Перепишите выражения и переведите на русский язык.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
1.Спряжение глагола to be.
2.Имя существительное. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
3.Имя прилагательное.Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
4.Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
5.Временные формы глаголов. Три формы неправильных глаголов. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Инфинитив.
6.Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательных формах: обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).
7.Основные способы словообразования.
8.Типы вопросов. Общий вопрос, специальный вопрос, альтернативный вопрос, разделительный вопрос.
Вариант контрольной работы выбираем по последней цифре зачетной книжки.
1-вар 1, ……5-вар 5, 6-вар 1, 7-вар 2, 8-вар 3, 9-вар 4, 10-вар 5.
При выполнении контрольной работы, на первой странице указываем номер зачетной книжки и вариант.
Вариант 1
Перепишите выражения и переведите на русский язык.
1) to be greater than, 2) to direct the sequence of operations, 3) to be stored indefinitely, 4) to transfer data and instructions into storage, 5) To perform instructions in order they are given, 6) to communicate information by using symbols.
Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1) Этот новый принтер печатает 400 знаков в секунду.
2) Чему равен остаток от деления?
3) Выполняйте команды в той последовательности, в которой они даны.
4) Это называется «Арифметико-Логическое Устройство (АЛУ)».
5) Все части этого устройства функционируют вместе как единое целое.
6) Не отключайте электроэнергию в компьютере.
Поставьте глаголы в правильную временную форму (be going to, Future Simple, Future Continuous, Present Simple, Present Continuous).
1) We (install) this software shortly after the coming holidays.
2) «Oh, I’ve just realised – I haven’t got any money.» «Don’t worry – that’s no problem. I (lend ) you some.»
3) «Look! There is smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire!» «Good heavens! I(call) the fire-brigade immediately.»
4) I think they (become) the leading database software developers.
5) The plane to Minneapolis (leave) at 15.05 and arrives at 18.15.
6) What time they (arrive)? – At 12.
7) The company (be) 50 years old next Monday.
8) It’s really a good program but it’s not the best design, so in the next version of this program we (change) the design.
Переведите текст.
COMPUTERS
Generally, any device that can perform numerical calculations, even an adding machine, may be called a computer but nowadays this term is used especially for digital computers. Computers that once weighed 30 tons now may weigh as little as 1.8 kilograms. Microchips and microprocessors have considerably reduced the cost of the electronic components required in a computer. Computers come in many sizes and shapes such as special-purpose, laptop, desktop, minicomputers, supercomputers.
Special-purpose computers can perform specific tasks and their operations are limited to the programmes built into their microchips. There computers are the basis for electronic calculators and can be found in thousands of electronic products, including digital watches and automobiles. Basically, these computers do the ordinary arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
General-purpose computers are much more powerful because they can accept new sets of instructions. The smallest fully functional computers are called laptop computers. Most of the general-purpose computers known as personal or desktop computers can perform almost 5 million operations per second.
Today's personal computers are know to be used for different purposes: for testing new theories or models that cannot be examined with experiments, as valuable educational tools due to various encyclopedias, dictionaries, educational programmes, in book-keeping, accounting and management. Proper application of computing equipment in different industries is likely to result in proper management, effective distribution of materials and resources, more efficient production and trade.
Minicomputers are high-speed computers that have greater data manipulating capabilities than personal computers do and that can be used simultaneously by many users. These machines are primarily used by larger businesses or by large research and university centers. The speed and power of supercomputers, the highest class of computers, are almost beyond comprehension, and their capabilities are continually being improved. The most complex of these machines can perform nearly 32 billion calculations per second and store 1 billion characters in memory at one time, and can do in one hour what a desktop computer would take 40 years to do. They are used commonly by government agencies and large research centers. Linking together networks of several small computer centers and programming them to use a common language has enabled engineers to create the supercomputer. The aim of this technology is to elaborate a machine that could perform a trillion calculations per second.
5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1. What are the main types of computers?
2. How do the computers differ in size and methods of their application?
3. What are the main trends in the development of the computer technology?
Вариант 2
Переведите текст.
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
There are two fundamentally different types of computers: analog and digital. The former type solver problems by using continuously changing data such as voltage. In current usage, the term "computer" usually refers to high-speed digital computers. These computers are playing an increasing role in all branches of the economy.
Digital computers based on manipulating discrete binary digits (1s and 0s). They are generally more effective than analog computers for four principal reasons: they are faster; they are not so susceptible to signal interference; they can transfer huge data bases more accurately; and their coded binary data are easier to store and retrieve than the analog signals.
For all their apparent complexity, digital computers are considered to be simple machines. Digital computers are able to recognize only two states in each of its millions of switches, "on" or "off", or high voltage or low voltage. By assigning binary numbers to there states, 1 for "on" and 0 for "off", and linking many switches together, a computer can represent any type of data from numbers to letters and musical notes. It is this process of recognizing signals that is known as digitization. The real power of a computer depends on the speed with which it checks switches per second. The more switches a computer checks in each cycle, the more data it can recognize at one time and the faster it can operate, each switch being called a binary digit or bit.
A digital computer is a complex system of four functionally different elements: 1) the central processing unit (CPU), 2) input devices, 3) memory-storage devices called disk drives, 4) output devices. These physical parts and all their physical components are called hardware.
The power of computers greatly on the characteristics of memory-storage devices. Most digital computers store data both internally, in what is called main memory, and externally, on auxiliary storage units. As a computer processes data and instructions, it temporarily stores information internally on special memory microchips. Auxiliary storage units supplement the main memory when programmes are too large and they also offer a more reliable method for storing data. There exist different kinds of auxiliary storage devices, removable magnetic disks being the most widely used. They can store up to 100 megabytes of data on one disk, a byte being known as the basic unit of data storage.
