Формы сказуемого в Passive Voice
Формы сказуемого в Passive Voice
to be + Ved
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
| is am + Ved are | was + Ved were | shall be + Ved will |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | Future Continuous |
| is am being +Ved are | was being + Ved were | ---------------------- |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | Future Perfect |
| have been +Ved has | had been + Ved | shall have been + Ved will |
Способы перевода сказуемого в Passive Voice.
1. Сочетанием глагола "быть" с краткой формой страдательного причастия.
2. Глаголом с частицей -ся.
3. Неопределенно-личным предложением со сказуемым в третьем лице множественного числа, если отсутствует дополнение с предлогом by, выражающее производителя действия.
4. Личным предложением с глаголом-сказуемым в активном залоге, если имеется дополнение с предлогом by, который при переводе соответствует русскому подлежащему.
5. Если предложение со сказуемым в Passive Voice заканчивается на предлог, то этот предлог относится к подлежащему, т.е. перевод следует начинать с этого предлога.
Примеры:
1. This article was published in the newspaper two years ago.
Эта статья была напечатана в газете два года назад.
2. The plane is controlled by the pilot.
Самолет управляется пилотом. (Пилот управляет самолетом).
3. Books are read with pleasure.
Книги читают с удовольствием.
4. This lecture is heard by the students with pleasure.
Студенты слушают эту лекцию с интересом.
5. This device is referred to in the next chapter.
На этот прибор ссылаются в следующей статье.
6. The problem was much spoken about.
Об этой проблеме много говорили.
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите предложения, определив время и залог сказуемого, и переведите предложения:
1. The number of electronic devices in our country is increasing constantly.
2. The tests of new transistors are being conducted in the laboratory.
3. At that time the engineers were testing a new receiver for the application in this system.
4. The USSR has greatly increased the production of radio receivers.
5. The results of the experiment have been of great importance for comparing these designs.
6. The operation of this system has been studied by the engineers.
7. New transmitting stations are being built in this region.
8. The Soviet scientists are conducting a series of experiments for the improvement of space communication.
9. The efficiency of these tubes is now being improved.
10. After important data on the Moon conditions had been obtained the scientists began to investigate this problem.
11. Lasers have been built on the basis of transistors and now they are successfully used.
12. By that time the problem of long-distance communication had been solved.
II. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций:
1. The operation of a receiving station is influenced by a number of factors.
2. The magnetron is a vacuum tube whose current is affected by a magnetic field.
3. Valve radio sets were followed by the transistor radio sets.
4. The work of Rutherford was followed by great research work of many other scientists.
5. Cosmic radiation is influenced by some phenomena of nature.
6. The properties of these systems were much spoken about.
7. New electronic devices are dealt with in this article.
8. Simple transmitting stations were followed by more powerful transmitting stations.
9. The use of colour television is spoken about in the following article.
10. Solar batteries are dealt with in this new text-book.
T E X T
Пояснения к тексту
1. living standards of the people— условия жизни народа
2. ferro-concrete [ 'ferou 'koŋkri:t] — железобетонный
3. auxiliary services — вспомогательные службы
Слова для запоминания
п growth, network, quality, radio engineering, receiver, task
v equip, grow (grew, grown), house, operate, perfect, total
a considerable, medium, perfect, total
adυ directly, nevertheless
prep due to
Слова для повторения
п application, development, means, number, wave
υ conduct, cover, improve, increase, influence, transmit
a important, particular, possible, powerful
adυ only, primarily
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
III. Прочтите и переведите группы слов, обращая внимание на перевод существительных в притяжательном падеже:
1. Petrov's lecture; 2. the engineer's task; 3. the student's receiver; 4. planets' orbits; 5. the station's equipment; 6. the scientists' attention; 7. these particles' flow; 8. the station's capacity; 9. the car's speed; 10. transistor's crystals; 11. antenna's parts.
IV. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:
1. space communication; 2. space communication systems; 3. long-range space communication systems; 4. the production growth; 5. communication channels; 6. long-range communication channels; 7. long-range communication channels improvement; 8. the radio stations network; 9. outer-space relays; 10. the outer-space relays application; 11. the outer-space relays improvement; 12. radio engineering purposes; 13. high voltage transmission lines
