Name some of the houses the Indians built.

Tepee (Plain Indians: Dakota/Sioux). A framework of 12 poles held up buffalo hides stretched over them. At the top there was a hole for smoke from the fire/family hearth (basically a chimney). The tepee was round, symbolic of the circle of life. The door always faced east (to meet the rising sun). Camps were set up in a C shape (or round like a circle, signifying the circle of life ofc), with the entrance, again, facing east. The tepee accommodated a family and their pets (dogs&horses) and was the woman's responsibility (she had to deconstruct it when the tribe moved after the buffalo, and set it up again at the new camp).

Barrel house (North-East: the Iroquois). Long wooden houses covered with elm bark. Inside were many rooms made to accommodate several families of one clan, but no windows (only holes in the roof for letting out smoke), making it dark (many went blind early).

Clans were led by women, and tribe matters were discussed at Councils, where clan leaders got together. Btw, the only historical union of Indian tribes was the League of the Iroquois (1570-1770). It was a military confederacy led by 50 reps of tribes, who were men chosen by tribe Councils. They decided matters of administration, law and war. Decisions had to be unanimous.

Pueblo (South- west: Pueblos). Multi storied brick houses made with adobe (dried straw and mud) that served as a beehive sort of home for the entire tribe. They had no doors or windows, and you could only enter by climbing the ladder to the hole in the roof. Homeowners only put out a ladder if they were expecting a guest.

4. Why is Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America called the ”most successful failure in history”? In what sense can we say that he discovered America?Thought he found a short passage to India but instead discovered a bountiful land of gold and other nat resources

5. Was the European influence on American Indians positive or negative? It was both:
European interaction with Native Americans:

Positive:

1. Apparently showed the indians how to cultivate land??? That they've been living on for thousands of years??? Building irrigation systems and planting crops???? What? But fruit orchards are breakthrough definitely my dude uhu

2. Brought lots of animals (horses, sheep). This is supposed to be good, bc hey! Mounted buffalo hunters! But then again Whites are greedy and wanted buffalo for themselves

3. Indians introduced Europeans to many new crops (taught them how to plant / cultivate corn, potato, tomato, tobacco; tobacco was such a hit w/ Europeans they stole ppl from other continents to get their hands on more!)

Negative:

1. Europeans brought deadly diseases

2. Wars for land. When the Dutch came to the New World in 1624, they wanted to build a town on the island called "Manna-Hattin" on the Hudson. Peter Minuit approached the Indians and traded the island for goods worth about 24 bucks. But the Indians, having no concept of private property, thought they would just be sharing the land with the whites. When they realized their mistake, armed conflicts broke out. The Indians weren't united, however, and their tactics and weapons were less advanced => were defeated.

Positive at first sight, but actually negative:

1. The Indians were still living in the stone age, but when Europeans came and began trading goods with them, they were at once transferred ahead in time into the iron age. But since the Indians couldn’t produce iron themselves, they became dependent on Europeans for it. Indians became the European's agents, almost destroying their ecosystem.

The influence on Europe:

1. Caused the Price Revolution (inflation). The basis of wealth in medieval Europe had been land, and the owners of land lived quite well by renting their lands out and requiring their renters to provide them with service and a share of their crops. Suddenly gold and silver, which had been in short supply, began flooding from the New World back into Europe with the result that prices began to soar.

2. Shifted the center of industrial and financial power (Spain and Portugal needed goods for their colonies and England, The Netherlands and France were willing to provide).

3. Brought about the Dietary Revolution. The medieval European had subsisted mainly on grain, wheat for the most part. Most Europeans went to bed hungry. Maize, on the other hand, yielded twenty to thirty bushels an acre. What the Europeans didn't eat, they fed to chickens and pigs and were eventually able to have meat and eggs on a relatively regular basis. Potatoes, however -- both regular and sweet potatoes, made the real difference. A single acre of land could produce 25,000 pounds of potatoes, enough for the family with enough left over to feed a couple of pigs. Added to this were the tomatoes, squashes, pumpkins, beans, and other vegetables that arrived to vary the European diet.

4. Solved the problem of unwanted population in Europe. Dissidents, criminals, paupers, ne'er-do-wells, religious fanatics, and others were shipped off.

5. Caused the Drug Revolution (a stimulant drug). They had wine and beer, but these were depressants, not stimulants. All of a sudden, they were receiving shipments of the North American Indians' tobacco with its nicotine and the Aztecs' cocoa with its caffeine, while at the same time they were able to buy coffee from the Arabs and tea from the Chinese. The Incas added the narcotic cocaine while Asia contributed opium.

