Подберите пары или группы близких по значению слов из предложенных ниже. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Verbs: relate, employ, insert, perform, remove, operate, show, interpret, select, issue, use, receive, perform, cause, print, make, compute, connect, execute, take away, require, act, convert, carry out, demand, permit, demonstrate, choose, transmit, type, store, get, calculate, proceed, continue, keep, allow.

Nouns: response, unit, component, computation, storage, gate, amount, digit, element, memory, instruction, device, equipment, connection, circuit, order, command, information, relation, quantity, answer, calculation, number, data.

Adjectives: broad, complete, each, appropriate, every, basic, essential, digital, original, full, wide, initial, major, large, numerical, common, necessary, usual, important, general, great.

13. Составьте аннотации на русском языке к следующим текстам по вариантам.

1. Logical circuit elements

As it is known, any digital calculation — whether it is performed by 'pencil and paper' methods or with the aid of an automatic computer — must first be broken down into a sequence of elementary arithmetical operations, such as addition, or multiplication. Each such arithmetical operation may be converted into a sequence of simple logical operations. It should be noted that a binary digit may take only two values — "zero" and "one". A logical proposition may be either true or false.

A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipulating 'yes or no' logical propositions was developed by George Boole, a self-educated genius who became Professor of Mathematics at Cork University in the middle of the 19th century. The techniques of Boolean algebra are now extensively used by electrical engineers for the design and analysis of switching circuits. Both the arithmetic and control units of a computer consist of sets of switching circuits for directing and manipulating electrical pulse signals.

The process of combining a number of electronic circuits of known logical properties into an integrated system capable of performing special arithmetical or control functions is known as logical design.

2. The definition of mechanical brain

Let's imagine a railroad line with four stations marked input, storage, computer and output. These stations are joined by little gates or switches to the main railroad line. We can imagine that numbers and other information move along this railroad line, loaded (погруженные) in cars. Input and output are stations where numbers or other information go in and come out respectively. Storage is a station where there are many platforms and where information can be stored. The computer is a special station, somewhat like a factory. When two numbers are loaded on platforms 1 and 2 of this station and the command is loaded on platform 3, then another number is produced on platform 4.

There is a tower, marked control.This tower runs a telegraph line to each of its little watchmen standing by the gates. The tower tells them when to open and when to shut which gates. Now we can see that as soon as the right gates are shut, cars loaded with information can move between stations. So by closing the right gates, we can flash (отражать) numbers and information through the system and perform operations of reasoning. Thus we receive a mechanical brain.

In general, a mechanical brain is made up of: a quantity of registers where information can be stored; channels along which information can be sent; mechanisms that carry out arithmetic and logical operations; a control, which guides the machine to perform a sequence of operations; input and output devices, where information can go into and out of the machine; and at last electricity, which provides energy.

14. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод текстов, приведенных выше.

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова.

1. The method of all functional categories to one another represents the functional organization of a computer.

a) showing; b) relating; c) performing

2. Instructions and data are fed through the equipment to the______ .

a) output; b) memory; c) input; d) control

3. The main units of the computer communicate with each
other________ a machine language.

a) in spite of; b) because of; c) by means of

4.The input also the information into the pulse—no-pulse combinations understandable to the computer, a) converts; b) removes; c) accomplishes

5.The four are used to perform basic operations in a computer.

a) basics; b) circuits; c) equipment

6. A computer can solve very complex numerical .

a) communication; b) computations; c) instructions

7.Numbers and instructions forming the program are_____ in the memory.

a) solved; b) stored; c) simulated

8.The control unit serves for orders.

a) reading; b) interpreting; c) inputting

9.The function of memory is to store the original input data the partial results.

a) not only ... but also; b) either ... or; c) no sooner ... than

10.The_ includes the control and arithmetic-logical units.

a)flip-flop; b) digital computer; c) central processor

2. Заполните пропуски, выбрав правильную грамматичес­кую форму.

1. The simplest digital device is any device which_______ count

a) can; b) could; c) must.

2. In ancient days man____ to substitute beads for fingers to help him count.

a) learns; b) learned; c) has learned

3. The ancient Chinese simplified the board_____ into abacus.

a) counted; b) to count; c) counting

4. The Japanese improved the abacus making it_______

a)more ef­ficient; b)much efficient; c) efficienter

5. The tremendous speeds of computers and the flexibility______ the logical control make modern computers more powerful than mechanical cal­culators.

a) building; b) built; c) to build] into them [a) because of; b) according to; c) due to

6. The big problem in understanding digital computers is the logic which relates the logical elements into a unit_____ arithmetic and logical operations.

a) performed; b) performing; c) having performed

Arithmetic operations _____into a sequence of simple logical operations.

a) converted; b) are converted; c) was converted

Any digital calculation is usually ___________down into a sequence of elementary operations.

a) breaking; b) broken; c) being broken

A computer is a device__________ a set of instructions and [a) executes; b) executed; c) to execute] them in the appropriate sequence.

a) to accept; b) has accepted; c) accepts

The flip-flop____________ a storage cell with two inputs and two outputs.

a) is; b) was; c) has been

UNIT 5

STORAGE