V. * Прочтите предложения, определив, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова, и переведите предложения:
1. Television is an importantmeans of communication.
2. This factmeans that the number of radio stations in our country will increase.
3. All technicalmeans will be perfected in future.
4. A number of modernhouses will be constructed in this region.
5. The instrument cabin of a spaceshiphouses various transmitters, power sources and other equipment.
6. This system houses all technological and auxiliary services.
7. The obtainedresult is of great practical importance for the development of these systems.
8. The application of powerful outer-space relaysresults inbetter communication.
9. The Soviet engineers achieved greatresults in constructing semiconductor devices.
10. Semiconductor devices application resultsin better operation of this equipment.
11. Thetotal number of power stations in the USSR is growing constantly.
12. All the devices of this laboratorytotal about two hundred.
VI. * Укажите дробью синонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):
1. to grow 1. an antenna
2. to house 2. a way
3. powerful 3. a use
4. total 4. great
5. to perfect 5. to increase
6. an aerial 6. to include
7. to operate 7. strong
8. a means 8. to work
9. an application 9. to improve
10. considerable 10. general
VII. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. Receiving station operation is greatly influenced by various factors.
2. This engineer's design was much spoken of at the conference.
3. Long-range communication systems are being successfully used in our country.
4. The outer-space relays application will result in a better space communication.
5. This system life time was greatly increased due to the application of semiconductors.
6. The first laser industrial application was followed by many others.
7. The number of systems using superconducting materials totals two hundred.
8. This equipment stability has been greatly improved by means of new efficient parts.
9. This research was given particular attention because of its prime importance for the development of this branch of physics.
10. The new research centre houses all necessary equipment for radio engineering investigation.
11. The scientists have perfected the operation of this system due to the application of new electronic equipment.
12. Particular attention has been paid to the means of improving the properties of semiconductors.
13. The network of transmitting stations is being built in this region now.
14. The quality of colour television was much spoken about at that conference.
15. The application of quantum generators in this branch of industry is being investigated.
VIII. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:
Television System
The television system is considerably more complex than the sound broadcasting system. In a typical television system two separate transmitters are applied, one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. The sound transmitter is frequency-modulated and at the same time transmits the sound which follows the image1. Each transmitter has its own2 antenna.
The image which is being televised is received by the television camera, which converts3 the optical image into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are amplified by the video or picture amplifier.
After proper amplification, the video signal modulates the high-frequency carrier4 of the television transmitter and is radiated into space by the aerial. The picture carrier is amplitude-modulated.
Пояснения к тексту
1. the image — изображение
2. own — собственный
3. converts — превращает
4. carrier — несущая
IX. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:
Radio Electronics in Space
Soviet radio electronics has made a great contribution to the preparations for space flights to the Moon, to the planets of the Solar System and to remote stellar worlds. It has proved the possibility of making effective use of radio electronics and radio communication in peaceful space exploration.
When the first space flights were made by Y. Gagarin and G. Titov radio electronics was extensively used for trajectory measurements, for the transmission of radiotelemetric data and for radio communication with the Earth.
In the flights made by A. Nikolayev and P. Popovich something fundamentally new was introduced in space radio communication. The cosmonauts established and maintained reliable two-way telephone and radio communication during their three days of twin flight, coordinated their activity by means of radio, informed each other of the conditions in their cabins and compared the readings of their instruments.
In order to ensure radio communication between the spaceships and also to guarantee contact between the astronauts and the Earth, the spaceships carried radio stations which operated in the short-wave band on 20.006 megacycles with amplitude modulation and in the ultra-short-wave band on 143—625 megacycles with frequency modulation.
Numerous short-wave and ultra-short-wave radio stations have been installed at different points on the Soviet territory. They ensured the most favourable reception of the transmissions made by the astronauts and also the transmission of messages to the spaceships. The high precision of operation of means of communication on the ground made it possible to maintain reliable radio contact with the astronauts.
