Automation and mechanization
So far as automation replaces human muscle by mechanical power, it continues a process of mechanization which began before the Industrial Revolution two centuries ago. The first machines were not automatic. They performed many physical tasks but had to be operated and controlled by workers. But semi-automatic machines were invented early in the history of mechanization. They were, for instance, the textile machines and, later on, the lathes widely employed in engineering.
These machines performed automatically, once they were set and loaded, and they confined human operator to the following kinds of work, unskilled work of loading and unloading, and the skilled work of setting and maintaining machines. Since then technical development has been gradual and continuous. They have greatly widened the range of operations that can be performed automatically and they have mechanized some loading and unloading of machines.
Perhaps the best and most recent example is the transfer-machine in engineering. It combines automatic machining with automatic transfer between operations, so that all loading and unloading is done mechanically except at the beginning and end of the line. There have also been extensive developments in the handing of materials and components between processes and in the mechanical assembly of simple components.
II. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы к тексту.
1.When were semi-automatic machines invented?
a) in the last century
b) at the beginning of the century
c) at beginning of the history of mechanization
2. What two kinds of work did machines confine a human operator to?
| a)the manual labour and the unhand labour b) the unskilled work and the skilled work c)the automatic operations and mechanical operations | b) 25 – 30 |
3. What machine is thought to be the best example in engineering?
a) the transfer-machine
b) the hand-operated machine
c) the transfer line
III. Закончите предложения по содержанию прочитанного текста.
4. The first machines performed _________ but had to be operated and controlled by workers.
a) many mechanical tasks
b) many physical tasks
c) many automatic tasks
5. It combines automatic machining _________________ .
| a) with automatic transfer between operations | b) with automatic transfer between idle movements | c) with mechanical transfer between tools changeover |
6. Technical development has been gradual and continuous and so ________ that can be performed automatically.
a) they have greatly reduced the range of operations
b) they have greatly renewed the range of operations
c)they have greatly expanded the range of operations
IV. Подберите эквивалент к данному русскому слову или словосочетанию .
7. гуманоид
| a) robot | b) cyborg | c) humanoid/android |
8. ручной труд
| a) casual labour | b) manual labour | c) skilled labour |
| 9. робототехника a) robot | b) robotic | c) robotics |
10. автоматизация
| a) automated | b) automation | c) automatic |
11. способность
| a) capability | b) capable | c)capacity |
12. управлять техникой
| a) tocontrol | b) to manage | c) to manipulate |
13. содержать в исправности
| a)to keep | b) to maintain | c) to contain |
V. Выберите соответствующее определение данным терминам.
| a)android b) intelligent c)to weld d) to design e) cyborg f) automation g) robot h) transfer |
14.to join two pieces of metal by heating them and pressing them together
15.a machine that looks and behaves like a human
16.good at thinking clearly and quickly
17.the use of computers and machines instead of people to do a job
18.the process by which someone or something moves or is moved from one place to another
19.a humanoid with organic structures
20.a machine that can do work by itself
21.to plan or develop something for a specific purpose
VI. Прочитайте предложения и укажите соответствует ли данное утверждение действительности: если соответствует напишите после предложения T- true, если не соответствует то F-false, при этом письменно подтвердите ваш ответ примером из текста.
22.Automation is the use of any machine capable of operating independently.
23. The first machines were automatic.
24.It is not easy to use machines instead of people to do some work.
VII. Выберите правильную видовременную форму глагола.
25. The American writer A. Asimov firstly ……… Rossum’s Universal Robots in a short story in 1941 .
| a)introduce | b) was introduced | c) introduced |
26. A group of students …… already ……. their lab work on the pneumatic robot design.
| a) was begun | b) have begun | c) begun |
27. In nearest future domestic robots …….. housework for us.
| a) will do | b) done | c) do |
28. Today the design teams and the engineers ………… the conception of new modern industrial automatic machines for plants and factories.
| a) discusses and invents | b) are discussing and inventing | c) discussed and invented |
29. Most robots ………. to save people from dangerous jobs or routine work.
| a) is designed | b) are designed | c) designed |
VIII. Заполните пропуски предлогами.
30. The first machines had to be operated and controlled ………….. .
| a)at people | b) by workers | c) on co-workers |
31. Attention was focused ……. robots application in flexible manufacturing systems.
| a) by | b) on | c) at |
32.It combines automatic machining with automatic transfer ………. operations.
a)between b)among c)across
IX. Заполните пропуски прилагательным или наречием в нужной форме.
33. The industrial company has achieved __________ results in production than the competitive one.
| a) the best | b) better | c) less good |
34. Factories are ……... automated that workers only control and maintain robots.
| a)such high | b) the highest | c) so highly |
35. Walking robots help …….. people with physical disabilities in some countries.
| a) many | b) much | c) big |
X. Переведите текст письменно.
We are to put into operation robotic complexes and many flexible automated manufacturing systems which will reduce the number of monotonous and unskilled jobs and bring about a radical reduction in the proportion of manual labour.
Modern robots are impressive. In many years they have learned to weld, paint and do other work. Today robots will eventually conquer the world. They are used in industry mainly on a par with automatic machine tools and automatic production lines, including rotary and rotary-conveyer ones, and teamed up with other equipment. While steadily reducing in cost, robots are gaining in efficiency and reliability and will promote their wider use. Robots should be used only where they can yield maximum overall effect, both economic and social. Today robots are at their best in welding, painting, electroplating and other jobs. They do all this more efficiently, improve the quality of end products, and release human operators from unhealthy work zones. This trend towards the priority development of assembly-line robots in different fields is being looked at the international robotics congress.
Контрольная работа № 3
по английскому языку для студентов всех технических специальностей ЗФ
Вариант 5
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