6. What caused the European - Indian land conflict? NA had no concept of private property so when they sold land to europeans they though they would be sharing it but whites were having none of that

7. Compare the Spanish and the British exploration of America. Spaniards were funded by the crown, came from the south, found lots of gold but had many conflicts with local indian civilizations such as the maya, aztec and incas, also they didn't initially want to settle, just rob; the english relied on private charter companies for money, came from the north, found no gold but came for a long time (economic emigrants), also it was a good place to send off their white trash to; the north american indians were less advanced and could be easily fought off. Two factors that helped the British to start colonization of Am in the 17th century

1. On the one hand, Great Britain won peace with Spain, which came after the defeat of the Spanish fleet. Peace with Spain meant Britain could concentrate on sth else but the war and got some spare money to be invested in the colonies

2. On the other hand, pop growth in England provided unemployed workers, who were willing to go to Am

8. Where did the British crown get money for colonization of America? Where did they get people to go to colonies?

The money for British colonization came from private sources:

1. On the one hand, there were the chartered trading companies (stockholders), organized primarily for profit, which planted the first two British colonies Virginia and Massachusetts. They looked for poor ppl who wanted to go to America and payed for their transportation in return for 7 yrs of work for clothes and food (w/ maybe plot of land to come out with on the other side). These ppl were called indentured servants, and the period of work was called an indenture.

2. On the other hand, the other 11 colonies were established by means of the proprietary grant. The king started giving away huge plots of land to British nobles, making it their responsibility (Maryland, Pennsylvania)

8. What was the difference between indentured servants and slaves? Indentured servants came willingly to work for their transportation to America, had a 7 year contract at the end of which they got a plot of land; the slaves were ripped from their homes, weren’t paid, worked in terrible conditions and couldn’t hope for a free life.

9. How was Virginia founded?Virginia was founded for economic purposes such as gold digging in 1607 by settlers working for the Virginia Company.

10. How was Massachusetts founded?By puritan (well, 30 out of 100 on the Mayflower were; others were called strangers) religious refugees from England who were banished from their country and were not allowed by the king to settle => they turned to the Virginia Company to take them there; they went very much off course to the north where the Virginia company had no rights, so they got off very easy: didn't have to work to repay transportation debt and could self-organize how ever they wished.

11. Compare Virginia and Massachusetts in terms of their foundation.Reasons for founding: economic - religious. Forms of government: House of Burgesses (Parliament-like) - The Mayflower Compact (The male heads of Pilgrim and non-Pilgrim families therefore drew up a compact that bound all signers to accept whatever form of government was established after landing. The compact created a “Civil Body Politic” to enact “just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices.” Every adult male had to sign the agreement before going ashore. The compact remained in effect until Plymouth was incorporated into the short-lived Dominion of New England in 1686 and subsequently absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691).

12. How were other 11 colonies founded? Give examples.Proprietary grants, for instance Maryland was given to lord Marlboro, who was catholic, so catholics settled there to protect themselves; Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn who was a quaker; the Carolinas were founded on a charter from Charles II (also that’s where royalists fled after Charles I was executed).
New England

A. Ethnic homogeneity

B. Compactness of settlements

C. Very low percentage of black population

New-Englanders were connected to the ocean, and began to build ship and fishing industries => triangular trade

Middle Colonies

A. Were more ethnically diverse

B. Black ppl were few and most of them were not used as slaves, but settled as small farmers

Middle Colonies were agricultural and grew bread for the most part (small farms)

Southern Colonies

A. Population density was low

B. Large percentage of black slaves (90%)

Southern Colonies had large plantations of tobacco, rice, cotton. Relied on slave labor

The frontier

Was populated by the Irish 🍀:) Had no economy bc they were too busy trying to survive in the wilderness.

13. What were 2 periods of British colonization? 1. 1607-1640 2. 1640-1763

14. Why was the growth of population in American colonies dangerous for Great Britain?There was too much land, many could become rich quickly, but the crown didn't have much control and didn't get a lot of money from it (because the colonization process was in the hands of chartered companies); also such a big mass of ppl was hard to govern.

15. Why was it easy to become rich in colonial America? a lot of land, which made it cheap. there were 3 classes; plantation owners, small farmers and indentured servants; you could move up the latter quickly.