УРОК 2
THE GERUND
Формы
|
Функции в предложении
| Функция | Способ перевода | Пример |
| Подлежащее | Существительное, начальная форма глагола | Testing a new device is important for us. ( Испытание нового прибора (испытать новый прибор) важно для нас). |
| Именная часть сказуемого (после глагола-связки to be, подлежащее выражено абстрактными существительными aim, purpose, step, task, work, problem и т.д. | Состоит в том, чтобы + начальная форма глагола; Заключается в + существительное | Our task is testing a new device. Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы испытать (в испытании) этот прибор. |
| Часть глагольного сказуемого (после глаголов begin, start, stop, finish, go on, continue, keep) | Существительное, начальная форма глагола | The students began testing a new device. Студенты начали испытывать (испытание) нового прибора. |
| Дополнение (с предлогом, без предлога) | Существительное, начальная форма глагола | We need testing this device. Нам нужно испытать этот прибор. We are interested in testing this device. Мы заинтересованы в испытании этого прибора. |
| Обстоятельство (времени с предлогами after, before, on; образа действия с предлогами by, without, in; сопутствующего обстоятельства с предлогами besides, instead of) | Существительное с предлогом, деепричастие, начальная форма глагола | After testing this device we checked the results. После испытания этого прибора мы проверили результаты. |
| Определение ( левое - в устойчивых словосочетаниях или терминах; правое – с предлогами of, for , in после абстрактных существительных) | Существительное, начальная форма глагола | …the idea of testing the device идея испытать прибор living standards условия жизни, melting point точка плавления |
THE PARTICIPLE I
| Функция | Способ перевода | Пример |
| Левое определение (без зависимых слов) | Действительное причастие настоящего или прошедшего времени (с суффиксами –ущ, ющ, ащ ,ящ, вш) | a receiving station принимающая станция, a transmitting antenna передающая антенна |
| Правое определение ( с зависимыми словами) | Причастным оборотом или придаточным определительным предложением) | The engineer testing the new device is very experienced. Инженер, испытывающий (который испытывает) новый прибор, очень опытный. |
| Обстоятельство (может использоваться с союзами when, while, if) | Деепричастие, обстоятельственное придаточное предложение, существительное с предлогом “при”. | (When) testing this device the engineer made some improvements. Испытывая этот прибор, инженер сделал некоторые усовершенствования. (при испытании; когда испытывал) |
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию герундия, и переведите предложения:
1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means improving living standards of the Soviet people.
2. Testing a new receiver for the application inthis system was the prime task of the laboratory.
3. The new means of improvingradio communication hasbeen discovered by our engineers.
4. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative electrodes since these materials produce a high charge.
5. Important results on the ionization were obtained by measuring those particles.
6. In designing electronic computers we have passed from valves to transistors.
7. The transistors are successfully used for transforming heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements.
8. Without increasing the temperature of metals it is impossible to increase their resistance.
9. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.
10. After investigating many materials engineers selected aluminium for constructing this device.
11. By raising the cathode temperature we increase the number of emitted electrons.
12. Without testing the equipment it is impossible to use it in the experiment.
13. We can increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit.
14. The main task of this engineer is testing the equipment.
15. The students began conducting experiments on energy transmission over long distances.
II. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию причастия I, и переведите предложения:
1. Testing the engine the engineer applied new methods.
2. X-rays are produced when matter is bombarded by a fast moving stream of negatively charged particles.
3. While working at this new device, the inventor made numerous improvements.
4. When working in the laboratory, the engineer obtained very important data for his future investigation.
5. Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators.
6. Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them.
7. All gases being poor conductors of electricity can be used as insulators.
8. When conducting a series of experiments for the improvement of space communication, scientists discovered some new phenomena.
TEXT
Пояснения к тексту
1. single — зд сплошной
2. the F-layer — слой F ионосферы
Слова для запоминания
п height [hait], layer
и bend (bent), interact, lose (lost), supply
a distant, low, upper
ado mainly.
Слова для повторения
п angle, direction, frequency, property, region
v change, consist, depend, leave (left), reach, take place, travel
a main
prep along, through .
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
III. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию ''-ing"-формы, и переведите предложения:
1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions.
2. Part of the signal travelling along the ground is called the ground wave.
3. The ionosphere has the property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground.
4. Bending radio waves changes the directionof thewave.
5. Obtaining new data on the waves travelling was necessary for future investigations.
6. Without using superconducting materials it was impossible to perfect this system operation.
7. Building a network of transmitting stations in that region was of prime importance.
8. The transmitter operating on low frequencies was constructed by these students.
9. The scientists' main task was studying ionospheric conditions.
10. Constructing simple radio-sets was followed by more complex devices using semiconductors.
11. After finishing the experiment scientists started discussing its results.
IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание способы перевода причастия I в форме страдательного залога:
1. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.
2. The new measuring instrument being developed in this laboratory will be tested by that engineer.
3. The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak.
4. New data being obtained are necessary for future investigations.
5. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions.
6. The new receiver being tested will be used in this system.
7. Being equipped with modern instruments the laboratory carried out important experiments.
V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод степеней сравнения имен прилагательных:
1. The more the weight the object has, the more work we must do in order to lift it.
2. The greater the number offree electronsin any metal,the greater is its conductivity.
3. The greater the distancebetween the plates, the less isthe capacity of a capacitor.
4. The lower the resistanceof the material, the more currentcan pass through it.
5. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be.
6. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the less is its pressure.