Output devices let the user see the results of the computer's data processing. Being the most commonly used output device, the monitor accepts video signals from a computer and shows different kinds of information such as text, formulas and graphics on its screen. With the help of various printers information stored in one of the computer's memory systems can be easily printed on paper in a desired number of copies.
Вариант 3
Переведите текст.
D.I. MENDELEYEV – PRIDE OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE
D.I. Mendeleyev was born in Tobolsk in 1834. In 1850 at the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg to study Chemistry. Five years later he graduated from it with a gold medal and was invited to lecture on theoretical and organic Chemistry at St. Petersburg University. To continue his studies and research Mendeleev was sent to Germany in 1859. While living abroad he made a number of important investigations.
The year 1868 was the beginning of his highly important work “Fundamentals of Chemistry”. Working at this subjects Mendeleev analysed an enormous amount of literature, made many experiments and calculations. This tremendous work resulted in the Table of Elements consisting of vertical groups and horizontal periods. He was the first to suggest a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the in the order of increasing atomic weights. The main idea of the Periodic System is the idea of periodic repetition of properties with the increase of the atomic weights.
Arranging all the existing elements in the TableMendeleev had to overcome great difficulties, as a considerable number of elements were unknown at that time and the atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were wrongly determined. Thanks to his investigations Mendeleev was able to predict not only the existance of a few unknown elements but their properties as well.
He died in 1907 at the age of 73.
Вариант 4
Переведите текст.
JAMES CLARK MAXWELL
(1831-1879)
James Clark Maxwell, the great physicist and mathematician, was born in Edinburgh, on November 13, 1831.
After school he entered the University of that city. Then he attended the University of Cambridge and graduated from it in 1854. When at the University Maxwell took great interest in mathematics and optics.
For two years after the University he lectured, made experiments in optics at Trinity College and studied much himself.
In 1856 he became professor of natural philosophy and in 1860 professor of physics and astronomy at King’s College, London. In London he lived for five years. Here he saw Faraday for the first time.
In 1871 Maxwell became professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. At that time students could not even have such subjects as electricity or magnetism as there was no laboratory for the study of these subjects. Maxwell organized such a laboratory which made Cambridge world-known.
This was a very fruitful period of Maxwell’s life. He studied the problems of electromagnetism, molecular physics, optics, mechanics and others.
Maxwell wrote his first scientific work when he was fifteen. Since that time he wrote a great number of works which were the results of his experiments and calculations.
His most outstanding investigations, however, are in the field of the kinetic theory of gases and electricity. Maxwell is the founder of the electromagnetic field (side by side with Faraday) and the electromagnetic theory.
Вариант 5
Переведите текст.
THE FIRST HACKERS
(1) The first "hackers" were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who belonged to the TMRC (Tech Model Railroad Club). Some of the members really built model trains. But many were more interested in the wires and circuits underneath the track platform. Spending hours at TMRC creating better circuitry was called "a mere hack." Those members who were interested in creating innovative, stylistic, and technically clever circuits called themselves (with pride) hackers.
(2) During the spring of 1959, a new course was offered at MIT, a freshman programming class. Soon the hackers of the railroad club were spending days, hours, and nights hacking away at their computer, an IBM 704. Instead of creating a better circuit, their hack became creating faster, more efficient program - with the least
number of lines of code. Eventually they formed a group and created the first set of hacker's rules, called the Hacker's Ethic.
(3) Steven Levy, in his book Hackers, presented the rules:
Rule 1: Access to computers - and anything, which might teach you, something about the way the world works - should be unlimited and total.
Rule 2: All information should be free.
Rule 3: Mistrust authority - promote decentralization.
Rule 4: Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, race, or position.
Rule 5: You can create art and beauty on a computer.
Rule 6: Computers can change your life for the better.
(4) These rules made programming at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory a challenging, all encompassing endeavor. Just for the exhilaration of programming, students in the Al Lab would write a new program to perform even the smallest tasks. The program would be made available to others who would try to perform the same task with fewer instructions. The act of making the computer work more elegantly was, to a bonafide hacker, awe-inspiring.
(5) Hackers were given free reign on the computer by two AI Lab professors, "Uncle" John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, who realized that hacking created new insights. Over the years, the AI Lab created many innovations: LIFE, a game about survival; LISP, a new kind of programming language; the first computer chess game; The CAVE, the first computer adventure; and SPACEWAR, the first video game.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
1.Спряжение глагола to be.
2.Имя существительное. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
3.Имя прилагательное.Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
4.Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
5.Временные формы глаголов. Три формы неправильных глаголов. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Инфинитив.
6.Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательных формах: обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).
7.Основные способы словообразования.
8.Типы вопросов. Общий вопрос, специальный вопрос, альтернативный вопрос, разделительный вопрос.
Вариант контрольной работы выбираем по последней цифре зачетной книжки.
1-вар 1, ……5-вар 5, 6-вар 1, 7-вар 2, 8-вар 3, 9-вар 4, 10-вар 5.
При выполнении контрольной работы, на первой странице указываем номер зачетной книжки и вариант.
Вариант 1
Перепишите выражения и переведите на русский язык.
1) to be greater than, 2) to direct the sequence of operations, 3) to be stored indefinitely, 4) to transfer data and instructions into storage, 5) To perform instructions in order they are given, 6) to communicate information by using symbols.