16. What is “a triangular trade”? England to Africа/ Africa to the Americas/ The Americas back to England.

Leg 1: Ships from England would go to Africa carrying iron products, cloth, trinkets and beads, guns and ammunition. The ships traded these goods for slaves, gold and spices (pepper)

Leg 2: Ships from Africa would go to the American Colonies via the route known as the 'Middle Passage'. The slaves, destined for the Slave Plantations, were exchanged for goods from the Americas.

Leg 3: Ships from the Americas would then take raw materials back to England. The English would use the raw materials to make 'finished goods’ and sell them to the colonies and Africa

Rum from New England was brought to Africa. NE merchants exchanged rum for African slaves. Slaves were shipped from Africa to the West Indies (Central America). In the WI, NE merchants exchanged slaves for molasses (specific kind of sugar used to produce rum). Molasses was brought from WI to NE to be processed into rum => the scheme continued in the same manner.

17. What was “the power of the purse” and why was it important for the colonies? The government of the colonies was first called the House of Burgesses established in 1619. Then it became an assembly that resembled the English parliament a lot, but instead of a king they had a king-appointed governor and two houses (upper and lower). The upper house supported the governor, but the lower was comprised of free men elected by civilians, who couldn’t exactly say no to the governor himself, but could show their distaste by giving him a low salary

18. Why were not public schools and universities popular in Southern colonies? Low population density bc there were plantations and practically no whites; what they did was first hire tutors, then send their kids to European unis. in the north however pop density was high and education mandatory (perks of Puritanism). The first american uni was founded in Boston in 1636 (Harvard).

19. Who was Peter Zenger? Peter Zenger was a journalist of a NY paper, wrote some offensive things abt the governor, was arrested for libel but the jury found him not guilty in court. this was 1733 and the first case of ‘freedom of speech’.

20. Compare Virginia and Massachusetts in terms of their way of life in the 18th century.Diverse, a lot of slaves, tobacco plantations were econ centers, religious diversity vs mostly WASPs, trade, fishing, ship-building, puritanism the prevalent religion.

21. What was American attitude to culture and philosophy in the 17th-18th centuries? Culture they adopted, philosophy adapted (pragmatism).

Vocabulary + Terms + Names

1. Indian tribes -индейские племена:

toinhabit/tosettletheland;originalsettlers - населять/заселять земли; первые поселенцы

numerous / advanced/ culturally diverse / plain tribes - многочисленные/ развитые/ разнообразные в культурном отношении/ равнинные племена

low population density -низкая плотность населения

form military and political unions -образовыватьвоенные и политические союзы

make wars -воевать,вести войны

dealwithcommonmatters - решать обычные/ повседневные проблемы

make one's own decisions -принимать собственныерешения

cease to exist -прекращать существование

2. Indian houses -дома индейцев:

make a wooden frame -делать деревянный каркас

cover by buffalo hides -покрывать шкурами бизонов

make houses of elm bark -делать дома из коры вяза

skillful builders -искусные строители

mix mud and straw -смешивать глину и солому

dry in the sun -высушивать на солнце

durable houses -прочные дома

survive until nowadays -дожить до сегодняшнего дня

Terms:

Pre-Columbian America

The League of the Iroquois

Types of Indian houses:

a tepee (was made of 12 wooden poles, covered by buffalo hides)

a barrel house (was made of elm bark)

a pueblo (was made of adobe bricks)

- adobe — a mixture of mud and straw, dried in the sun

Proper names:

Siberia

Alaska

The Bering Strait

Names of Indian tribes:

Incas (1530s — Francisco Pizarro), Aztecs (1520s — Hernando Cortes), Mayas (South and Central America)

Sioux (the Great Plains), Iroquois (North-East US), Pueblos (South-West US) (North America)

1. European colonisation policy - европейская политика колонизации:

discover America/ to explore North America - открывать/ исследовать (Северную) Америку

reach the mainland of the United States - достигать материковой части США

sail along the Northeast coast - плыть вдоль северо-восточного побережья

cultural misunderstanding - культурное непонимание

positive and negative consequences - положительные и отрицательные последствия

do harm/ do good - приносить вред/ пользу

at first sight - на первый взгляд

in the long run/ turn out to be negative in the long run - в долгосрочной перспективе/ оказываться отрицательным по прошествии времени

improve the Indian life - улучшать жизнь индейцев

search for profit/ gold/ fertile lands - искать выгоду/ золото/ плодородные земли

provide an incentive - давать стимул

extinguish fur animals - уничтожать пушных зверей

cause a conflict - быть причиной конфликта

the concept of private property/ collective ownership - понятие частной собственности/ коллективной собственности