7. The larger the size of the electrodes, the more current capacity they can supply.
8. The higher the temperature, the quickeris the reaction.
VI. * Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):
| 1. low 2. to lose 3. distant 4. a charge 5. to transmit 6. short 7. to absorb 8. to increase 9. possible 10. powerful |
| 1. impossible 2. to receive 3. long 4. close [s] 5. to find 6. high 7. powerless 8. to decrease 9. to radiate 10. a discharge |
VII. Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:
1. at a great height; 2. at the height of 3 miles; 3. a thick layer; 4. a thin semiconductor layer; 5. to bend at right angle; 6. waves bending in the ionosphere; 7. to lose weight; 8. to lose electrons; 9. to supply considerable energy; 10. to supply modern equipment; 11. at low pressure; 12. at low frequency; 13. in the surrounding medium; 14. medium radio waves; 15. the main quality of the semiconductor; 16. to leave the atmosphere; 17. to leave the ground; 18. to change the direction of travel; 19. to move in upper layers of the atmosphere; 20. to consist mainly of neutral molecules
VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. While improving the operation of the system, engineers used low weight equipment.
2. As a result, free electrons start vibrating and radiate much energy.
3. Measuring the temperature at various points was followed by studying its differences.
4. The first buildings housing the research laboratories have been constructed.
5. The ionosphere property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground at considerable distances from the point of transmission was referred to in that text-book.
6. The properties of the ionosphere consisting of several layers depend upon many factors.
7. Electrons being negative move from lower to higher potential, that is from more negative to less negative.
8. Pressure is a very important parameter in investigating the atmosphere conditions.
9. The main task was supplying powerful energy sources for an orbital station.
10. The application of powerful relays resulting in better communication was the main subject of the discussion.
IX. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:
Conductors
Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.
The most common conductors are metals, and silverandcopper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus, copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is connecting voltage source to a load1 resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop2 is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.
Most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.
Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus, metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the temperature coefficient or the less the change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material.
Пояснения к тексту
1. load—нагрузка
2. a drop — падение
X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:
УРОК 3
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
1. The designers can always improve the operationof these receivers.
2. He could use any transmitter for this system.
3. The scientists are able to perfect this system operation due to the application of superconducting materials.
4. The designer was able to construct a new deviceby using semiconductors.
5. The engineers must test a new receiver for using it in this system.
6. We have to increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit.
7. For improving the system operation the designer was to use low weight equipment.
8. Because of the electrical neutrality requirement, the space charge is to remain constant.
9. The engineers were to investigate new means of radio communication.
10. After finishingthe experiment the scientistswill have to discuss the results.
11. The students didn't have to conduct experiments in this field of science.
12. They didn't have to analyse these data.
13. We may say that photoelectric properties of transistors are largely used in TV sets.
14. The students might use all the laboratory equipment.
15. The students were allowed to show all the automatic devices.
16. The students will be allowed to conduct this experiment in the laboratory.
II. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода инфинитива в страдательном залоге после модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:
1. Electrolysis may be defined as a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out.
2. The mass may often be defined as the quantity of matter remaining constant everywhere.
3. When the forces act in the same direction, the resultant can be found by adding the applied forces.
4. The energy which has to be supplied by the generatororbattery is transformed into heat within the conductor.
5. The frequency of an oscillator is to be kept constant by means of an oscillating crystal.
6. To detect very weak radio signals a directional antenna and a highly sensitive radio receiver are to be used.
7. A number of scientific problems were to be solved in connection with the construction of a network of electrotransmission lines.
III. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию причастия II, и переведите предложения:
1. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak.
2. The antenna receives only a small part of energyradiated by the transmitter.
3. Negatively charged ions are attracted to theanode; positively charged ions are attracted to the cathode.
4. The results obtained are of great importance.
5. The constructed transmitter operated onvarious frequencies.
6. If arranged according to their atomic weights, the elements show the periodicity of their properties.
7. When heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism.
8. When produced in one tube, minimum grid voltage is produced in the other tube.
9. Placed in a different surrounding medium the device operates differently.
TEXT
CONVERTERS
1. А unique approach for converting heat directly into electricity is the nuclear thermionic converter. 2. Such converters consist of a heated emitter of electrons, a collector, and a gas (that becomes a plasma when ionized) between the electrodes. 3. The main problem with conventional converters is that the gas used is highly corrosive. 4. Also, this gas tends to make the passage of electrons difficult. 5. One of the American laboratories has produced a nuclear converter that eliminates these drawbacks. 6. In this converter, uranium is used in the emitter. 7. When bombarded by neutrons from a reactor, the uranium undergoes fission. 8. As a result, the high-energy particles heat the emitter to a much lower temperature than in other converters and, at the same time, produce the plasma by ionizing the gas. 9. Electrons have to flow readily from the emitter to the collector of the unit.
