The SM. (also the Conditional M)
Probably the only thing linguists are unanimous about with the SM is that it represents an action as a non-fact, as something imaginary, desirable, problematic, contrary to reality. In all other respects opinions differ.
In modern E the SM has synthetic and analytical forms.
Synthetic(or simple forms)- are those the formal elements of which are to be found within 1 word from which they are inseparable. These are the present and the past Ind. Affirmative (sing, sings, sang); the non-perfect common aspect forms of the inf, partic.I, the gerund, part. II (sing, singing, sung); the IMP.M (sing!)
Analytical (or compound form) consists of at least 2 verbal elements- an auxiliary V and a notional V. the latter is presented be partic.I, II, or the infin. An auxiliary V is devoid of its lexical Mg, its role is purely structural. It may be finite or non-finite, thus showing whether the whole V form is finite or non-finite as in:
Means of expressing unreality:
Unreal actions are expressed by:
plain stem of the V for all persons (I insist that he bepresent)
werefor all persons ( I wish I were 10 years younger)
the form of the Past Indef. (He looked as if he knew about it)
the form of the Past Perfect(He looked as if he had seen a ghost)
shouldfor the 1st person Sing or Pl or would (for the other persons)+inf. (If I had a garden I should grow tulips there)
should \would +Perf. Inf (If it hadn’t rain I should have gone for a walk)
should( for all persons)+inf. (I insist that he should do it)
would (for all per.) +inf (I wish he wouldn`t interrupt me)
may\ might +inf. (I told u that so that you might write to ur parents)
can\ could +inf. (I told u that so that u could…)
were to (for all persons)+ inf. (If he were to discover the truth he would never speak to me)
An unreal action can be represented by these means as hypothetical (the realization is doubtful: (He insisted that the plan be discussed) andcontradicting reality (the action can’t be realized) (I wish I can see the parade)
Other means: modal Vs (He must have gone)
Modal Ws (probably, perhaps)
6. The structural aspects of a Sentence. The simple sentence. The composite sentence.
According to the structure sentences may be simple and composite.
The semantic and structural relations between simple sentences within a composite one are closer than those between simple sentences of the same text. The semantic relations between the elements of the composite sentence are those of coordination, subordination and predication. The means of adj ointment of the elementary sentences within the composite one are either syndetical - with the help of different connections - or asyndetical. Composite sentences are generally subdivided into compoundand complex.
Compound sentencesconsist of 2 or more coordinated simple sentences - clauses. The relations between the clauses are those of equality and relative independence.
Complex sentences consist of 2 or more clauses joined by subordination (adverbial, object or attributive clauses) or by predication (subject and predicative clauses). Complex sentences consist of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses which are kind of modifiers to the principle clause.
The main components of the simple sentenceare the subject, the predicate, the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier. The sentence containing both the subject and the predicate is called a two-member sentence.In the majority of cases the English sentence is a two-member sentence. A one-member sentence contains only one principle member. It is complete. No other element of it is implied or felt as missing or necessary. The principle member of the one-member sentence is generally expressed by a noun or a noun-phrase. This type of sentence is rarely used except in written literary English texts. E.g. Silence. Not a word.
The sentence containing besides the principle parts also attributes, objects, adverbial modifiers is called an extended sentence.The sentence having no secondary parts is called an unextended sentence.
A sentence may contain homogeneous members:
- homogeneous subjects - Nick an I are good friends
- homogeneous predicates - He camein, grabbedher hand and kissed her.
- homogeneous objects - He had force, brainsand intelligence
-homogeneous attributes -1 found a safeand comfortableplace for her.
- homogeneous adverbial modifiers - He spoke slowly - almost reluctantly.
Simple sentence
Two-member One-member
Extended unextended extended unextended
Elliptical non -elliptical Elliptical non -elliptical