Remember Requirements to a Paper

The title should be concise and descriptive of the paper’s contents.

Each article should include a brief abstract (150 words), describing the procedure and significant results of the study. Excessive use of the abbreviations should be avoided. Italics is used if necessary.

Text. Introduction should describe the purpose of the study and its relation to previous work in the field; it should not include an extensive literature review.

Methods should be concise but detailed to permit repetition y other investigators. Previously published methods and modifications should be cited y reference.

Results should present positive and relevant negative findings of the study, supported when necessary by reference to tables and figures.

Discussion should interpret the results of the study with emphasis on their relation to the original hypotheses and previous studies.

Acknowledgements should follow the text.

References should be typed double-spaced in numerical order. References to unpublished material or to personal communications should be included in the text as footnotes. All authors should be included in the reference (the use of “et al.” is not acceptable).

Illustrations should be given.

Legends should be typed on a separate page with all abbreviations and symbols appearing on the illustration described.

Tables should have brief titles and be numbered according to order of mention in the text.

Grammar Review

I. Remember words and expressions

Human activities

To bring great benefits

In terms of

Quality of environment

To take adequate control

Living processes

In unexpected ways

To take action/measures

To induce adverse effects

To confirm the finding

It became clear

Collaborative efforts

II. Give Russian equivalents:

1. It is necessary that papers should be submitted to the Editor in three copies.
2. It is desirable that manuscripts should be typed on good quality paper with wide margins.
3. It is important that authors should order reprints of articles in advance of publication.
4. It is suggested that photographs should be provided.
5. It is requested that all abbreviations should be defined in a footnote.
6. It is demanded that abbreviated phrases should be written out at first mention, followed by the abbreviation in brackets.
7. It is recommended that use of abbreviated phrases should be kept to an absolute minimum.
8. To ensure rapid publication it is recommended that manuscripts should keep to the style of the journal.
9. It is required that manuscripts should be written in acceptable English.
10. Requests for permission to reproduce figures, tables or portions of articles originally published in the journal should be addressed to … (addressee).

I. Translate the sentences:

1. Журнал содержит ряд статей.
2. Книги охватывают различные проблемы.
3. Каждая рецензия содержит новые концепции.
4. Этот текст включает описание новых методик.
5. Книги содержат ряд текстов.
6. Это – обзор по основным исследованиям в психологии.
7. Эта статья – обзор новых методов в медицине.

“Translator’s false friends”

Translate the sentences using one of the definitions

ORIGINALLY

1. Первоначально; 2.по происхождению 3. Оригинально 4. Впервые 5. Главным образом

Originally proposed by Thompson CSF, the idea is to detect errors in table position by laser interferometry.

This is, in fact, the view originally suggested by the author and widely accepted among acousticians.

Gardon, in originally describing the gage, solved the governing steady-state equation.

… the timing source is contained originally to know the switching timing.

Unit 9

Read and translate the text:

Text

Computers Concern You

When Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could not even imagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everything we do in the modern world is helped, or even controlled, by computers. Computers are used more and more extensively in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. They have much more better memories and can store huge amounts of information, and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time taken by a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500,000 sums in one second, but an advanced computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better.

Many people associate computers with the world of science and mathematics, but they are also a great help to scholars in other subjects, in history, literature, medicine and so on. It’s now possible for a scholar to find a book or article he needs very quickly, which, when a million or more new books are published each year, is quite an advantage.

So computers can help us to deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways.

Grammar Review

Remember RATE

1. Скорость, темп, ритм, интенсивность

2. Степень, коэффициент, уровень, пропорция, доля

3. Мощность, интенсивность

4. Частота

5. Доза, норма, количество; производительность

6. Цена, оценка

TO RATE

1. Ценить, оценивать, измерять
2. Считать, рассматривать, полагать

Birth rate

Death rate

Dose rate

Heart rate

Infant mortality rate

Metabolic rate

Morbidity rate

I. Translate the sentences:

1. All the cases were selected ones. 2. One may say that all techniques have their own limitations. 3. This is a difficult problem but a useful one. 4. One has to stress the value of the new method. 5. One wanted to understand the reason for the man’s behavior. 6. One should know these problems. 7. One should get new data on the subject. 8. One must study English to read scientific journals. 9. The results of the first discussion are not so useful as the ones obtained by the second one.

II. Give Russian equivalents:

1. The levels were found to be unaltered. 2. The results presented here seem to support the views described above. 3. Environmental factors are known to be of significance. 4. The process appears to be similar to that one. 5. Additional studies are required to determine the precise role of protein. 6. The factors are known to be associated with an increased risk of the heat. 7. This phenomenon has been found to have a wide occurrence. 8. Human milk is less likely to lead to allergic problems that other foods.

III. Translate into English:

1. Данная работа отличается от таких же других более ранних работ.
2. Самые большие достижения сделаны в области лечения различных болезней.
3. Эта книга описывает самые последние направления и открытия в области психиатрии.
4. Многие студенты очень интересуются историей социологии.
5. Самой важной частью статьи является последняя.
6. Многие экспериментальные исследования проливают свет на заболевания человека.
7. Этот случай намного сложнее, чем предыдущий.
8. Это проблема весьма запутана.

Unit 10

Read and translate the text:

Texts