10. The development of a cell which has to convert nuclear energy directly into electricity has been made by General Motors. 11. It is called a liquid metal cell, and it may produce energy by collecting the electrical charges given off by the reaction of one liquid metal with another — in contrast with conventional storage batteries whose energy is produced by the action of acid upon the metal. 12. The cell is able to produce a larger proportion of its full theoretical power than normal storage batteries due to the greater conductivity of its molten1 salt electrolyte and the quicker reaction rates of the metals with salts. 13. A liquid metal cell in the form of a one-foot cube can produce 11 kilowatts compared with 11/2 kilowatts obtainable from storage batteries of the same dimensions. 14. In converting nuclear energy to electricity the cell has to form a part of a regenerative cycle which can work for long periods using the heat of a nuclear reactor. 15. The heat of the reactor separates the metals since their melting points differ appreciably. 16. When the metals recombine in the cell, a reaction occurs producing an electric current. 17. As heating is continued the system will produce electricity. 18. A cell of this type operates continuously for 60 hours.
Пояснение к тексту
1. molten — расплавленный
Слова для запоминания
п acid, approach, cell, dimension, drawback, fission, passage, storage battery
v approach, convert, eliminate, give off, separate, undergo (underwent, undergone)
a obtainable, separate, unique
prep since
cj since
Слова для повторения
n unit
v compare, differ
ado continuously, readily
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
IV. Прочтите предложения, замените модальный глагол соответствующим эквивалентом из двух, данных в скобках, и переведите предложения:
1. The scientistsmust separate these fission products (are able to, have to).
2. The designer canchange the dimension of this cell (is able to, is to).
3. The students can obtain interesting data on waves travelling (are able to, are to).
4. Electronsmust flow fromthe emitterto the collector ofthe unit (are allowed to, have to).
5. This cell could convert nuclear energy directly into electricity (was to, was able to).
6. This plant must produce 4 million TV sets (is to, is able to).
7. The cell can work for long periods using the heat of a nuclear reactor (has to, is able to).
V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода причастия II:
1. The operation of the receiving stationinfluenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers.
2. The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by Faraday was a very important scientific discovery.
3. The work of Rutherford followed by great research work of other scientists was of great help for understanding many natural phenomena.
4. Gagarin's first space flight followed by manyothers wasvery important for the development of astronautics.
5. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon byan electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field.
6. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated.
7. The dimensions of the body referred to in that text-book will be used in our experiment.
VI. * Прочтите предложения, определив функции выделенных слов, и переведите предложения:
1. The indications obtained increased with the voltageinduced.
2. The experimentcarried out resulted in the improvement of all parts of the system.
3. Whenused in this medium the transmitteroperated successfully.
4. By collecting the electrical chargesreleased by the reaction of one liquid metal with another the cellproduced energy.
5. The scientistscompared the resultsobtained by various laboratory-assistants.
6. Some convertersused the energyreleased from fission.
7. Analysis showed that the speed of conversion depended on many factors.
8. The capsuleseparated landed successfully in a given region.
VII. * Укажите дробью синонимы: к каждому слову из левов колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):
| 1. to permit 2. a dimension 3. a splitting 4. to undergo 5. appreciably 6. to separate 7. to distinguish 8. continuously 9. a drawback 10. main 11. to convert 12. conventional 13. to exclude 14. readily 15. capable 16. to occur |
| 1. usual 2. to eliminate 3. easily 4. able 5. to takeplace 6. constantly 7. to differ 8. a fission 9. to allow 10. to transform 11. to subject 12. a defect 13. considerably 14. a size 15. to isolate 16. chief |
VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:
1. a strong acid; 2. great dimensions; 3. a small storage battery; 4. to undergo fission; 5. unique properties of the cell; 6. given off energy; 7. a scientific approach; 8. a powerful converter; 9. the main drawback; 10. the eliminated drawback; 11. storage battery properties; 12. readily reacting with an acid
IX. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:
Electrolysis
Electrolysis is a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out by means of the passage of an electric current. The electrical energy enters and leaves the electrolytic medium through electrodes, which ordinarily are pieces1 of metal. The electrode where electrons enter the solution is the cathode; the electrode where the electrons leave is the anode. Negatively charged ions (anions) are attracted to the anode; positively charged ions (cations) are attracted to the cathode.
The process is generally used as a method of depositing2 metals from solution.
The relation between the quantity of material undergoing reaction and the quantity of electricity usedin this reaction was discovered by Faraday.
Пояснения к тексту
1. pieces— кусочки
2. depositing—осаждения, выделения
X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:
Control Systems
Electronics is being used more and more to control industrial processes, particularly where the speed of a motor has to be accurately controlled. One big advantage is that valves, unlike relays, have no moving parts, no contacts to shatter or burn, and practically no inertia; and their speed of operation is very much greater. Two special types of valves, known as "thyrotrons" and "ignitrons" are generally used for motor control.
