, Audrey M. Improvement in scores on the American Council

Psychological Examination from freshman to senior year. /. educ. Psychol., 1948, 39, 417-426.

82. Shuttleworth, F. K. Sexual maturation and the physical growth of girls age

six to nineteen. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Developm., 1937', 2, No. 5.

83. Shuttleworth, F. K. The adolescent period: a graphic atlas. Monogr. Soc. Res.

Child Develpm., 1949, 14, No. 1.

84. Smith, Madorah E. A comparison of certain personality traits as rated in

the same individuals in childhood and fifty years later. Child Develpm., 1952, 23, 159-180.

85. Sontag, L. W. Differences in modifiability of fetal bthavior and physiology.

Psychosomat. Med., 1944, 6, 151 — 154.

86. Sontag, L. W. The Pels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development.

Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch College, 1946.

87. Sontag, L. W. A research institute on child growth and development reports

progress. Child, 1951, 16, 54-56.

88. Strong, E. K., Jr. Changes of interest with age. Stanford Univer., Calif:

Stanford Univer. Press, 1931.

89. Strong, E. K., Jr. Vocational interests of men and women. Stanford Univer.,

Calif.: Stanford Univer. Press, 1943.

90. Strong, E. K., Jr. Permanence of ibnerest scores over 22 years. /. appl.

Psychol., 1951, 35, 89-91.

91. Terman, L. M., and Oden, Melita H. The gifted child grows up. Stanford

Univer., Calif.: Stanford Univer. Press, 1947.

92. Terman, L. M., and Oden, Melita H. Genetic studies of genius. Vol. V.

Stanford Univer., Calif.: Stanford Univer. Press, 1958.

93. Thorndike, E. L. On the improvement in intelligence scores from thirteen

to nineteen. /. educ. Psychol., 1926, 17, 73—76.

94. Thorndike, E. L., et al. Adult learning. N. Y.: Macmillian, 1928.

344 Дифференциальная психология

95. Thomdike, R. L. The effect of interval between test and retest on the constancy

of the IQ. J. educ. Psychol., 1933, 24, 543-549.

96. Thorndike, R. L. «Constancy» of the IQ. Psychol. Bull., 1940, 37, 167—

186.

97. Thorndike, R. L. The prediction of intelligence at college entrance from

earlier test. /. educ. Psychol., 1947, 38, 129—148.

98. Thorndike, R. L. Growth of intelligence during adolescence. /. genet. Psychol.,

1948, 72, 11-15.

99. Thorndike, R. L., and Gallup, G. H. Verbal intelligence of the American

adult. /. gen. Psychol., 1944, 30, 75-85.

100. Thurstone, L. L., and Ackerson, L. The mental growth curve for the

Binet tests. /. educ. Psychol., 1929, 20, 569—583.

101. Vernon, P. E. Changes in abilities from 14—20 years. Advanc. Sci., 1948,

5, 138.

102. Watson, R. I. The personality of the aged. A review. /. Geront., 1954, 9,

309-315.

103. Wechsler, D. The measurement of adult intelligence. (3rd Ed.) Baltimore:

Williams & Wilkins, 1944.

104. Wechsler, D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. N. Y.: Psychol.

Corp., 1955.

105. Weisenberg, Т., Roe, Anne, and McBride, Katharine E. Adult intelligence.

N. Y.: Commonwealth Fund, 1936.

106. Welford, A. T. et al. Skill and age; an experimental approach. London:

Oxford Univer. Press, 1951.

107. Wittenborn, J. R., et al. A study of adoptive children: II. The predictive

validity of the Yale Developmental Examination of Infant Behavior. Psychol. Monogr., 1956, 70, No. 2, 59—92.

Наши рекомендации