2. Deadlyhumandiseases - смертельные болезни:

smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, syphilis - оспа, корь, туберкулез, сифилис

be immune from European diseases - иметь иммунитет к европейским болезням

die out in epidemics - вымирать в эпидемиях

infect the Europeans - заражать европейцев

3. Plants - растения:

plant / cultivate corn, potato, tomato, tobacco - сажать/ выращивать кукурузу, картофель, помидоры, табак

grow fruit orchards - выращивать фруктовые сады

4. Animals - животные:

domesticate animals - приручать животных

domestic animals/ wild animals - домашние/ дикие животные

a pig, a sheep (sheep pl), a horse, a buffalo - свинья, овца, лошадь, бизон

Dates: 1492

Terms:

the stone age

the iron age

clash of cultures/ clash of ecosystems

Proper names: Christopher Columbus

claim the Northeast coast a British territory - провозглашать северо-восточное побережье Британской территорией

start massive transportation of people - начинать массовую транспортировку людей

build permanent settlements - строить постоянные поселения

economic emigrants - экономические эмигранты

political and religious refugees - политические и религиозные беженцы

be founded by criminals - быть основанным преступниками

send homeless children to colonies against their will - посылать бездомных детей в колонии против их воли

serve a prison sentence in England or to go to America - отбывать тюремное заключение в Англии или ехать в Америку

rely on private money - рассчитывать на деньги из частных источников

establish a joint-stock company - учреждать акционерную компанию

accumulate money from stock-holders/ to hold stocks - аккумулировать деньги акционеров/ держать акции

go bankrupt - обанкротиться

sign a contract with the company - подписывать контракт с компанией

get a permit to settle the land - получать разрешение на заселение территории

grant plots of land to noblemen - даровать участки земли представителям знати

Dates: 1497, 1498 1607 1620 1630 1733 1763

Terms:

a charter

a chartered trading company

a proprietary grant

an indentured servant

the Royal Proclamation of 1763

Proper names:

John Cabot

the Northeast Coast of America

Catholics, Puritans (radical/ moderate), Quakers

Charles II, King James I, Queen Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen)

Lord Baltimore, William Penn

John Smith, Pocahontas, John Rolfe (Virginia)

Mayflower, Pilgrims

Virginia (Jamestown), Massachusetts (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay colony), Maryland, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Georgia

1. Four major regions:

the frontier - фронтир

2. Population:

be ethnically homogeneous/ to be ethnically diverse - быть этнически однородным/ разнородным

form compact settlements - формировать компактные поселения

settle on large plantations/ own a plantation - селиться на больших плантациях/ владеть плантацией

natural fertility - естественная плодовитость

be a slave/ be a slave holder - быть рабом/ быть рабовладельцем

belong to the middle class - принадлежать к среднему классу

be at the top/ at the bottom of the social ladder - находиться на вершине / внизу социальной лестницы

show a remarkable social mobility - демонстрировать замечательную социальную мобильность

3. Economy:

be mostly rural - быть в основном сельскохозяйственным

develop industry and commerce - развивать промышленность и торговлю

a high standard of living - высокий уровень жизни

4. Government:

be ruled by the governor - находиться под властью губернатора

be appointed by the governor - назначаться губернатором

be elected by the people - избираться народом

restrict the power of the governor - ограничивать власть губернатора

5. Religion:

religious diversity - разнообразие религий

religious tolerance - религиозная терпимость

6. Media:

accuse of libel - обвинять в клевете

find smb. non-guilty - признавать кого-то невиновным

defend freedom of press - защищать свободу прессы

7. Education:

a public school - государственная школа

a private tutor - частный преподаватель

8-9. Culture/Philosophy:

adopt (adoption) vs. to adapt (adaptation) - заимствовать/ приспосабливать

Dates: 1619

Terms:

triangular trade: rum, slaves, molasses - треугольная торговля: ром, рабы, патока

an Assembly: the Upper House, the Lower House - Ассамблея: Верхняя палата, Нижняя палата

the power of the purse - власть кошелька

Proper names:

New England, Middle colonies, Southern colonies

Anglo-Saxons, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Irish

Puritans, Catholics, Quakers

Peter Zenger (New York)