A thyrotron is a gas-filled triode, whose gas ionizes when the grid voltage rises above a certain value. "Ionization" is a scientific term for "knocking spots off atoms". An atom consists roughly of a positive nucleus at the centre with a number of negative electrons around it. It is electrically neutral, because the positive nucleus balances the negative electrons. But if an atom loses an electron, this balance no longer holds, and it becomes positively charged. It is then known as a "positive ion."
In the thyrotron, an electron emitted from the hot cathode collides with a gas molecule and we have two free electrons and a positive ion; all tend to collide with other gas molecules. These chain effects soon fill the tube with positive ions which make nice conductors, and a current can flow between cathode and anode. Neon lamps, mercury and sodium vapour street lamps and fluorescent tubes are examples of ionization.
Unlike hard valves, a thyrotron once conducting cannot be cut off by reducing the grid voltage alone, it is necessary to drop or remove the anode supply voltage in order to allow the valve to deionize. It has one great advantage, however, in that it can handle very much larger currents, than vacuum valves. This is why it is used for motor control.
УРОК 4
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите предложения, укажите в них независимый причастный оборот и переведите предложения:
1. Electrons moving through the conductor, electrical energy is generated.
2. The speed of light being very great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.
3. Transistors being very sensitive to light, engineers use this property.
4. The current in a circuit was decreased when the resistance was increased, other factors remaining the same.
5. Some radioactive materials have been foundin nature, uranium being one of them.
6. Chemistry and physics are interconnected sciences,any chemical change resulting in a physical change.
7. The bodies having potentials of 100 volts and50 volts, a potential difference of 50 volts exists between them.
8. The value of voltage was the same in all the elementsof a parallel circuit, the value of current being different.
9. A charge of one coulomb increasing the potential between capacitors plates by one volt, a capacitor had a capacity of one farad.
10. The resistance of the body being higher, smaller current flows through the body.
11. Thermistors are very sensitive to light, this property being very important.
II. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, содержащих независимый причастный оборот, и переведите все предложения:
1. The engineers using semiconductors achieved good results.
2. The engineers using semiconductors, good results havebeen achieved.
3. The designers used some new tubes, the main characteristics remaining the same.
4. Using some new tubes the designers didn't change the maincharacteristics.
5. The metals, being electrical conductors, are used in manyexperiments.
6. When a varying plate current flows through a coil, thereis a varying magnetic field causing self-induction.
7. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting to starlight.
8. Being in the laboratory the engineer was able to see the new system operation.
9. The current distribution being non-uniform, the resistance increases.
10. The forces acting in the same direction, the resultant is found by adding the applied forces.
Т Е X T
TRANSISTORS
1. Transistors made it possible to design compact, small dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power. 2. The transistors are used for direct transformation of heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements. 3. They are also used to transform radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells or so-called solar batteries. 4. In later years light sources and lasers were built on the basis of transistors. 5. Transistors revolutionized radio engineering and electronics. 6. Having small size and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce devices which cannot be made with vacuum tubes. 7. Transistors are extremely sensitive to external influences, thousandths of one per cent of admixtures changing their electrical conductive properties by hundreds of thousands times1. 8. They are very sensitive to the action of light, nuclear particles, pressure, etc. 9. Transistors being sensitive to light, engineers have to take this property into consideration. 10. Some transistors act as insulators in the darkness, cadmium sulphide presenting one of them. 11. But already under ordinary room temperature their resistances decrease millions of times. 12. This property was used as the basis for making so-called photoresistances. 13. Some of them react not only to visible light but also to ultra-violet, infra-red and X-rays, and radioactive radiation. 14. At present such photoresistances, being very small in size, are successfully used as the main elements for various measuring instruments and automatic devices. 15. The supply of transistors is inexhaustible. 16. But up to now only a limited number of them is being used for engineering purposes. 17. Semiconductors are — germanium, silicon, selenium and some of the simple compounds, like lead sulphide and arsenic and phosphoruses with indium and gallium. 18. The electrical properties of germanium may be changed, provided the latter is exposed to light. 19. A very fine technology has been developed for obtaining transistors with pre-set physical properties by introducing into them admixtures of gold, copper, nickel, zinc, etc. 20. Soviet scientists have had considerable success in developing special films2 which protect the transistor crystals from outer influences and change their properties, these films making it possible to create a new family of miniaturized instruments.
Пояснения к тексту
1. hundreds of thousands times — сотни тысяч раз
2. films — зд. пленки
Слова для запоминания
п film, source, supply
v consume, create, expose, insulate, introduce, present, provide,
take into consideration
a the former ... the latter, outer, sensitive, visible
Слова для повторения
п influence, size, time
v change,obtain
aconsiderable,extreme,late,ordinary
cj provided
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
III. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода независимого причастного оборота:
1. The principle of action being extremely simple, the device was widely used for various purposes.
2. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the cell battery is transformed into electric energy.
3. The positive pole brought near the negative pole, the latter attracted it.
4. Two bodies placed in contact with each other, the temperature of the hot body falls, while the temperature of the cold body rises.
5. Transistors being sensitive to light, engineers have to take this property into consideration.
6. Many metals are good conductors, silver presenting one of them.
7. The temperature of a wire being raised, the random motion of the electrons increased.
8. The two semiconductors of different type connected, a blocking layer will be created at the contact.
9. Radio-activity discovered, many great discoveries were made in atomic physics.
10. The pressure being known at some point in the flow of air, the pressure at another point in the flow is easily calculated.
11. The system operation has been improved, the main changes being made in the transmitter.
IV. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в которых слово "provided" является сказуемым, и переведите все предложения:
1. Solar batteries provided much energy for this system operation.
2. A cell supplies electric energy provided its electrodes are of different materials.
3. The electrical properties of germaniummay be changed, provided germanium is exposed to light.
4. A capacitor stores electric energy providedthat a voltage source is applied to it.
5. These experiments provided necessary data for studying this phenomenon.
6. Provided the laboratory is equipped with up-to-date instruments we shall be able to carry out important scientific researches.
7. A direct current flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit.
V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов "the former" и "the latter":
1. Uranium, radium, plutonium are radioactive substances, the former being widely used in atomic reactors.
2. The electrical properties of germanium may be changed, provided the latter is exposed to light.
3. The parallel circuit consists of a voltage source and two resistors, the latter are connected in parallel.
4. The most common meters used are the ohmmeter and the ammeter, the former is used to measure the value of resistance, the latter is used to measure the value of current.
5. Copper conducts electricity while glass doesnot. Theformer is a conductor while the latter is an insulator.
6. There are the acid-forming elements and the base-forming elements. The former are the non-metals while the latter are the metals.
VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. Like silicon and selenium, germanium is sensitive to light.
2. Outer-space relays like other relays are used for televising programmes.
3. Like many other measuring devices ammeters are widely used in any experiment dealing with electricity.
4. A diode like any electron tube contains the cathode and the plate.
5. Cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide like a number of other transistors act as insulators in the darkness.
VII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:
1. external influences; 2. sensitive to external influences;3. to act like insulators; 4. an insulating material; 5. to use admixtures; 6. admixtures introduced into a solution; 7. thin films; 8. film circuits; 9. sensitive film circuits; 10. a powerful source; 11. a powerful heat source; 12. to supply much heat; 13. lo supply constant pressure; 14, a powerful supply; 15. a d-c supply; 16. exposed to radiation; 17. exposed to sun's rays; 18. extremely sensitive to visible light; 19. to take this property into consideration; 20. in later experiments; 21. in later radioactivity investigations; 22. to create a powerful source of energy; 23. to consume little power; 24. great consumption of heat; 25. heat consumers;
26. hundreds of times
VIII. Прочтите предложения, определив функции герундия и причастий I и II, и переведите предложения:
1. The results obtained being of prime importance,engineersused them in their investigations.
2. Electrons are obtained by using a heated filament for the negative electrode and protons are produced in a hydrogen-filled discharge tube from which ions pass to the main accelerating tube.
3. There are several types of microphones being used, the most important of these being the dynamic microphone, the velocity microphone and the crystal microphone.
4. Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology.
5. The lead1-acid battery employs a low-voltage constant-potential charging arrangement, the lamps being connected in parallel.
6. The charge of theelectron being determined, it was easy to calculate its mass.
7. The main advantage of this instrument over the moving coil type instrument is that it is capable of measuring both alternating current and direct current.
8. Obtaining new data on the device sensitivitywill beofgreat help for designers.
9. The new building housing the laboratory will be located at some distance from the main building of the plant.
10. The specific heat of solid element known,the approximate atomic weight can be easily calculated.
1 lead [led]—свинец
IX. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:
Electric Cells
In this text we shall consider electric cells. Electrodes being of different materials, a cell supplies electric energy. In case the electrodes are of the same material they become charged but there is no difference of potential across the terminals1. Iron and zinc plates are commonly used for producing negative electrodes since these materials produce a high charge. Carbon is commonly used to produce positive electrodes. The voltage output2 of cells is from 1 to 2V. The value of the output depends only on the materials used for the electrodes. Besides, it depends on the electrolyte of a cell. It does not depend on the size of a cell and its construction, while the current capacity3 of a cell depends on the size of the electrodes. The larger the size of the electrodes, the more current capacity which they can supply. The size of the electrodes beingincreased, the current capacity also increases, the voltage outputremaining the same. Such is the relation between the size of the electrodes and the current capacity.
Пояснения к тексту
The output — на выходе
Пояснения к тексту
1. the measures — зд значения
2. network — зд расчетная схема
УРОК 5
THE INFINITIVE
ФОРМЫ
| Acnive | Passive | |
| Simple | To test | To be tested |
| Progressive | To be testing | |
| Perfect | To have tested | To have been tested |
| Perfect-Progressive | To have been testing |
ФУНКЦИИ
| Функция | Способ перевода | Пример |
| Подлежащее (если стоит в начале пред- ложения, где нет дру-гого слова, которое могло бы быть под- лежащим; если стоит после безличного оборота It is impor- tant…, it is difficult… | Начальная форма глагола или отглагольное существительное | To test the equipment is the main task of the engineers. Испытание этого оборудования является главной задачей инженеров. It is difficult to test this equipment in this laboratory. Трудно испытать это оборудование в этой лаборатории. |
| Часть сказуемого: 1) модального 2) именного ( инфи- нитив стоит после личной формы гла- гола-связки to be; подлежащее выраже- но абстрактными существительными aim, object, plan, diffi- culty, task problem, purpose, mission. | 1)начальная форма глагола 2)заключается в том, чтобы + начальная форма глагола; состоит в + отгла- гольное существительное | The engineers must test this equipment. Инженеры должны испытать это оборудование. The task of the engineers is to test the equipment. Задача инженеров заключается в том, чтобы испытать это оборудование. |
| Дополнение | Начальная форма глагола. отглагольное существительное | We would like to obtain these data in other way. Нам бы хотелось получить эти данные другим путем. |
| Обстоятельство | Неопределенная форма глагола с союзом “чтобы”, “для того, чтобы”; отглагольное сущетвительное с предлогом “для”. | To determine the resistance of a сircuit he used an ohmmeter. Чтобы измерить (для измерения) сопротивление цепи, он использовал омметр. |
| Определение | Придаточное определи- тельное предложение с союзом “который”, сказуемое которого имеет оттенок долженствования или будущего времени. | The student must study the data to be obtained as a result of this experiment. Студенты должны изучить данные, которые будут получены в результате этого опыта. |
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта перевода инфинитива в функции подлежащего:
1. То isolate the metal plates was the student's task.
2. To create a powerful energy source was of prime importance for a constructor.
3. To provide a high potential is not easy.
4. To determine the volume of a gas at a definite temperature is very easy.
5. To prove this law experimentally is very difficult.
6. To test a new receiver for the application in this system was the main task of the laboratory.
7. To test the equipment is possible only under vacuum conditions.
8. To raise the cathode temperature means increasing the number of emitted electrons.
9. To obtain new data on the wave travelling was necessary for future investigations.
10. To build a network of transmitting stationsin that region was of prime importance.
II. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта перевода инфинитива в функции именной части составного сказуемого:
1. The student's task was to study the propertiesof this substance.
2. The task is to provide low pressure.
3. The main aim of the designers is to improve TV communication over long distances.
4. The problem is to find materials which are not sensitive to light.
5. The purposeof the experiment is to convert heat directly to electricity.
6. The object of this system is to provide a powerful energy supply.
TEXT
RADIO ELECTRONICS IN SPACE
1. The formula "radio + electronics = radio electronics" provides us with a good example of fruitful cooperation. 2. To work successfully in any field of science now means to know the fundamentals of radio electronics. 3. A physician has to know the properties of high frequency currents, a mathematician — the properties of fast-acting computers, an astronomer— the properties of radio-telescopes, a physicist — the properties of charged particles. 4. Without radio electronics it is impossible to develop cybernetics, astronautics and nuclear physics. 5. Much attention is now given to the frequency stability of generators — the heart of all radio transmitting systems. 6. To establish reliable contact with Mars, the frequency control must be within billionths of a per cent. 7. The role of "electrical pendulum" which sets the frequency of oscillations in highly stable generators is performed by a plate of crystalline quartz. 8. Like the string of a musical instrument, this plate can be tuned to a definite frequency. 9. The thinner the plate, the higher the frequency is. 10. The thinnest plates give a frequency of scores of mcps (millions of oscillations per second). 11. The super-high frequencies used in cosmic communication are of hundreds and thousands of mcps. 12. To use special multipliers mea